183 research outputs found
Melacak dasar-dasar penerapan had rajam bagi pelaku zina muhsan
No full textSemua agama mengharamkan dan memerangi perzinaan. Agama Islam dengan tegas mengancam pelakunya, karena perzinaan menyebabkan simpang siurnya keturunan, membuat berantakannya keluarga dan terjadinya kejahatan. Bahkan menyebabkan penyakit menular, seprti aids, sipilis dan lain-lain serta bobrokan moral.
Para fuqaha berbeda pendapat mengenai hukuman bagi pelaku zina muhsan, sebagian berpendapat hukumannya adalah dijilid dan dirajam, dan sebagian yang lain berpendapat hukumannya hanyalah jilid seperti hukuman bagi pelaku zina ghairu muhsan. Yang menjadi perumusan masalah sebagai berikut: bagaimana ketentuan had rajam bagi pelaku zina. Bagaimana alasan dan dasar penerapan had rajam bagi pelaku zina. Penelitian ini bersifat kepustakaan (library research). Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan dengan menggunakan sumber data primer di antaranya: kitab at-Tasyri’ al-Jinaiy al-Islami; al-Badru at-Tamam; Bulughul al-Maram; Fath al-Bari. Sedangkan data sekundernya adalah seluruh dokumen yang berupa kitab dan buku yang membahas tentang had zina khususnya mengenai dasar-dasar had zina.
Setelah data-data dikumpulkan dan diperoleh dari sumber primer dan skunder kemudian dianalisis. Dalam menganalisis data, penulis menggunakan metode Deskriptif Analisis, yaitu suatu metode yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan, menjelaskan, menganalisa dan menginterprestasikan suatu kejadian pada saat itu. Dalam peelitian ini penulis mencoba menggali serta meneliti data dengan menggunakan beberapa pendekatan diantaranya pendekatan historis, pendekatan ini dilakukan dalam rangka pelacakan sejarah lembaga hukum dari waktu ke waktu. Pendekatan hermeneutic, pendekatan ini digunakan untuk memahami suatu peristiwa yang mencakup tiga aspek the world of text, the world of author the world of the reader, dalam kaitan masalah ini, penulis akan menggambarkan secara obyektif bagaimana secara historis hukuman zina tersebut terbentuk, apakah hadis-hadis nabi tentang jilid maupun rajam berlaku secara universal atau justru temporal sebagaimana kata An-na’im, penulis juga ingin mengetahui arus pengetahuan masyarakat Arab pada saat itu sehingga mengenal hukum rajam.
Hasil dari penelitian ini Ketentuan had rajam bagi pelaku zina di tetapkan bagi pelaku zina muhsan baik laki-laki maupun perempuan. Secara tersurat tidak tercantumkan didalam al-Qur’an tetapi Umar beranggapan secara tersirat ada didalam al-Qur’an. Sedangkan di dalam hadis baik secara fi’liyah maupun qauliyah di terangkan secara jelas mengenai ketentuan had rajam. Pada masa pemerintahan khalifah Umar dan Ali memberlakukan had rajam bagi pelaku zina muhsan. Dalam diskursus fiqih terdapat beberapa fiksi mengenai hukuman had rajam bagi pezina muhsan, jumhur ulama’ mengakui dan menerimanya, kelompok Azzariqoh dari golongan Khawarij tidak mengakui dan menerimanya, sedangkan bagi Mu’tazilah, sebagian Syiah dan Khawarij hanya memberlakukan jilid saja (tidak rajam) bagi pelaku zina, baik yang sudah pernah menikah ataupun belum. Pelaksanaan hukuman rajam oleh Sayidina Ali r.a. dilaksanakan melalui proses pencambukan pada hari Kamis dan dirajam pada hari Jum’at. Kewenangan melaksanakan rajam berada ditangan penguasa atau Imam atau wakil yang ditunjuk. Penerapan had rajam bukanlah merupakan suatu usaha pembunuhan atau penganiayaan jiwa semata, akan tetapi merupakan usaha preventifdan represif terhadap kemaksiatan yang ditimbulkan oleh zina. Hukuman rajam juga berfungsi sebagai kuratif dan edukatif, artinya untuk menyembuhkan penyakit mental atau psychis dan memperbaiki akhlak pelaku pelanggaran atau kejahatan, agar insaf dan tidak mengulagi lagi perbuatannya yang jelek it
Rajam Krishnan's Roja Ithalgal Novel
No full textLiterature is what portrays the human life in society. Notable among those literature is novels. Author Rajam Krishnan through his novel Roja Ithalgal not only highlights the problems faced by women in the society but also brings out the solutions for the problems and makes people aware of it. In this novel, the main character is a girl who falls in love in her youth. After that she is chased out of the house. That was her first problem and it becomes the main reason for her upcoming problems. Humans make mistakes. But you should give a chance to correct it. But this girl is not given a chance. Through this the author says that it is important to discipline people. In this novel, although many problems for women are caused by men, the author points out that there are some good men too. The author of this novel reveals the status of women in politics. In this article we can read that even though the country gained independence, women lacks freedom. The author says in this novel that when many problems occur to women, it is the majority of the women who help them to come out of the problems. Descriptive method is used in this article
The Theme of Social Consciousness in Rajam Krishnan's Award-Winning Novels
No full textFiction is not created just to entertain. It serves as a historical treasure trove of social change, the context, and condition of a changing society by uncovering social problems and suggesting solutions. Fiction creators act as the lifeblood of this forum. Such a creator is Rajam Krishnan. With the aim of social development, he has created many new personalities in his fiction from various angles. He has given life and meaning to the nucleus of innovation with the aim of improving the individual's character and interests and has sown the seeds of social excellence in the form of the contribution of storytellers. If the standard of living of the people is to be raised, the level of education should be raised. Education should be communal. We need to get rid of the condition of being dependent on others economically. Educated young people need to listen to experienced elders. Capitalist norms should be broken and rights should be voiced. Students of higher education should be aware of these principles and be aware of social progress. Eliminating the distinctions between upper and lower caste people, Rajam Krishnan's Katha Manders has been created so that the idea of living with the idea of humanity should be removed and vandalism should be eliminated. Educated women and illiterate women should have clarity of thought. They should become powerful in the liberation struggles and in opposing the groups that work against women. When sexual harassment and violence occur in the workplace, workers should be courageous and have a strong mindset to get rid of them. In order to raise the economic status, the standard of education should be raised. Rajam Krishnan's award-winning novelizations capture the idea that women's thinking should be beneficial to the nation and the home
Analisis Kondisi fisik Terhadap kemampuan menggiring bola pada permainan sepakbola Siswa SMA Negeri 16 Makassar
No full textABSTRAK
S. DJuni Awal Rajam, 2012. Analisis Kondisi fisik Terhadap kemampuan menggiring bola pada permainan sepakbola Siswa SMA Negeri 16 Makassar. Skripsi. Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan, Universitas Negeri Makassar.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui; 1) Bagaimanakah kondisi fisik siswa SMA Negeri 16 Makassar; 2) Bagaimanakah kemampuan menggiring bola pada permainan sepakbola siswa SMA Negeri 16 Makassar; 3) Apakah ada keterkaitan kondisi fisik terhadap kemampuan menggiring bola pada permainan sepakbola siswa SMA Negeri 16 Makassar.
Populasinya adalah seluruh siswa SMA Negeri 16 Makassar. Sampel yang digunakan adalah sebanyak 40 orang siswa putra. Teknik penentuan sampel adalah dengan menggunakan teknik Simpel Random Sampling. Variable yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini yaitu variable bebas kondisi fisik dan variable terikat kemampuan menggiring bola. Instrument tes yang digunakan yaitu kondisi fisik terdiri dari keseimbangan, koordinasi mata kaki, dan kelincahan, sedangkan kemampuan menggiring bola dengan menggunakan tes menggiring bola dalam permainan sepakbola. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif persentase, dan analisis koefisien korelasi pearson product moment (r) pada taraf signifikan α = 0,05.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa; 1) Kondisi fisik pada siswa SMA Negeri 16 Makassar dengan skor rata-rata sebesar 149.99 skor dalam kategori sedang; 2) Kemampuan menggiring bola pada permainan sepakbola siswa SMA Negeri 16 Makassar dengan nilai rata-rata sebesar 21.26 dalam kategori sedang; 3) Ada keterkaitan yang signifikan kondisi fisik terhadap kemampuan menggiring bola pada permainan sepakbola siswa SMA Negeri 16 Makassar dengan nilai r sebesar -0,819 (P < α 0,05 ) dengan kontribusi sebesar 67.10%
ANALISIS PEMIKIRAN MOHAMMAD HASHIM KAMALI TENTANG PENGHAPUSAN HUKUMAN RAJAM DAN RELEVANSINYA DI INDONESIA
No full text**English**The punishment of stoning (rajm) that agreed upon by Islamic scholars, now faces ongoing rejection particularly in modern times. Mohammad Hashim Kamali, a professor in Islamic law and usul al-fiqh, stands among those who oppose it. This piece aims to delve deeper into Kamali's understanding of the evidence behind stoning punishment, offering analysis and necessary critique. It's a qualitative study, a literature review type, gathering data from books, articles, and related works on Kamali's thoughts regarding stoning, analyzed using an inductive-deductive method. Kamali presents three approaches in rejecting stoning punishment. Firstly, by evaluating and testing the foundations of stoning laws, considering every stoning rationale as doubtful evidence. Secondly, he expands the meaning of doubt (syubhat) as an element found in trial proceedings, incorporating the perpetrator's personality and societal context. The third approach emphasizes repentance in the penal process, advocating for the state to make imposing the death penalty more challenging, providing the individual with an opportunity to improve and reform themselves. The author disagrees with Kamali's ideas. Upon analysis, it's found that Kamali's understanding of the evidence contains several errors. Regarding the expansion of the concept of doubt, it's concluded that Kamali leans towards a Western mindset emphasizing socio-historical approaches in interpreting Sharia law, prioritizing social realities over revelation. Similarly, in terms of repentance, Kamali tends to reject all forms of the death penalty, viewing it as a form of torture, whereas in Islam, such punishment is often symbolized as the highest form of repentance. Furthermore, fundamentally, Hudud punishment cannot be eliminated through repentance. Consequently, this piece concludes that stoning punishment still holds a strong legal
**Indonesia**Rajam merupakan hukuman dalam Islam yang disepakati oleh para ulama. Namun, penolakan terhadapnya masih terus bermunculan terutama di zaman modern. Salah satu di antaranya adalah Mohammad Hashim Kamali, seorang profesor di bidang hukum Islam dan ushul fiqh. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk meneliti lebih lanjut bagaimana pemahaman dalil oleh Kamali terhadap hukuman rajam serta mengajukan analisa dan kritik yang diperlukan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif, dengan jenis penelitian pustaka. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara membaca buku, artikel dan karya lainnya yang berkaitan dengan pemikiran Kamali tentang rajam dan dianalisis dengan metode induktif-deduktif. Mohammad Hashim Kamali menyampaikan argumen penolakannya terhadap hukuman rajam dengan menggunakan tiga macam pendekatan. Pertama, dengan evaluasi dan pengujian terhadap dalil-dalil yang menjadi dasar hukum rajam. Beliau menilai bahwa setiap dalil rajam sebagai doubtful evidence (dalil yang penuh keraguan). Pendekatan yang kedua, Kamali memberikan perluasan makna terhadap konsep syubhat sebagai unsur keraguan yang ditemukan dalam proses persidangan, dan bagaimana kondisi kepribadian pelaku dan bagaimana konteks masyarakat.. Pendekatan yang ketiga, adalah Kamali menekankan konsep repentance (pertaubatan) dalam setiap proses pemidanaan, di mana negara harus mempersulit penjatuhan hukuman mati dan memberikan kesempatan kepadanya untuk memperbaiki dan mereformasi dirinya sendiri. penulis tidak setuju dengan pemikiran Kamali. Setelah dianalisis, pemahaman dalil yang diajukan Kamali mengandung beberapa kekeliruan. Sedangkan dari aspek perluasan makna syubhat disimpulkan bahwa Kamali memiliki kecenderungan pola pikir Barat yang menekankan pendekatan sosio-historis dalam penafsiran hukum syariah, yang menundukkan wahyu kepada realitas sosial. Begitu pula dalam aspek pertaubatan, Kamali cenderung kepada penolakan segala bentuk hukuman mati dan menilai hukuman sebagai bentuk penyiksaan, padahal hukuman tersebut dalam Islam kerap dilambangkan sebagai bentuk pertaubatan tertinggi. Selain itu, pada dasarnya hukuman hudud tidak dapat dihilangkan karena taubat. Walhasil, tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa hukuman rajam tetap memiliki dasar hukum yang kuat sebagai bagian dari syariat Islam.Rajm (stoning to death) as the punishment for zina muhshan perpetrators, is agreed upon all muslim scholars on early muslim generation and has become an ijma’. But still, there are some contemporary muslim today who deny stoning with various reasons. One of them is Mohammad Hashim Kamali, as a professor of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence. He travelled around the world from Middle East, the West, and Malaysia to research more about Islamic law. The purpose of this article is to analyze his thoughts about stoning, and to see its relevance for Indonesian penal law’s development. This research is carried out with read his books, articles and other related works about Kamali’s thought on rajam. Kamali’s denying is based on the evidences evaluation, widening of meaning of syubha, and emphasis on the concept of repentance. Furthermore, this research was founded that Kamali’s denying on stoning has so many weaknesses, and it was concluded that stoning still has a strong legal basis. The idea of refusal stoning punishment for zina muhshan is not relevant for Indonesian society. Based on many considerations, stoning is appropriate to be reinstated as a form of punishment in Indonesi
Rajam Krishnan’s Novel Saetril Manithan
No full textHuman life is embedded in society, and the word society is widely spoken all over the world today. It is considered that even the rights of the individual can be taken away for the sake of social development and social welfare. This sense in a community is not a sudden development. This feeling has been emerging and growing since the day people began to think in the world. Society is currently used in colloquial terms as a group or an organization. Society is defined as a system of tradition, activity, power, mutual help, practical life, and a system of order that regulates man
Governing Intellectual Property Rights Within Publicly Funded Biobanks
No full textGoverning Intellectual Property Rights Within Publicly Funded Biobanks addresses the implications that intellectual property rights (IPRs) have in the context of biobanks and how they need to be addressed in the governance of biobank-based research. The boom in biobanks and health databases as research infrastructures have evoked various legal and ethical debates. Since then numerous new developments have emerged such as digitalization, big-data research, and artificial intelligence that have important implications for biobank-based research and collaborations. This paradigm offers new legal challenges for commercial involvement, particularly within a publicly funded setting. In this innovative book, the author shows that securing maximum social benefit out of the knowledge emanating from the use of biobank resources lies in managing IP inputs and outputs effectively in keeping with the values that are core to such research
Spray freeze drying method for preparation of synbiotics using microencapsulation technique.
No full textAssemblage dirigé de colloïdes hybrides pour l'optique
No full textThis thesis is dedicated to finding a new route towards the realization of optical metasurfaces using “bottom-up” approaches based on wet chemistry and self-assembly.In this project, we use an emulsion-based formulation route to synthesize clusters of gold nanoparticles. The formulation route involves emulsifying a suspension of gold nanoparticles in water into an oil phase using adapted surfactants. This step is followed by the controlled evaporation of the water from the droplets under low pressure to confine the nanoparticles in the final clusters. The surface of the gold nanoparticles were previously functionalized in order to retain their surface plasmon resonance properties in the final assembly. The structure of the clusters, precisely their internal gold volume fraction f, is controlled by varying the molar mass and surface density of the grafting polymer. The final structure of the clusters isstudied using small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM).The optical scattering properties of the synthesized clusters are studied using a variable angle polarization resolved static light scattering (SLS) setup. The data measured using this setup are analyzed and also compared to theoretical calculations and simulations. The influence of the size R and the volume fraction f of the clusters on their scattering properties is experimentally evidenced using the SLS setup. The presence of electric and magnetic multipoles and their contributions to the scattering properties are experimentally demonstrated. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulations which indicate that clusters with radius R = 120 nm and volume fraction f higher than 0.3 exhibit exceptional directional scattering properties as expected for Huygens scatterers used for the fabrication of metasurfaces.Cette thèse est dédiée à la recherche d'une nouvelle voie de fabrication de métasurfaces optiques en utilisant des approches «bottom-up» basées sur la chimie en milieu liquide et l'auto-assemblage.Dans ce projet, nous utilisons une voie de formulation à base d'émulsion pour synthétiser des agrégats de nanoparticules d'or. La voie de formulation consiste à émulsionner une suspension de nanoparticules d'or dans l'eau en phase huileuse à l'aide de tensioactifs adaptés. Cette étape est suivie par l'évaporation contrôlée de l'eau des gouttelettes sous basse pression pour confiner les nanoparticules dans les amas finaux. La surface des nanoparticules d'or a été préalablement fonctionnalisée afin de conserver leurs propriétés de résonance plasmonique de surface dans l'assemblage final. La structure des agrégats, et plus précisément leur fraction volumique interne en or f, est contrôlée en faisant varier la masse molaire et la densité de surface du polymère de greffage. La structure finale des agrégats est étudiée en utilisant la diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles (SAXS), la microscopie électronique en transmission (MET) et la cryo-microscopie électronique en transmission (cryo-TEM).Les propriétés de diffusion optique des clusters synthétisés sont étudiées en utilisant une configuration de diffusion statique de la lumière (SLS) résolue en polarisation et à angle variable. Les données mesurées sont analysées et comparées à des calculs théoriques et des simulations. L'influence de la taille R et de la fraction volumique f des clusters sur leurs propriétés de diffusion est mise en évidence expérimentalement. La présence de multipôles électriques et magnétiques et leurs contributions aux propriétés de diffusion des agrégats sont démontrées expérimentalement. Les résultats expérimentaux sont en bon accord avec les simulations qui indiquent que les amas de rayon R = 120 nm et de fraction volumique f supérieure à 0,3 présentent des propriétés de diffusion directionnelle exceptionnelles telles que celles attendues pour des diffuseurs de Huygens utilisés pour la fabrication de métasurfaces
- …
