437 research outputs found
Which Kind of Science Is Construction Management?
No full textIt is argued that the mainstream views on the nature of construction management are insufficient, and as one consequence of this, the relevance of construction management has been questioned. As a solution to this situation, construction management is suggested to be repositioned as a design science, rather than as an explanatory science. A historical consideration reveals that design science equals to one of the sciences proposed by Aristotle, however, the suggestion of Aristotle has been forgotten. Thus, there has been a long-standing neglect of the design science, which explains the present fragmentation of this field. It is argued that this redefinition of construction management will solve several problems plaguing this discipline, including the problem of relevance
Textualising an Oral Epic – Mission Completed
Get PDFDr.Phil., docent Lauri Harvilahti is the director of the Folklore Archives of the Finnish Literature Society. His main fields of specialty are systems for the archiving of oral tradition materials, studies on oral and literary epics and questions of ethnic and national identity.In this article the author briefly examines three cases that represent Lauri Honko’s views on the textualisation of oral epics. Furthermore, these examples offer an insight into the concept of the paradigm, which was a key concept for Lauri Honko in the field of folkloristics and in the study of religion. The three case studies are as follows:
1. A literary folk epic based on an oral tradition: the ‘singing scribe’ Elias Lönnrot, who compiled a number of versions of his Kalevala on the basis of Kalevala-metric folk poems.
2. An epic based on multimedia documentation/ fieldwork: the Siri Epic, sung by Gopala Naika. He was an erudite singer, who used to perform the epic on ritual occasions or in the work-song context.
3. An epic based on an archived oral tradition: the long epic of the Setu female singer Anne Vabarna, who produced a twin epic with the encouragement of the collector Armas Otto Väisänen, who dreamt about writing down such an epic.
These three examples all belong to the ‘second life’ category of folklore in the sense that all of them have been produced outside the ‘system of communication’ which maintains an item of folklore in its original setting
Building of Reinforced Concrete Structural Framing, Comparison and Opportunities for Substitution on the Example of the Main Building of the Estonian National Museum
No full textKäesolevas lõputöös on vastavalt lähteülesandele uuritud Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone raudbetoonkarkassi konstruktsioone, toodud võrdlused teiste Eestis ehitatud hoonete analoogsete tehniliste lahendustega ja pakutud alternatiivsed võimalused, mis tagaksid ressursside efektiivsema ning ratsionaalsema kasutamise Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone ehitustegevusel. Erinevate konstruktsioonide võrdlusi koostades on selgunud, et Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone projekteerijate poolt paljud üledimensioneeritud raudbetoonkonstruktsioonid nõuavad ehitusprotsessis oluliselt suuremat materjali-, aja- ja tööjõukulu, mis muudavad ehituse maksumuse kallimaks. Samuti on loodud arhitektuurelemente, mis paiknevad piiratud juurdepääsuga ruumides ning on vaadeldavad vaid muuseumi töötajate ja ventilatsiooniseadmete hooldajate poolt, kuid ruumide kasutuse seisukohalt on tegemist ebaratsionaalsete lahendustega. Eestis varem ehitatud analoogseid hooneid uurides võib järeldada, et hoonele vajalik stabiilsus ja kandevõime on tagatav saledamate ning kergemate konstruktsioonidega. Saadud kogemuse põhjal saab järeldada, et ehitatava muuseumihoone vahelaed oleks mõistlik teostada monteeritavatest elementidest, mis säästaks aega ja muudaks ehituse tervikuna odavamaks. Ehitustegevuse ajal ilmastikust tingitud mõjutegureid on sel juhul samuti vähem. Lõputöös on ehitatava Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone raudbetoonkonstruktsioonidele kulutatavate ressursside maht arvutatud nii reaalsetes tingimustes ehitades kui konstruktsioonide alternatiivset lahendust kasutades ning toodud välja konkreetsed näitajad, mis tõestavad ressursside efektiivsemaid kasutusvõimalusi. Lõputöö koostamisega paralleelselt sama muuseumihoone projekti elluviimine ja igapäevaselt objektil selle hoone praktiline ehitamine on aidanud paremini mõista, kuidas ja kuhu konstruktsioonides koormused liiguvad. Kujunenud oskused võimaldavad tulevikus hoone projekti alusel paremini hinnata projekteeritud kandvate konstruktsioonide lahenduste ratsionaalsust vastavalt hoone otstarbele ja teha koostööd projekteerijatega optimaalsete lahenduste leidmisel. Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone keldri kandva konstruktsiooni näitel on käesolevas lõputöös pakutud alternatiivne konstruktsiooniline lahendus, mille kasutamine võimaldaks säästa materjale, rahalisi vahendeid ja lühendada ehituseks kuluvat aega. Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone ehitusel objektiinsenerina igapäevaste tööülesannete täitmise ning samaaegselt lõputöö kirjutamise tulemusena on saadud selgemad arusaamad projekteerimise efektiivsusest ja oskused projekteeritud kandvate konstruktsioonide lahenduste ratsionaalsuse hindamiseks. Ebamõistlikke ja kulurohkeid tegevusi ehitusobjektil saab vähendada ja vältida, kui projekteerimisfaasis toimub konstruktsiooniliste lahenduste leidmiseks edukas koostöö ehitajate, projekteerijate ja arhitektide vahel. Tulemuseks on ressursside optimaalne kasutamine, kus materjali-, aja- ja tööjõukulude säästmine võimaldab vähendada ehituse maksumust tervikuna. Ehitustegevusele kuluvat aega saab oluliselt lühendada, kui kasutada tehases toodetud elemente ja neid objektil kokku monteerida. Hoone konstruktsioonide kandevõime peab vastama hoone kasutamise otstarbele, kordades suurema kandevõimega konstruktsioonide projekteerimine ei ole põhjendatud. Efektiivne projekteerimine loob eeldused optimaalsete kuludega hoone ehitamiseks.According to a project specification, “Building of reinforced concrete structural framing, comparison and opportunities for substution on the example on the main building of the Estonian National Museum”, the author of this final paper, studies the structures of reinforced concrete framing of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum, gives examples of comparison with other built in Estonia buildings featuring the analogical technical solutions and provides the alternative solutions that would ensure more efficient and rational use of resources in building activity in regard with the Estonian National Museum. While making comparisons between different constructions, the author realized that a process of building too many over-dimensioned reinforced concrete structures of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum require significantly bigger material consumption, greater time and labour costs which will result in higher cost of construction. At the same time, some architectural elements were designed that locate in the rooms with restricted access and are only visited by the museum personnel and the ventilation equipment maintenance technicians, however, as far as the use of the rooms is concerned, we can talk of impractical solution. Studying some analogical constructions, built in Estonia earlier, one may come to a conclusion that the load bearing capacity and stability required for the building can be ensured by use of lighter and thinner structures. Based upon the acquired data, the author realized that floors of the museum building under construction should be made from assembled elements, which would save time and make the construction of the entire building cheaper. This solution will also result in fewer external weather factors that might affect the construction. The final paper contains a volume of resources going to be spent on construction of the reinforced concrete framing of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum, calculated both for construction in real conditions and adopting the alternative structural solution; the research also contains specific data which gives evidence of the more effective feasibility. Along with the compilation of the final paper the author spent every day on site implementing the design and erecting the museum building, and he began to better realize how and where structural loads spread. For the future the author would be able to better assess the practicability of bearing structure solutions on a basis of project according to the intended use of building and ensure cooperation with design engineers with the aim of finding optimal solutions. On the example of the basement bearing structure of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum the final paper provides the alternative structural solution, the implementation of which would help save materials and finance and reduce the construction time. While performing everyday job assignments on site in course of the construction of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum and writing the final paper at the same time, the author acquired better understanding of the design efficiency and skills of assessing rationality of bearing structures design. Unreasonable and costly activities in situ could be reduced and avoided if in the stage of design the effective cooperation between builders, designers and architects would be ensured with the aim of finding structural solutions. The cooperation might result in the optimal use of resources when saving material, time and labour costs result in reduction of total construction cost. The time spent on construction can be significantly reduced if prefabricated elements are used for assembling in situ. Bearing capacity of structures must correspond to the intended use; engineering design of structures with many-fold bearing capacity is unreasonable. The efficient design will predetermine construction at optimal cost
Veridicity
Get PDFThis paper addresses the problem of assessing the veridicity of textual content. Has an event mentioned in the text really occurred? Who is the source of the information? What is the stance of the author of the text? Does the author indicate whether he believes the source? We will survey some of linguistic conventions that indicate the author's commitment, or the lack thereof, to the propositions contained in her text. In particular we discuss phenomena that have been studied as presuppositions or conventional implicatures in previous literature. Some of those, such as factive and non-factive verbs, have received extensive attention in the past. Some others, such as supplemental expressions (e.g. appositives, parentheticals), have not received much previous attention, although they are very common and a rich source of textual inferences. A recent study by Christopher Potts classifies supplemental expressions as conventional implicatures. We agree with Potts on the label but not on what it means. In contrast to Potts, we claim that supplemental expressions cannot always be treated as the author's direct commitments and argue that they do not constitute a basis for a distinction between presuppositions and conventional implicatures. We illustrate some cases of conventional implicature and show how they indicate an author's commitment to the truth of his statements and briefly state the importance of these distinctions for Information Extraction (IE)
Christopher Bolton, Interpreting Anime; Thomas Lamarre, The Anime Ecology: A Genealogy of Television, Animation, and Game Media
No full textIt is the year 2019 and we now live in the present of the cataclysmic event credited for first introducing the world beyond Japan to anime. I am of course talking about Akira (1988), the seminal feature-length animated film, which, as the author of one of the books reviewed here puts it, took its contemporary audiences by wonder and surprise. In a way, then, what was once part of a distant and imaginary future has somehow already become our present. And while now effectively caught up with this post-apocalyptic fantasy, there still appears to be an ongoing and unresolved battle about whether anime can be taken and discussed seriously. Scholarship is still striving to come to terms with what anime is or could be used for. Interpreting Anime by Christopher Bolton and The Anime Ecology by Thomas Lamarre aim to advance the subfield and surpass previous work; despite differences in purpose and scope, both treat anime seriously and often playfully too. Inasmuch as these efforts come from the two editors of the long-running Mechademia series (since 2006 also published by University of Minnesota Press, arguably the pioneer in the field of anime studies), the establishment of authority is also at stake here. Arguably, contrasting these two major contributions to anime scholarship will help elucidate their respective ambitions and achievements, insights and blind spots
Opiskelijoiden käsityksiä opettajankoulutuslaitoksen opiskelukulttuurista
No full textunknown accessibilityei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Autoimmune hepatitis : Epidemiology, prognosis and follow-up
Get PDFAims: This thesis includes one study (Study I) focused on epidemiological data regarding autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and three studies (Studies II-IV) on follow-up of AIH.
Patients and methods: Patients with AIH code K73.2 or K75.4 with special reimbursement in the Social Insurance Institution of Finland registry were included. Data from the Finnish cancer register were used to calculate standardized mortality ratios (Study I). All patients with AIH diagnosis in Helsinki University Hospital were included in the retrospective study of the impact of liver histology on disease progression (Study II). Twelve patients with AIH were investigated with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, liver biopsy, and transient elastography (Study III). Follow-up biopsies of all Finnish liver transplant recipients with AIH as an indication for transplantation were combined with clinical data to evaluate the prognosis and risk factors for AIH recurrence and graft loss (Study IV).
Results: We showed that the median AIH incidence between 1995 and 2015 was 1.0/100,000/year (1.2/100,000/year in women and 0.38/100,000/year in men) and increased from 0.28/100,000 to 1.0/100,000 during the study period. The prevalence of AIH in 2015 was 14/100,000, 23/100,000 in women and 6.6/100,000 in men). The standardised mortality ratio was increased in all age groups and both genders. The most prevalent excessive causes of mortality when compared to the standard population were hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, and AIH per se (Study I).
We identified the following prognostic variables for advancing fibrosis or cirrhosis in follow-up biopsies: interface or total inflammation, necrosis, cholestasis, or rosette formation in the baseline biopsy. If inflammation in the follow-up biopsies was constantly grade two or more in the Metavir scale, the hazard ratio (HR) for cirrhosis was 5.1, (95 % Confidence interval (CI) 1.6-16.2), p<.005). Fibrosis progressed in 42% of patients, remained stable in 39% and resolved in 18% (Study II).
When compared to liver histology, magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed distinctive ratios of selected hepatocyte metabolites in patients with advanced fibrosis or active inflammation in 12 consecutive AIH patients. Transient elastography was ineffective in fibrosis quantification (Study III).
After liver transplantation, AIH recurred in 36% of patients; the median time until recurrence was 5 years (range 1.1-15 years). Recurrent AIH did not affect patient or graft survival. Patient and graft survival were 94% and 86% at 1 year, 86% and 91% at 5 years, and 77% and 74% at 10 years, respectively. Immunosuppression without mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine increased the risk of AIH recurrence (Study IV).
Conclusions: The incidence and prevalence of AIH is similar in Finland as reported in other countries. Female preponderance is notable. We demonstrate that, especially in women, AIH occurs at all ages and often in the elderly. Hepatocellular carcinoma is rare but statistically is the most important cause of excess death. While liver biopsies might play a role in the follow-up of AIH, there are currently no good prognostic models that encompass liver histology. Ongoing histological inflammation is a risk factor for fibrosis progression and development of cirrhosis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the liver is a promising follow-up tool and is acceptable to patients. Transient elastography was not useful in this setting. AIH recurs after liver transplantation in 36% of patients but is of primarily benign disease course.Autoimmuunimaksatulehdus on pitkäaikainen tulehduksellinen maksasairaus, jolle on tunnusomaista interfaasialueen tulehdus koepalatutkimuksessa, koholla oleva veren kokonaisvasta-ainetaso ja verestä mitattavat ihmisen omaan elimistöön kohdistuvat vasta-aineet.
Autoimmuunimaksatulehduksen syy on useimmiten epäselvä, mutta yhdistelmä ympäristöriskeistä, puolustusjärjestelmän poikkeava tapa reagoida vieraisiin aineisiin ja perintötekijöistä johtuva elimistön puolustussolujen herkkyys reagoida maksan solujen proteiineihin. Tämä johtaa maksasolukuolemaan ja -tulehdukseen ja lopulta sidekudoksen muodostumiseen.
Autoimmuunimaksatulehduksen ilmaantuvuus ja esiintyvyys nousevat. Osoitimme, että autoimmuunimaksatulehduksen mediaani-ilmaantuvuus 1995-2005 oli 0,9/100 000/vuosi; 1,2/100 000/vuosi naisilla ja miehillä 0,38/100 000 /vuosi. Kasvua oli 0,28/100 000 - 1,04/100 000 tutkimusaikana. Esiintyvyys vuonna 2015 oli 14,3/100 000; 23,0/100 000 naisilla ja 6,6/100 000 miehillä. Standardoidun kuolleisuuden suhde oli muuta väestöä korkeampi kaikissa ikäryhmissä ja molemmilla sukupuolilla. Yleisimmät ylimääräisen kuolleisuuden syyt olivat maksasolusyöpä, maksakirroosi ja autoimmuunimaksatulehdus sinänsä.
Maksakudosnäyte tarvitaan autoimmuunimaksatulehduksen alkuvaiheessa, jotta voidaan varmistaa diagnoosi, ja toisaalta koepalalöydöksillä tiedetään olevan ennusteellisia merkityksiä. Rutiininomainen kudosnäyteseuranta sen sijaan on kiistanalainen. Helsingissä olemme ottaneet rutiininomaisesti seurantakoepaloja ja arvioimme niiden vaikutusta hoitovaihtoehtoihin ja ennusteeseen. Löysimme ennusteellisia muuttujia sidekudoslisän ja kirroosin kehittymiseen seurantakoepaloissa: interfaasialueen maksasoluihin kohdistuva tulehdus tai kokonaistulehdus, solutuho, sappikertymä tai rosetit alkuvaiheen koepalassa ennustivat sidekudoksen kehittymisetä. Jos seurantakoepaloissa tulehdus oli jatkuvasti vähintään keskivaikea, kirroosin riskitiheyssuhde oli 5.1 (95 % luottamusväli 1.6-16.2), p <.005 ja jos interfaasialueen maksasoluihin kohdistuva tulehdus oli jatkuvasti vähintään kaksi, riskitiheyssuhde oli 6.1 (95 % luottamusväli 1.9-20.2), p <0,005. Vain seitsemällä prosentilla potilaista oli kirroosi lähtötilanteessa. Sidekudosmäärä eteni 42 prosentilla potilaista, pysyi vakaana 39 prosentilla ja väheni 18 prosentilla.
HUS Kuvantamisessa on tutkittu magneettiresonanssispektroskopiaa 3 Teslan kuvantamislaitteella rasvamaksa- ja hepatiitti c -potilailla. Elastografia (Fibroscan®) on ultraäänipohjainen tekniikka, joka mittaa maksan jäykkyyttä, jonka ajatellaan liittyvän sidekudoksen määrään. Elastografia voi erottaa pitkälle edenneen sidekudoksen ja kirroosin normaalista maksasta. Se ei kuitenkaan mittaa tulehduksen määrää. Uusia kajoamattomia testejä tarvitaan tulehduksen ja sidekudoksen arvioinnissa, joten vertasimme maksan kudosnäytettä, veriarvoja, elastografiaa ja magneettiresonanssispektroskopiaa toisiinsa. Magneettiresonanssispektroskopia löysi erilaisen maksasolujen aineenvaihduntatuotteiden kirjon potilailla, joilla oli kehittynyt sidekudoslisä tai aktiivinen tulehdus verrattuna maksan Koepalaan. Elastografia ei toiminut sidekudoksen arvioinnissa verrattuna koepalalöydökseen.
Autoimmuunimaksatulehdus on vakiintunut maksansiirtoaihe, kun potilaalla on maksakirroosi. Autoimmuunimaksatulehdus uusi 36%:lla maksasiirteeseen. Uusiva autoimmuunimaksatulehdus ei vaikuttanut potilaan tai siirteen ennusteeseen. Potilaan ja siirteen ennuste oli 94% ja 86% yhden vuoden, 86% ja 91% viiden vuoden ja 77% ja 74% kymmenen vuoden aikana.ei saavutettav
Stephensia staudingeri Nielsen & Traugott-Olsen 1981
No full text<i>Stephensia staudingeri</i> Nielsen & Traugott-Olsen, 1981 <p> <i>Stephensia staudingeri</i> Nielsen & Traugott-Olsen, 1981: 245. Type locality: Greece, Rhodos, Rodini. Holotype ♂, in ZMUC.</p> <p>Distribution: Palearctic. Greece (Rhodos).</p> <p> Larval host plant(s): <i>Origanum</i> sp. (Lamiaceae) (Nielsen & Traugott-Olsen (1981).</p> <p>Figs.: Nielsen & Traugott-Olsen (1981).</p> <p> Remarks: Specimens reported outside Rhodos and re-examined by the present author are all referable to <i>S. brunnichella</i>. Parenti & Pizzolato (2014) synonymized <i>S. staudingeri</i> with <i>S. brunnichella</i> without explanation. Examination of the holotype of <i>S. staudingeri</i> by the present author confirms the differences between these taxa given in the original description of <i>S. staudingeri.</i> Therefore this synonymy is not followed here.</p>Published as part of <i>Kaila, Lauri, 2019, An annotated catalogue of Elachistinae of the World (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Elachistidae), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4632 (1)</i> on page 153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4632.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3335414">http://zenodo.org/record/3335414</a>
Russia and International Law
Get PDFThe starting point of the article is Lauri Mälksoo’s recent book ‘Russian Approaches to International Law’. He focuses on Russia before and after the period of the Soviet Union. mälksoo knows his theme extremely well and discusses both the scholarship and State practice. Regarding the period of the Russian Federation, the Author of the article picks up his understanding of ‘progressive’ and ‘conservative’ in russian thinking – in human rights law, in economic law, and regarding the use of armed forces – and disagrees with him to some extent. Unlike mälksoo’s book, this article also comments on the position of international law in the foreign policy of the Soviet Union and divides its 70 years – together with the russian Federation’s 25 years – into six different periods. The Author then leaves Mälksoo and focuses on international law in the foreign policy of the Federation during this decade, including the full U-turn of the leading russian experts to support the illegal russian annexation of Crimea. The latest cause for concern comes from the russian-led international Collective Security Treaty organization (CSTo – having six members), where, according to the new Collective Security Strategy, the parties agree to take joint action to prevent any ‘color revolutions’ like the Maidan revolution in Ukraine, where the people challenged the corrupt President. None of the members of the CSTO are democratic
Recurrent digital fibromatosis of childhood
No full textThe Author report on a case of recurrent digital fibromatosis in a chil
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