1,720,961 research outputs found
Corpus delicti of the unlawful commercial, financial or professional activity under art. 202 of the criminal code.
No full textIt seems noticeable that business is getting more aggressive, as entrepreneurs tend to solve inner or external conflicts with competitors through criminal proceedings as an extreme measure. Therefore, the legal framework governing the illegal pursuit of an economic, commercial, financial or professional activity has to be clear. However, the practice of the Courts and the scientific work of the representatives of the criminal law doctrine allow to raise serious doubts about the existing legal regulation clarity of illegal economic activity. Therefore, the purpose of this Master's thesis is to identify, highlight and evaluate theoretical and practical problems related to the economic, commercial, financial or professional composition of the business. In this context, this work consists of four parts: the first part analyzes the principle of economic freedom, the content of different types of economic activities and concepts, historical development of legal regulation and the illegal development of economic, commercial, financial or professional activities, legal framework of foreign illegal economic activities and the content of the concept of prohibited economic activity. The second part of this thesis analyzes the target and subject of illegal economic activity and the issues of prohibited economic activity. The third part analyzed the objective side of the criminal activity. In the fourth part - the subject of the offense and the subjective side of the offense. After a thorough analysis, it has been noticed that changes are required to the existing legal regulation for illegal commercial, financial or professional business activities. The first change related to the regulation of the second part of the Article 202 of the Criminal Law, as the content of the prohibition on economic, financial, commercial or professional activity is not properly defined, which makes this provision virtually inapplicable. The second relates to the title and part 1 of Article 202 of the Criminal Code, since the content of all types of distinguished economic activities can be defined by the term 'business'
Legal framework for protection against domestic violence in Lithuania.
No full textThis course work analyzes the concept of domestic violence and the ways in which it manifests itself. Court practices and legal doctrine are used for this. The concept of close environment and violence is discussed. The latter is divided into subtypes which are separately detailed and their concepts are presented as they are understood in the specified sources. In addition, this work discusses the competence of pre-trial investigation officers, its regulation until 1st of July, 2023 and after this date. The main difference from 1st of July, 2023 is that the institution of the violence warrant came into effect, the purpose of which is to effectively protect the victim of domestic violence. Also, preventive and auxiliary measures of protection against domestic violence applied by different European countries were examined. Finally, the work discusses the perspectives of the violence warrant, justifies its need, discusses its shortcomings and offers suggestions on how its regulation could be improved
Legal remedies against unwanted conduct of a sexual nature.
No full textUnwanted conduct of a sexual nature is experienced by both women and men in a variety of situations: at work, on the street, on buses, etc. Unfortunately, the legal framework for such behaviour is not clear and unambiguous, in the absence of a relationship of service or other dependence between the persons concerned. In foreign countries, unwanted conduct of a sexual nature is dealt with by strict criminal law measures. However, in Lithuania, situations of unwanted sexual conduct, where there is no element of official or other dependence between the persons concerned, are outside the scope of Article 152 of the CC. In practice, unwanted conduct of a sexual nature in everyday situations is treated as a minor public order offence under Article 481 of the ANC, which is not entirely appropriate. In the absence of an appropriate legal framework, the experience of unwanted conduct of a sexual nature in everyday situations requires consideration of criminal liability for such conduct in Lithuania. This could be achieved by removing the element of dependence from the offence under Article 152 of the CC, thus covering all situations of sexual harassment, whether on the street, on the bus or at work. A slightly milder alternative would be to consider adding a new article to the AOC with direct liability for unwanted conduct of a sexual nature (sexual harassment)
Abortas – apsisprendimo laisvė ar nusikaltimas?
No full textThis article analyzes an issue that has existed for a very long time in human history but is one of the most debated worldwide. There is no consensus: abortion is a woman‘s freedom of choice, or for that matter, a crime. The work presents the beginning of human life. He explains how abortion is understood from religious, legal, and medical perspectives. The features of the crime of illegal abortion are given. In this written work, a comparative analysis of other foreign countries is also carried out, which aims to clarify the legal regulation of abortion in other countries. Šiame straipsnyje yra analizuojamas klausimas, kuris žmonijos istorijoje egzistuoja labai ilgą laiką, tačiau yra vienas prieštaringiausių visame pasaulyje ir sąlyginai bendro sutarimo nėra prieinama: abortas, tai moters apsisprendimo laisvė ar vis dėl to, tai yra nusikaltimas? Darbe yra pateikiamas žmogaus gyvenimo pradžios momentas. Aiškinamasi, kaip abortas yra suprantamas religiniu, teisiniu požiūriu bei medicinoje. Pateikiami neteisėto aborto nusikaltimo sudėties požymiai. Šiame rašto darbe taip pat yra atliekama lyginamoji kitų užsienio valstybių analizė, kuria siekiama išsiaiškinti kitų šalių aborto teisinį reglamentavimą. 
Humanizmo principas Lietuvos baudžiamojoje politikoje /
No full textBaudžiamosios teisės doktrinoje humanizmo principo sampratai, šio principo reikalavimams įgyvendinti baudžiamuosiuose teisiniuose reiškiniuose: baudžiamojoje teisėje, baudžiamajai justicijai svarbiose teisėkūros srityse (baudžiamojoje materialioje ir baudžiamojoje procesinėje teisėse) ir apskritai baudžiamojoje politikoje skiriamas minimalus dėmesys. Paprastai šis konstitucinis principas tik nurodomas. Tačiau platesnė teisinė informacija apie humanizmo principą yra būtina, nes iš Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos (toliau – ir Konstitucija) kylantis humanizmo principas iš esmės dar nebuvo Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo (toliau – ir KT) jurisprudencijos objektu. Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo (toliau – ir LAT) jurisprudencijoje humanizmo principas dažniausiai minimas kartu su teisingumo principu, o ir neretai humanizmo principo aiškinimas apsiriboja tam tikrų teisingumo principo elementų nurodymu. Baudžiamosios teisėkūros analizė rodo, kad humanizmo principas Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojo kodekso (toliau – ir BK) vientiso baudžiamojo įstatymo atskirose dalyse: Bendrojoje dalyje (toliau – ir BD) ir Specialiojoje dalyje (toliau – ir SD) reiškiasi kardinaliai skirtingu laipsniu. Šio reiškinio, jo priežasčių analizei šiame straipsnyje ir yra skiriama daugiausia dėmesio, nes tai yra vienas iš svarbiausių šio tyrimo tikslų. Baudžiamosios teisės doktrinoje, kaip minėta, humanizmo principui nėra skiriama didesnio dėmesio. Išimtis yra prof. V. Pavilonio parašytas Baudžiamosios teisės Bendrosios dalies vadovėlio I skyrius „Bendrieji baudžiamosios teisės pagrindai“, kuriame pateikiama ir humanizmo principo samprata baudžiamojoje politikoje (Pavilonis, 2001, p. 48–50). Kitų Europos Sąjungos valstybių, pavyzdžiui, Prancūzijos, baudžiamosios teisės doktrinoje humanizmo principo samprata aiškinama humaniškumo, žmogiškumo sąvokomis, laikant jas iš esmės humanizmo sinonimais. Kartu humanizmas analizuojamas žmogaus dehumanizavimo (nužmoginimo) rizikos, pasireiškiančios išlikusiomis nežmoniškomis, žeminančiomis bausmėmis, kontekste. Humanizmas aptariamas tiriant ir stiprėjančią baudžiamojoje teisėje ne žmogaus (nežmogiškos gyvos būtybės) humanizavimo tendenciją (Mireille Delmas-Marty, 2012/3 ir kt.)
8. Oficialioji konstitucinė doktrina ir baudžiamoji teisėkūra
No full textThe article discloses the most striking breaches of the constitutional requirements; these are the constitutional doctrine requirements to be met by the penal legislation. While working on the article, the authors analyzed some legal acts adopted by the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania and signed into law by the President of the Republic as of the year 2009. In the authors’ opinion, in case of the penal legislation, the most often breached requirements are the ones deriving from the principle of the rule of law, such as: legal acts shall be clearly understandable so that the subjects of legal relationship are able to understand what requirements they have to meet according to the law; legal rules shall be stable and ensure legal certainty as well as predictability of legal decisions; the force of legal acts shall be directed to the future; the principle of equality shall be respected and the court shall have a possibility to personalize a sentence or penalty in every individual case, etc. In addition, the article provides insight into some objective and subjective factors which cause essential insufficiencies in penal legislation and considers possibilities of improving the quality of penal legal acts.Straipsnyje konstitucinės doktrinos reikalavimų baudžiamųjų įstatymų leidybai kontekste atskleidžiami ryškiausi minėtų konstitucinių reikalavimų pažeidimai. Rengiant straipsnį buvo analizuoti nuo 2009 m. Lietuvos Respublikos Seimo priimti ir Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentės pasirašyti baudžiamieji įstatymai. Autorių nuomone, dažniausiai baudžiamojoje teisėkūroje pažeidžiami iš teisinės valstybės principo kylantys reikalavimai, kad teisės aktai turi būti tokie, jog teisinių santykių subjektai aiškiai suprastų, ko iš jų reikalauja teisė; kad teisinis reguliavimas būtų stabilus ir užtikrintų teisinį tikrumą, teisinių sprendimų numatomumą; kad teisės aktų galia būtų nukreipta į ateitį; kad būtų gerbiamas lygiateisiškumo principas ir teismas turėtų galimybių individualizuoti bausmę konkrečiam asmeniui ir t. t. Taip pat straipsnyje nurodomi, autorių manymu, objektyvūs ir subjektyvūs faktoriai, iš esmės lemiantys baudžiamosios teisėkūros broką, rašoma apie galimybes gerinti baudžiamosios teisės aktų kokybę
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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