15 research outputs found
The Role of Public Expenditure on Sports in Economic Growth: Evidence from Burkina Faso
No full textABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the impact of the components of public spending on sports economic growth in Burkina Faso. The autoregressive distributed lag model analysis approach was used to analyze the impact of these expenditures on economic growth in Burkina Faso from 1988-2019. Bounds test results suggest that the variables are related in the long run.
The results confirm that the sports budget has a positive and significant effect on short- and long-term economic growth up to the 5% threshold in Burkina Faso. Sports investment expenditure has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in the short and long term up to the 1% and 5% levels, respectively. In the long term, this expenditure has a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth. Sports subsidies also have a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth in the short and long terms.
Keywords: Sport, public expenditure, economic growth, ARDL, Burkina FasoABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the impact of the components of public spending on sports economic growth in Burkina Faso. The autoregressive distributed lag model analysis approach was used to analyze the impact of these expenditures on economic growth in Burkina Faso from 1988-2019. Bounds test results suggest that the variables are related in the long run.
The results confirm that the sports budget has a positive and significant effect on short- and long-term economic growth up to the 5% threshold in Burkina Faso. Sports investment expenditure has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in the short and long term up to the 1% and 5% levels, respectively. In the long term, this expenditure has a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth. Sports subsidies also have a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth in the short and long terms.
Keywords: Sport, public expenditure, economic growth, ARDL, Burkina Fas
Contribution du Sponsoring Sportif dans le Processus D’autonomisation Financière des Clubs de Football de Première Division au Burkina Faso de 2018 à 2020
No full textL’objectif de cette recherche était d’analyser la contribution du sponsoring sportif dans le processus d’autonomisation des clubs de football de première division au Burkina Faso de la période 2018 à 2020. Les données ont été collectées auprès des structures sportives puis traitées et analysées à l’aide de méthode des moindres carrés ordinaires (MCO) des données de panel avec le logiciel Stata 14. Les résultats des estimations montrent que les recettes du sponsoring sportif influencent positivement et significativement le budget des clubs de football de première division au Burkina Faso. Ainsi, une hausse d’un point de pourcentage des recettes du sponsoring entraine une augmentation du budget des clubs de première division de 0,02 point de pourcentage au seuil de 5%.
The objective of this research was to analyse the contribution of sports sponsorship in the empowerment process of first division football clubs in Burkina Faso from 2018 to 2020. The data were collected from the sports structures and then processed and analysed using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method of panel data with Stata 14 software. The results of the estimations show that sports sponsorship revenues positively and significantly influence the budget of first division football clubs in Burkina Faso. Thus, a one percentage point increase in sponsorship revenues leads to a 0.02 percentage point increase in the budget of first division clubs at the 5% threshold
Reaction kinetics for the production of methylene urea from synthetic human urine
No full textThe production of methylene urea from human urine is an important contribution to the world demand of nitrogen fertilizer. In this study, a simplified reaction model was proposed. The kinetics parameters at room temperature were assessed and the reaction constants k(1), k(2), k(3), k(4) were evaluated and determined for the different parts of the proposed reaction model. The relationship between the Formaldehyde/Urea (F/U ratio) and the recovery of nitrogen was also evaluated based on the contribution of the by-products from the reaction. The optimum F/U condition to maximize the recovery of nitrogen was determined
Morpho-pédologie et essai de classification des sols développés sur roches dolomitiques dans le bassin de Taoudéni au Burkina Faso: pédogenèse sur roches dolomitiques au Burkina Faso
No full textCarbonate rocks have been recognized in temperate and Mediterranean regions as source rocks of calcimagnesic and Fersialitic soils. The carbonate rocks of Burkina Faso, in tropical region, dominated by magnesian dolomites dominated by magnesian dolomites, influence pedogenesis of the surrounding soils. This suggests the probable existence of calcimagnesic and/or Fersialitic soils. However, previous soil studies in the area have not revealed the presence of soils of these two classes. Uncertainties therefore remain as to the ability of carbonate rocks of the Taoudeni Basin in Burkina Faso to form calcimagnesic and Fersialitic soils. The objective of this morpho-pedological study conducted by toposequences from the three main dolomitic hills of the region is to compare the characteristics of soils derived from dolomite alteration with those of calcimagnesic and Fersialitic soils known in the literature. The study identified six soil units including Chromic Dolomitic Vertic Cambisols, which share many of the characteristics of tropical red soils resulting from fersialitic pedogenesis. The soils encountered show some particularities (Mean saturation rate, pH < 7; CaO < 2%). These characteristics did not make it possible to classify them as calcimagnesic soils which are saturated, neutral or alkaline. The hardness of carbonate rocks and rainfall influence the pedogenesis in dolostones.Les roches carbonatées ont été reconnues en régions tempéré et méditerranéenne comme des roches mères de sols calcimagnésiques et Fersialitiques. Les formations carbonatées du Burkina Faso en région tropicale,dominées par des dolomies magnésiennes, influent sur la pédogenèse des sols environnants. Ce qui laisse penser à une probable existence des sols calcimagnésiques et/ou des sols Fersialitiques. Cependant, lesétudes pédologiques antérieures existantes dans la zone n’ont pas révélé la présence de sols de ces deux classes. Des incertitudes subsistent donc quant à la capacité des roches carbonatées du bassin de Taoudéni au Burkina Faso à former des sols calcimagnésiques et Fersialitiques. La présente étude morphopédologique menée par toposéquences à partir des trois principales collines dolomitiques de la région a pour objectif de comparer les caractéristiques des sols issus de l’altération de la dolomie avec celles des sols calcimagnésiques et Fersialitiques connus dans la littérature. L’étude a permis de mettre en évidence six unités de sol dont les Cambisols vertiques dolomitiques chromiques qui partagent de nombreuses caractéristiques des sols rouges tropicaux, issus d’une pédogenèse fersialitique. Les sols rencontrés montrent certaines particularités (Taux de saturation moyen, pH < 7; CaO < 2%). Ces caractéristiques n’ontpas permis de les classer parmi les sols calcimagnésiques qui sont des sols saturés, neutres ou alcalins. Ladureté des roches carbonatées et la pluviométrie influent sur la pédogenèse dans les dolomies
La phrase complexe : l'exemple du gbaya
No full textAbstract ;The author describes the different forms of subordination in Gbaya, an oubanguian language of the Central African Republic. She first shows the importance of the aspecto-modal forms of the verb and the role it plays in the organization of speech to express syntaxic dependences although it seems only paratax. Then she presents all the subordinative markers and the way they structure the conceptual field of syntaxic dépendances explicitely told. After that she examines the purpose marker há which, representing an aim for the speaker-subject and showing his will, is different from the others types of syntaxic dependences.RÉSUMÉ : L'auteur examine les différents types de subordination attestés en gbaya, langue oubanguienne de la République Centrafricaine. Elle montre tout d'abord l'importance du système de conjugaison aspecto-modal et ses implications, au de-làd'une apparente parataxe, dans l'organisation du discours en termes d'expression d'une dépendance syntaxique. Puis elle présente l'ensemble des subordinates et la façon dont ils structurent le champ conceptuel des relations de dépendance explicitement marquées. Enfin elle examine le fonctionnement du subordinatif de but há qui, exprimant un objectif posé par le locuteur-sujet et manifestant sa volonté, se distingue des autres types de dépendance syntaxique.Roulon-Doko Paulette. La phrase complexe : l'exemple du gbaya. In: Faits de langues, n°11-12, Octobre 1998. Les langues d'Afrique subsaharienne, sous la direction de Suzy Platiel et Raphaël Kabore. pp. 305-319
Organic substrates recycling in the sub-urban agriculture of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) for soils fertilization: description of the different actors and their practices
No full textOrganic substrates recycling in the sub-urban agriculture of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) for soils fertilization: description of the different actors and their practices. This study aimed to establish an overview of the main actors of the sub-urban agriculture of Ouagadougou, their practices and expectations, and to characterize the used organic substrates (OS). For that, a farm survey was carried out on the most representative sites with 64 persons (cereal farmers, truckers and nurserymen) randomly chosen. OS were sampled with each actor, when available. Thus, 27 samples were taken and characterized through chemical analyses and laboratory incubations to follow organic carbon mineralization. The results highlighted that 35% of cereal farmers, 69% of truckers and 95% of nurserymen were 20 to 40 years old, that a large proportion of cereal farmers and truckers were not sent to school while 70% of nurserymen had at least primary education. Sub-urban agriculture was the only activity for 43% of farmers, 83% of truckers and 91% of nurserymen. Moreover, 71% of cereal farmers and 73% of nurserymen used municipal wastes as source of organic matter against only 17% of truckers, the majority of them using animal manures. The main criterion of choice of OS was their availability without any other consideration. Even if a large majority of the actors think that composts of OS were better than brut OS, a minority of them used currently composts. The best ways for an adoption and utilization of OS composts were to facilitate their accessibility and to promote these composts, composting techniques and their interests through advertising in mass media. Chemical analyses and laboratory incubations showed a great variability of the SUW, both in the same group and actors' groups. However, in case of total organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorous contents, the following tendencies were observed: Content(truckers) > Content(farmers) > Content(nurserymen). For the sum of major elements Ca, K, Mg, Na (SME), it was observed that SME(truckers) approximate to SME(farmers) > SME(nurserymen). In addition, except a few atypical substrates, OS used by nurserymen were largely stabilized compared to those of cereal farmers and truckers
Efficacy and safety of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine during 18 months after vaccination : a phase 3 randomized, controlled trial in children and young infants at 11 African sites
No full textA malaria vaccine could be an important addition to current control strategies. We report the safety and vaccine efficacy (VE) of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine during 18 mo following vaccination at 11 African sites with varying malaria transmission.; 6,537 infants aged 6-12 wk and 8,923 children aged 5-17 mo were randomized to receive three doses of RTS,S/AS01 or comparator vaccine. VE against clinical malaria in children during the 18 mo after vaccine dose 3 (per protocol) was 46% (95% CI 42% to 50%) (range 40% to 77%; VE, p>0.01 across all sites). VE during the 20 mo after vaccine dose 1 (intention to treat [ITT]) was 45% (95% CI 41% to 49%). VE against severe malaria, malaria hospitalization, and all-cause hospitalization was 34% (95% CI 15% to 48%), 41% (95% CI 30% to 50%), and 19% (95% CI 11% to 27%), respectively (ITT). VE against clinical malaria in infants was 27% (95% CI 20% to 32%, per protocol; 27% [95% CI 21% to 33%], ITT), with no significant protection against severe malaria, malaria hospitalization, or all-cause hospitalization. Post-vaccination anti-circumsporozoite antibody geometric mean titer varied from 348 to 787 EU/ml across sites in children and from 117 to 335 EU/ml in infants (per protocol). VE waned over time in both age categories (Schoenfeld residuals p>0.001). The number of clinical and severe malaria cases averted per 1,000 children vaccinated ranged across sites from 37 to 2,365 and from -1 to 49, respectively; corresponding ranges among infants were -10 to 1,402 and -13 to 37, respectively (ITT). Meningitis was reported as a serious adverse event in 16/5,949 and 1/2,974 children and in 9/4,358 and 3/2,179 infants in the RTS,S/AS01 and control groups, respectively.; RTS,S/AS01 prevented many cases of clinical and severe malaria over the 18 mo after vaccine dose 3, with the highest impact in areas with the greatest malaria incidence. VE was higher in children than in infants, but even at modest levels of VE, the number of malaria cases averted was substantial. RTS,S/AS01 could be an important addition to current malaria control in Africa
Vegetation improvement and soil biological quality in the Sahel of Burkina Faso
No full textSoil living environment contains macro-fauna that play important role in the soil structure and chemical composition, the degradation process of organic matter and in the resilience of ecosystems. Few studies evaluated the impact of the “re-greening” trend observed in the Sahel on soil biological quality. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of the “re-greening” of the Sahel on soil macro-fauna population and diversity. The method of Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) was used to assess macro-fauna abundance and diversity in different land use types (cropland, shallow land, degraded land and forest). Four sites were selected, in the Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso, with contrasted Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). In each site, four repetitions were taken for each land use type. In total, 64 plots samples were used to assess the abundance of macro-fauna. Results showed that there were more individuals (64.92%) and higher macro-fauna density in re-greening zones compared to the degrading zones. There was dominance of Arthropoda phylum (60.85%), Insecta class (59.03%) and Isoptera order (46.97%) in macro-fauna population. There were more species in the shallow land and cropland in re-greening zones and all trophic groups are represented in all sites. Despite this abundance, composition and diversity, it was observed that the re-greening processes have not significantly improved soil biological quality. It is concluded that vegetation improvement might be at the beginning stage in the Sahel, especially in croplands, and clear change of soil biological quality is not perceptible but may be tangible in the future.Keywords: Macro-fauna, ecosystem, soil quality, re-greening, degradation
Characterizing sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) varieties diversity to identify those with contrasting traits of interest for intercropping systems in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa
No full textEarly accessInternational audienceSorghum is an important staple crop in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa, sorghum is mainly intercropped with cowpea, but these intercropping systems are facing low-productivity problems. The overall aim of this research was to identify sorghum varieties with different agro-morphological and physiological traits that could improve the performance of the intercropping systems. We followed a two-step methodology comprising (i) identification of varieties and plant traits of interest in intercropping systems, using participatory methods, and (ii) agro-morpho-physiological characterization of 50 sorghum varieties, to examine the range of variation in traits of interest. The results show that landraces are the varieties most widely used by farmers, and that 82.5% of farmers consider the variety type they choose for intercropping to be important. Farmers mentioned plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter as important traits to consider. Analysis of variance showed significant differences between varieties for half of the 24 agro-morpho-physiological traits studied. Hierarchical clustering identified three main groups of varieties, distinguished by morphological traits such as stem diameter, total number and size of leaves (group 1), root traits (depth, growth angle, dry matter) and relative chlorophyll content (groups 2 and 3). Based on this classification, we recommend several varieties from each of the three groups, exhibiting contrasting traits, for an assessment of their performances in intercropping systems
Epidemiology and diagnosis of schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children in Azaguié, south Côte d'Ivoire
No full textBackground: Classified among the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), schistosomiasis remains one of the most important parasitic diseases in the tropics and subtropics, and constitutes a major public health problem. Following World Health Assembly (WHA) resolution 54.19, put forth in May 2001, several control programmes have emerged in schistosomiasis-endemic countries with the objective to reduce morbidity due to schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis by regularly treating at least 75% and up to 100% of all school-aged children who are at risk by 2010. By focusing treatment upon the school-aged population, WHA resolution 54.19 neglects preschool-aged children, thus preventing them from benefiting from preventive chemotherapy targeted to their older peers, and hence creating a potential health inequity. Root causes include the belief that very young children would not yet be exposed to infected freshwater bodies, thus an insufficient understanding and documentation of the extent and severity of schistosomiasis in this age class, and a paucity of pharmacokinetic safety data of praziquantel among young children. However, in endemic zones, women are frequently accompanied by their children, even at young age, when they go to ponds, rivers or irrigation canals, all of which may be contaminated with cercariae, the infective stage to humans. Recent studies carried out in East and West Africa showed that intestinal and urogenital schistosomiasis can indeed occur in very early childhood. Pathology due to chronic infection with Schistosoma mansoni includes hepatic perisinusoidal egg granulomas, Symmers’ pipe-stem periportal fibrosis, portal hypertension and, occasionally, embolic egg granulomas in the brain or spinal cord. Schistosoma haematobium infection may cause haematuria, scarring, calcification, squamous cell carcinoma and, occasionally, embolic egg granulomas in the brain or spinal cord.
Goal and specific objectives: The overarching goal of this Ph.D. thesis is to deepen our understanding of the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children. The thesis pursued five specific objectives in Azaguié district, south Côte d’Ivoire. First, to characterize intestinal parasitic infections at the Azaguié district level. Second, to assess the accuracy of a commercially available urine circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) cassette test (CCA-A) and an experimental formulation (CCA-B) for the diagnosis of S. mansoni among school-aged children in different endemicity settings. Third, to assess the accuracy of CCA-A for the diagnosis of S. mansoni in preschool-aged children before and after praziquantel administration. Fourth, to study the epidemiology and risk factors for schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children. Fifth, to assess the efficacy and safety of crushed praziquantel tablets in preschool-aged children in a co-endemic setting of S. mansoni and S. haematobium.
Methods: The fieldwork for this Ph.D. thesis was split into two parts. In order to address the first two objectives, in mid-2010, a cross-sectional study was carried out in seven schools from four locations of Azaguié district, including more than 600 schoolchildren. Multiple stool and urine samples were collected from each schoolchild over three consecutive days. Stool samples were examined with the Kato-Katz technique for the diagnosis of S. mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths (Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm). Stool samples from the first day of collection were preserved in sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin (SAF) and examined one month later using an ether-concentration method for the diagnosis of intestinal protozoa. Urine samples were examined with CCA tests (CCA-A on three days and CCA-B once) for the diagnosis of S. mansoni. In addition, urine samples were analysed with the urine filtration technique and reagent strips for the diagnosis of S. haematobium.
In order to address objectives 3-5, a cross-sectional study was implemented as a baseline survey in 2011 in two villages of Azaguié district, namely Azaguié Makouguié and Azaguié M’Bromé, where S. mansoni and S. haematobium coexist. About 300 preschool-aged children (<6 years) were involved in this study. Multiple stool and urine samples were collected over two consecutive days and subjected to the same laboratory procedures as the samples of the schoolchildren in 2010. Anthropometric measures (weight, height and arm circumference) and clinical features (temperature, haemoglobin level) from each preschool-aged child were recorded. Focus group discussions were performed with the mothers of the preschool-aged children and questionnaires administered for a risk factor assessment. Subsequently, preschool-aged children were treated with crushed praziquantel tablets and three weeks posttreatment, drug efficacy was determined following the same field and laboratory procedures as during the baseline study. Adverse events (within 3 and 24 hours posttreatment were recorded by interviewing the mothers of the preschoolers.
Results: The results of this PhD thesis can be structured as follows:
Intestinal parasitic infections in Azaguié: We showed that the selection of intervention settings by control programmes based on a single stool sample examined with duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears or a single urine sample subjected to a standard urine filtration method considerably underestimate the prevalence of Schistosoma infection. This led to a misclassification of intervention settings as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Hence, in such a context, more sensitive diagnostic tools are needed to select the intervention settings with high accuracy. In addition, we found a small-scale heterogeneity in the distribution of helminth and intestinal protozoa infections. We also confirmed that polyparasitism is common in the Azaguié district.
Accuracy of urine CCA tests in different endemicity settings in schoolchildren: The prevalence of S. mansoni in the three different endemicity settings was 32.9%, 53.1% and 91.8%, respectively. In all three settings, the sensitivity of a single CCA-A test was similar to triplicate Kato-Katz thick smears and was 56.3% and 47.9% in setting A (S. mansoni prevalence, 32.9%), 69.6% and 73.9% in setting B (S. mansoni prevalence, 53.1%), and 89.6% and 94.2% in setting C (S. mansoni prevalence, 91.8%). The specificity of the CCA-A test was moderate (76.9–84.2%). The likelihood of a CCA-A test color reaction increased with higher S. mansoni faecal egg counts (odds ratio = 1.07, p <0.001). A concurrent S. haematobium infection or the presence of microhaematuria did not influence the CCA test results for S. mansoni diagnosis.
Accuracy of the urine CCA test in preschool-aged children: Before treatment, the prevalence of S. mansoni, as determined by quadruplicate Kato-Katz thick smears, duplicate CCA(t-) test considering “trace” as negative results, and CCA(t+) test with “trace” as positive, was 23.1%, 45.0% and 76.5%, respectively. Irrespectiv of the ‘gold’ standard, a single CCA test (CCA(t+) or CCA(t-)) was more sensitive than quadruplicate Kato-Katz thick smears before and after treatment. The specificity of a single CCA test ranged between 59.3% and 100% before and after treatment. The intensity of the CCA test band reaction was correlated with S. mansoni egg burden (odds ratio = 1.2, p = 0.04).
Epidemiology and risk factors of schistosomiasis in preschoolers: The prevalence of S. mansoni in preschool-aged children was 25.5% in Azaguié Makouguié and 21.6% in Azaguié M’Bromé and the prevalence of S. haematobium 17.3% and 5.9%, respectively. Most infections were of light intensity. Mothers’ occupation and older siblings played important roles in the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children.
Efficacy and safety of crushed praziquantel in preschoolers: According to the Kato-Katz and urine filtration results, we found high efficacy of crushed praziquantel against S. mansoni (cure rate (CR) = 88.6%, egg reduction rate (ERR) = 96.7%) and S. haematobium (CR = 88.9%, ERR = 98.0%). Treatment was generally well tolerated, but moderate adverse events (i.e. body and face inflammation), which required close supervision by the study physician, were observed in four non-infected children.
Conclusions: More sensitive diagnostic tools and rigorous sampling approaches are needed to select schistosomiasis-endemicity settings with high accuracy. The observed small-scale heterogeneity of helminth and intestinal protozoa infections should be carefully considered by control programmes. A single urine CCA test is more sensitive than multiple Kato-Katz thick smears in school-aged as well as in preschool-aged children. The urine CCA test can be recommended for rapid identification of high risk communities. However, its application for monitoring the impact of control interventions needs further investigation. In our study settings, preschool-aged children are at risk of schistosomiasis and can be infected very early in childhood. Integrated control approaches including improvement of safe water supply, sanitation, health facilities, and health education are needed in our study communities. Crushed praziquantel is efficacious against S. mansoni and S. haematobium and can be recommended for the treatment of infected children at young age, but only if they are unambiguously diagnosed. Nevertheless, further research is needed to deepen our understanding on the safety of praziquantel in this age group
