56,787 research outputs found
Environmental policy without costs? A review of the Porter hypothesis
No full textThis paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature connected to the so called Porter Hypothesis. That is, to review the literature connected to the discussion about the relation between environmental policy and competitiveness. According to the conventional wisdom environmental policy, aiming for improving the environment through for example emission reductions, do imply costs since scarce resources must be diverted from somewhere else. However, this conventional wisdom has been challenged and questioned recently through what has been denoted the “Porter hypothesis”. Those in the forefront of the Porter hypothesis challenge the conventional wisdom basically on the ground that resources are used inefficiently in the absence of the right kind of environmental regulations, and that the conventional neo-classical view is too static to take inefficiencies into account. The conclusions that can be made from this review is (1) that the theoretical literature can identify the circumstances and mechanisms that must exist for a Porter effect to occur, (2) that these circumstances are rather non-general, hence rejecting the Porter hypothesis in general, (3) that the empirical literature give no general support for the Porter hypothesis. Furthermore, a closer look at the “Swedish case” reveals no support for the Porter hypothesis in spite of the fact that Swedish environmental policy the last 15-20 years seems to be in line the prerequisites stated by the Porter hypothesis concerning environmental policy.Environmental policy; the Porter hypothesis; productivity; profitability
The Environmental Porter Hypothesis: Theory, Evidence and a Model of Timing of Adoption
No full textThe Porter Hypothesis postulates that the costs of compliance with environmental standards may be offset by adoption of innovations they trigger. We model this hypothesis using a game of timing of technology adoption. We show that times of adoption are earlier the higher the non-adoption tax. The environmental tax turns the preemption game with low profits into a game with credible precommitment yielding high profits (pro-Porter). If there is a precommitment game without environmental taxes, the introduction of a tax leads to lower profits (anti-Porter). An evaluation of the empirical literature indicates that the Porter hypothesis holds even for profit-maximizing firms under multiple market imperfections such as imperfect competititon, X-inefficiency, and agency costs. These are more likely to be present in sectors with large firms. In many case studies that we evaluate, though, we detect an element of explicit or implicit subsidies for environmentally friendly behaviour, which is in line with Pigovian policies.Environmental Policy, Strategic Trade Theory, Technology Adoption, Porter Hypothesis
The Environmental Porter Hypothesis as a Technology Adoption Problem?
No full textThe Porter Hypothesis postulates that the costs of compliance with environmental standards may be offset by adoption of innovations they trigger. We model this hypothesis using a game of timing of technology adoption. We show that times of adoption are earlier the higher the non-adoption tax. The environmental tax turns the preemption game with low profits into a game with credible precommitment yielding high profits (pro-Porter). If there is a precommitment game without environmental taxes, the introduction of a tax leads to lower profits (anti-Porter).economics of technology ;
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Estratégia empresarial com base no modelo de Porter: o caso Marmogrini
No full textTCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio Econômico, Curso de Administração.O objetivo principal deste trabalho é a caracterização do modelo de Porter para avaliação da ação das 5 forças competitivas, como instrumento para alcance da estratégia competitiva em uma organização, no caso, a Marmogrini. O método utilizado nesta pesquisa é o estudo de caso, caracterizado por ter sido descritivo, e pela evidencia de uma abordagem qualitativa. Os sujeitos estudados envolveram dois funcionários de cargos estratégicos da empresa. Os dados foram obtidos junto a fontes primárias e secundárias, por meio de técnicas como entrevista semi-estruturada, análise documental e observação. Os dados foram tratados de maneira descritiva e interpretativa. Para o estudo, primeiramente embasou-se teoricamente assuntos referentes à planejamento estratégico, estratégia e o modelo de estratégias competitivas de Porter (1989). Posteriormente apresentou-se a realidade da organização, bem como os macro ambientes em que ela está inserida. Por Ultimo foram avaliados os dados em relação ao modelo de estratégias competitivas de Porter, com ênfase na análise das ações das cinco forças competitivas. Os resultados dessa pesquisa revelaram que o ambiente das marmorarias é altamente competitivo e que a Marmogrini é uma empresa consolidada, que utiliza a diferenciação de seus produtos como principal estratégia para obter vantagem competitiva, pôde-se verificar os pontos fortes e fracos da empresa em relação à concorrência e concluiu-se que ela está parcialmente protegida contra a ação das cinco forças competitivas, mas precisa evoluir estrategicamente para acompanhar o crescimento do mercado
A Suite of Spatially Correlated Random Fields of Earthquake Ground Motion in Terms of 1-second Spectral Acceleration Response
No full text
Recent earthquake ground motion prediction equations generally treat the earthquake ground motion field as random, conditioned on a few parameters. These givens mostly include earthquake magnitude, fault rupture mechanism, seismic domain (meaning plate boundary or shield), and spatially varying site conditions such as average shearwave velocity in the upper 30 meters of soil. The ground motion field exhibits spatial correlation: places that are closer together tend to have more similar motion. That spatial correlation can matter to the probability distribution of the aggregate monetary or non-monetary loss experienced by a portfolio of assets, especially if high-value assets can be located within a few kilometers of each other. In a related work (Porter et al. submitted 2023), we estimated the probability distribution of portfolio loss in earthquakes, and therefore wanted to account for the spatial correlation in ground motion. To do so, we generated 100 realizations of a spatially correlated field of standard normal random variates, square, 800 km by 800 km, at 1 km grid spacing each way. Spatial correlation reflects that of 5%-damped, 1-second spectral acceleration response, using the spatial correlation coefficient recommended by Jayaram and Baker (2009). The present work offers those 100 simulated random fields in the form of 100 comma-separated value (CSV) files. See the readme file included with the CSV files for details, including the full bibliographic reference for Jayaram and Baker (2009). Here is the reference for Porter et al. (submitted 2023):Porter, K., Milner, K., and Field, E. (submitted 2023). Trimming the UCERF3-TD logic tree: model order reduction for an earthquake rupture forecast considering loss exceedance. Earthquake Spectra. Submitted Sept. 8, 2023.
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Can Environmental Regulations be Good for Business? an Assessment of the Porter Hypothesis
No full textThe Porter hypothesis asserts polluting firms can benefit from environmental policies, arguing that well-designed environmental regulations stimulate innovation, which, by increasing either productivity or product value, leads to private benefits. As a consequence, environmental regulations would benefit both society and regulated firms. This point of view has found a receptive audience among policy makers and the popular press but has been severely criticized by economists. In this paper, we present some of the arguments in this debate and review the empirical evidence available so far in the economic literature.Environmental regulations, Porter Hypothesis, Competitiveness
The Porter Hypothesis at 20: Can Environmental Regulation Enhance Innovation and Competitiveness?
No full textTwenty years ago, Harvard Business School economist and strategy professor Michael Porter stood conventional wisdom about the impact of environmental regulation on business on its head by declaring that well designed regulation could actually enhance competitiveness. The traditional view of environmental regulation held by virtually all economists until that time was that requiring firms to reduce an externality like pollution necessarily restricted their options and thus by definition reduced their profits. After all, if there are profitable opportunities to reduce pollution, profit maximizing firms would already be taking advantage of those opportunities. Over the past 20 years, much has been written about what has since become known simply as the Porter Hypothesis (“PH”). Yet, even today, there is conflicting evidence, alternative theories that might explain the PH, and oftentimes a misunderstanding of what the PH does and does not say. This paper provides an overview of the key theoretical and empirical insights on the PH to date, draw policy implications from these insights, and sketches out major research themes going forward. Il y a bientôt vingt ans, Michael Porter, économiste et professeur de stratégie de la Harvard Business School, a remis en question le paradigme généralement accepté quant à l’impact des réglementations environnementales sur la performance d’affaires, en affirmant que des politiques environnementales bien conçues pouvaient en fait améliorer la compétitivité des entreprises. Jusqu’alors, le point de vue dominant, accepté par la quasi-totalité des économistes, stipulait que d’imposer aux entreprises de réduire une externalité comme la pollution réduisait nécessairement les options à leur disposition et, par définition, leurs profits. Après tout, s’il y a des opportunités profitables de réduire la pollution, les firmes qui maximisent leurs profits auraient dû les identifier par elles-mêmes. Depuis 20 ans, beaucoup de choses ont été écrites sur ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler l’Hypothèse de Porter. Aujourd’hui, il y a diverses théories pour expliquer l’Hypothèse de Porter. Les résultats empiriques ne sont pas concluants et il subsiste une certaine confusion sur ce que dit et ne dit pas l’Hypothèse de Porter. Ce texte présente un survol des grands enjeux théoriques et empiriques entourant l’Hypothèse de Porter, en tire les grandes implications en termes de politiques publiques et propose des avenues de recherche pour le futur.Porter Hypothesis, environmental policy, innovation, performance , Hypothèse de Porter, politiques environnementales, innovation, performance
Environmental Regulation and Firm Efficiency: Studying the Porter Hypothesis using a Directional Output Distance Function
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to suggest a procedure to empirically test the Porter hypothesis. This hypothesis argues that environmental regulation not only increases environmental quality, but also brings the polluting producers information that makes them more resource efficient, as well as able to develop new technologies. Specifically, the hypothesis tested is whether there is a positive significant correlation between producers’ technical output efficiency and environmental regulation. Efficiency is first estimated using a methodology where the production technology is represented by a directional output distance function, which credits a simultaneous expansion of market goods and contraction of emissions. Then, by regressing the obtained efficiency scores on an index that approximates environmental regulatory intensity, the Porter hypothesis is explicitly tested. The test procedure is applied on 12 Swedish pulp plants during 1983-1990. The result shows no support for the Porter hypothesis.Porter hypothesis; environmental regulation; technical efficiency; parametric directional output distance function
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