504 research outputs found
SITUS CAGAR BUDAYA SANGHYANG MAHARAJA CIPTA PERMANA PRABUDIGALUH SALAWE DUSUN TUNGGAL RAHAYU DESA CIMARAGAS KECAMATAN CIMARAGAS KABUPATEN CIAMIS
Full text linkHasil penelitian ini secara garis besar dapat disimpulkan bahwa Situs Cagar Budaya Sanghyang Maharaja Cipta Permana Prabudigaluh Salawe merupakan peninggalan sejarah Kerajaan Galuh Pangauban (Perlindungn) Gara Tengah yang diperintah oleh seorang Raja Cipta Permana (1595-1618 M) yang merupakan penguasa Galuh Pangauban islam pertama, karena sebelumnya islam belum mampu menembus pertahanan Galuh di wilayah pedalaman. Raja-raja Galuh Pangauban ini merupakan keturunan Prabu Siliwangi dari istri Inten Kedaton. Keunikan dari Situs ini yaitu teradapat peninggalan masa hindu dan masa islam seperti terdapat Batu Entog (Trimurti), Batu Panggeresan (Pangcalikan Raja), Patilasan Prabu Silihwangi, Patilasan Ulama Besar Syekh Abdul Kodir Jaelani, Patilasan Raja Cipta Permana Lengkap Dengan Patih, Para Petinggi Kerajaan, Juru Keuangan, Para Duta Besar Kerajaan, Putra Mahkota Raja, Gudang Persenjataan, serta pernah dijadikan tempat pertapaan oleh tokoh Proklamator Bangsa Indonesia. Situs Salawe merupakan salah satu bukti peninggalan sejarah Galuh Pangauban yang bercorak islam, namun terdapat pula peninggalan arkeologi masa hindhu-budha dan banyak patilasan-patilasan petinggi kerajaan Galuh lainnya serta pernah dijadikan tempat pertapaan oleh Pak Sukarno ketika Indonesia belum merdeka. situs ini perlu dilestarikan dan dirawat serta diperhatikan oleh berbagai pihak, terutama Dinas Kepurbakalaan agar generasi mendatang dapat melihat kebesaran para pendahulunya.Kata Kunci: Cagar budaya dan Sanghyang Maharaja Cipta Permana Prabudigaluh SalaweABSTRACTThe result of this research in outline can be concluded that Cagar budaya Sanghyang Maharaja Cipta Permana Prabudigaluh Salawe archeological site is an archeological remains history of Galuh Pangauban Gara Tengah Empire which commanded by Cipta Permana King (1595-1618 M), He is the first ruler of Galuh Pangabuan Islam, previously islam couldn’t able to penetrate the defense of Galuh inside. The king of Galuh Pangauban is the descent of Prabu Siliwangi from his wife Inten Kedaton. The uniqueness of this archeological site were archeological remains of hindu period and islam period, that contained like Batu entog (Trimurti), Batu panggeresan (the chair of the king), Patilasan Prabu Siliwangi, Patilasan Ulama Besar Syekh Abdul Kodir Jaelani, functionary of empire, clerk of finances, ambassadors, crown price, weaponry room, and also have used as asceticism by proclamation personage Indonesian. Salawe archeological site is one of proof of archeological remains history of Galuh Pangauban that have the design of islam, however there are also archeological remains history of Hindu-Budha period and many others archeological history that had been used as asceticism by Mr. Sukarno before the independence of Indonesia. This archeological site need to be conserved and treated by all the people as well, especially by Archeological service so that the next generation can see the greatness of their predecessor.Keywords: Cultural heritage and Sanghyang Maharaja Cipta Permana Prabudigaluh Salaw
Sistem informasi penjualan dan pembelian spare part mesin jahit pada Toko Sri Rahayu Mesin Tasikmalaya
No full textSri Rahayu Mesin Tasikmalaya merupakan instansi yang bergerak dalam bidang penjualan dan pembelian sparepart mesin jahit. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, bahwa sistem informasi penjualan dan pembelian di Sri Rahayu Mesin Tasikmalaya masih belum terkomputerisasi saat ini, sehingga memakan waktu yang lama dalam pengolahan data penjualan dan pembelian. Penelitian dilakukan bertujuan untuk membangun sistem yang dapat membantu instansi mengolah data penjualan dan pembelian lebih baik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode prototype yang sekaligus menjadi metode pengembangan sistem, apabila pada tahap yang sedang berjalan terdapat kekurangan pada tahap sebelumnya dapat dilakukan penambahan atau perbaikan langsung tanpa harus menyelesaikan tahap akhir terlebih dahulu. Sedangkan metode pendekatan yang digunakan yaitu metode terstruktur. Adapun perangkat lunak yang digunakan adalah Windows 7 sebagai sistem operasi, Java Netbeans 7.1 dan MySQL sebagai database. Sistem yang dirancang adalah sistem informasi penjualan dan pembelian sparepart mesin jahit. Sistem diharapkan dapat memberikan kemudahan dalam proses penjualan dan pembelian, dan dengan sistem ini dapat dilakukan dengan cepat, tepat dan efisien
Pengelolaan Dana Infak di Masjid Al-Barkah Taman Rahayu
Full text linkPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui analisis klasifikasi pengelolaan dana infak di masjid al-barkah taman rahayu (ditinjau dari perspektif fikih). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif lapangan dengan pendekatan normatif (syar'i), yuridis, dan empiris. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara dan observasi, sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh dari kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pengelolaan dana infak di Masjid Al-Barkah Taman Rahayu tidak harus terbatas pada pengelolaan khusus, tetapi dapat dialokasikan untuk kepentingan yang lebih luas. Dana infak dapat digunakan untuk pemeliharaan, pembangunan, kegiatan keagamaan, dan kesejahteraan sosial. Perlu diutamakan prinsip-prinsip syariah terkait penggunaan dana infak, seperti keadilan, transparansi, dan akuntabilitas, serta melibatkan partisipasi jamaah dalam pengambilan keputusan terkait pengelolaan dana infak. Sehingga, kepercayaan masyarakat dan pemahaman yang baik tentang prinsip-prinsip Islam akan memperkuat pengelolaan dana infak dan memberikan manfaat yang lebih luas bagi umat dan masyarakat
UJI ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK UMBI BIT MERAH (Beta vulgaris Linn) TERHADAP JUMLAH SEL POLIMORFONUKLEAR NEUTROFIL PADA MENCIT YANG DIINDUKSI Escherichia coli
No full textInflamasi adalah suatu respons protektif normal terhadap luka jaringan yang
disebabkan oleh trauma fisik, zat kimia yang merusak, atau zat-zat mikrobiologik.
Kasus inflamasi di bidang kedokteran gigi, antara lain gingivitis, periodontitis,
pulpitis dan inflamasi yang timbul pasca tindakan pencabutan gigi. Agen penyebab
inflamasi, salah satunya adalah Escherichia coli. Endotoksin yang masuk sirkulasi
akan memacu makrofag untuk mengeluarkan mediator-mediator radang dan sitokin
proinflamasi, merangsang terjadinya adhesi neutrofil dan endotel vaskular, aktivasi
faktor pembekuan darah dan terbentuknya mediator-mediator lain. Untuk mengurangi
gejala-gejala inflamasi yang berlebihan biasanya digunakan kortikosteroid ataupun
NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), yaitu natrium diklofenak. Efek
samping dari natriun diklofenak meliputi distres gastrointestinal, pendarahan
gastrointestinal yang terselubung, dan timbulnya ulserasi lambung. Salah satu
alternatif untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan tanaman
herbal yang saat ini mulai diminati adalah umbi bit merah (Beta vulgaris Linn).
Ekstrak umbi bit merah mengandung senyawa flavonoid, alkoloid, sterol, triterpen,
saponin dan tanin yang diketahui memiliki daya antiinflamasi. Penelitian ini
bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian dan konsentrasi ekstrak umbi bit
merah yang efektif dalam menurunkan jumlah sel PMN neutrofil darah tepi mencit
jantan setelah diinduksi Escherichia coli.
Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian eksperimental laboratoris dengan
rancangan penelitian the post-test only control group design. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah mencit balb-c jantan. Besar sampel adalah 24 ekor mencit jantan yang
dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok besar yang masing-masing kelompok terdiri atas 4
sampel. Terdapat enam kelompok sampel yaitu kontrol positif yang diberi perlakuan
natrium diklofenak, kontrol negatif yang diberi perlakuan aquades steril dan
kelompok perlakuan yang diberi ekstrak umbi bit merah dosis 2000 mg/kg BB, 1000
mg/kg BB, 500 mg/kg BB, dan 250 mg/kg BB. Kemudian membuat hapusan darah
yang diambil dari darah tepi ekor mencit dan diwarnai dengan pewarnaan giemsa.
Selanjutnya, dilakukan penghitungan jumlah neutrofil per seratus leukosit.
Data hasil penelitian kemudian ditabulasi dan dianalisis secara statistik. Hasil
pengamatan terlebih dahulu dilakukan uji normalitas Kolmogorov-smirnov dan uji
homogenitas uji Levene. Karena data yang diperoleh normal dan homogen, maka
dilanjutkan dengan uji statistik parametrik One Way Anova dan dilanjutkan uji LSD.
Perbedaan yang signifikan dari hasil analisis statistik menandakan bahwa terdapat
penurunan jumlah neutrofil yang signifikan pada umbi bit merah setelah diinduksi
Escherichia coli. Penurunan jumlah neutrofil menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak umbi bit
merah mengandung senyawa antiinflamasi berupa flavonoid, polifenol, dan tanin.
Dari penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak umbi bit merah dapat
menurunkan jumlah sel PMN neutrofil darah tepi mencit jantan setelah diinduksi
Escherichia coli. Ekstrak umbi bit merah dosis 1000 mg/kg BB paling efektif untuk
menurunkan jumlah sel PMN neutrofil darah tepi mencit jantan setelah diinduksi
Escherichia col
Typhlocarcinops hirtus Ng & Rahayu 2020, n. sp.
No full text<i>Typhlocarcinops hirtus</i> n. sp. <p>(Figs. 62–64)</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>. Holotype: male (10.6 × 8.1 mm) (MZB Cru 4810), Kuta, coll. 18 August 2006. Paratypes: 1 female (11.4 × 8.3 mm) (MZB Cru 4811), 2 females (10.9 × 7.5 mm, 13.8 × 10.2 mm) (ZRC 2018.0273), same data as holotype; 1 male (11.8 × 8.1 mm) (MZB Cru 4812), Sekotong, coll. 16 May 2009; 1 male (15.0 × 11.0 mm) (ZRC 2015.0486), Sekotong, coll. 10 May 2007; 1 male (7.1 × 5.2 mm) (ZRC 2018.0274), Teluk Kombal, coll. D.L. Rahayu, April 2014; 1 male (11.7 × 8.4 mm) (ZRC 2015.0485) Jerowaru, coll. 10 May 2004; 1 female (8.6 × 6.1 mm) (ZRC 2013.1756), Medana, coll. 12 June 2007; 3 males (5.3 × 4.0 mm, 5.4 × 4.0 mm, 4.5 × 3.4 mm) (ZRC 2018.0718), Kuta, coll. D.L. Rahayu, 19 August 2008. All locations in Lombok Island, Indonesia.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. Carapace (Figs. 62A, B, 63B) 1.4−1.5 times broader than long, surface smooth, covered with short pubescence on surface, longer plumose setae on lateral and frontal margins, regions demarcated, H-shaped gastrocardiac grooves deep, distinct, anterolateral margin arcuate, lined with small granules, granules at junction with posterolateral margin separated by shallow indentation obscured by long setae; posterolateral margin subparallel, surface and margin with scattered tubercles. Front bilobed (Fig. 62B, C), with shallow median cleft, margin of each lobe convex. Orbit (Fig. 62C) short, bulbous ocular peduncles filling orbit, immovable, cornea small, pigmented. Epistome (Fig. 62C) relatively broad, triangular median lobe with median suture. Antennal peduncles long. Third maxilliped (Fig. 64A) with outer surface of merus covered with small granules on distal margin, outer margin straight, anteroexternal angle rounded; ischium squarish, distinctly longer and slightly broader than merus; exopod relatively stout. Chelipeds in male unequal, subequal in females (Figs. 61A, F, G, 63B), fingers of major chela smooth except for few tubercles hidden by row of long setae on dorsal surface of dactylus proximally, longitudinal ridge on dactylus and fixed finger; surface of palm pubescence, and with sparse long setae, outer lower surface of palm with tubercles continued to fixed finger proximally, cutting edges of fingers with prominent broad teeth; carpus and merus pubescence, margins covered with long setae; inner angle of carpus with sharp, denticulate protuberance (Fig. 63A). P2−P5 proportionally short (Figs. 62A, 63B), lateral surface, dorsal and ventral margins fringe with long setae; dactylus straight; merus of P5 not reaching front when folded. Fused thoracic sternites 1, 2 broadly triangular (Fig. 62D), proportionally narrow; thoracic sternites 3, 4 partially fused, with only lateral suture discernible. Male pleon (Figs. 62D, E, 64B) relatively broad; telson long, twice length of somite 6, subtriangular. G1 (Fig. 64 C–F) slender, slightly curved, upper half distinctly longer than lower half, distal part slightly sinuous, tip broad, pointed upward, with rows of setae near opening. Female pleon (Fig. 63C) broad, somite 1 reaching coxae of fourth ambulatory legs, tapering to pointed edge; telson subtriangular; vulva (Fig. 63D) relatively broad, ovate.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. From the Latin <i>hirtus</i>, hairy, in allusion to the long setae covering carapace, chelipeds and ambulatory legs.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. <i>Typhlocarcinops hirtus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> is superficially similar to <i>T. tonsuratus</i> from Australia, which is also a distinctly tomentose species. <i>Typhlocarcinops hirtus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> can be distinguished by its more transversely rectangular carapace with the width to length ratio 1.4‒1.5 (Figs. 62A, 63B) (versus carapace more squarish with the width to length ratio 1.2 in <i>T. tonsuratus</i>; Fig. 34A); the ischium of the third maxilliped is distinctly longer and slightly broader than the merus, with the inner and outer margins straight (Fig. 64A) (versus the ischium of the third maxilliped is only slightly longer than the merus, with the inner margin of the ischium slightly oblique in <i>T. tonsuratus</i>; Fig. 34B); and the G1 is slightly curved on the lower half, with the distal part sinuous, the tip broad and the opening has rows of setae setae (Fig. 64 C–F) (versus G1 strongly curved on lower half, the distal part gently curved upwards, the tip upcurved with two series of short and long setae distally in <i>T. tonsuratus</i>; Fig. 34 E–G).</p> <p> The general carapace shape and degree of setation on <i>T. hirtus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> closely resembles <i>Paraselwynia ursina</i> Tesch, 1918, described from nearby Kei Islands in the Moluccas. The first author managed to examine the type female (and only known specimen) and it is refigured here (Figs. 65, 66) as the original drawings by Tesch (1918) are somewhat schematic. <i>Typhlocarcinops hirtus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> differs from <i>Paraselwynia ursina</i> in having the dorsal surface of the carapace almost flat (Fig. 62C) (versus prominently domed and convex in <i>P. ursina</i>; cf. Fig. 65C); the frontal margin is distinctly bilobed with convex lobes (Fig. 62B, C) (versus frontal margin almost straight and entire in <i>P. ursina</i>; cf. Fig. 65B, C); ischium of the third maxilliped is subrectanguar with the merus quadrate (Fig. 64A) (versus ischium of third maxilliped subtrapezoidal with the merus subovate in <i>P. ursina</i>; cf. Fig. 66A); the setae are concentrated on the dorsal margin of the dactylus of the chela with the pollex mostly glabrous (Fig. 62F, G) (versus both fingers of the chela covered with very dense setae which partially obscures the surfaces in <i>P. ursina</i>; cf. Fig. 65F, G); the female pleon is narrowly ovate with the telson acutely triangular (Fig. 63C) (versus female pleon broadly ovate with the telson semicircular in <i>P. ursina</i>; cf. Fig. 65D); and the vulvae are smaller and positioned closer to the median line (Fig. 63D) (versus vulvae relatively larger and positioned further apart in <i>P. ursina</i>; cf. Fig. 65E).</p> <p> This is the only species of <i>Typhlocarcinops</i> known to live in the intertidal area, collected among seagrass in sandy mud substrate.</p> <p> <b>Type locality</b>. Kuta, southern Lombok Island.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>. Known only from Lombok Island, Indonesia, thus far.</p>Published as part of <i>Ng, Peter K. L. & Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, 2020, A synopsis of Typhlocarcinops Rathbun, 1909 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae), with descriptions of nine new species from the Indo-West Pacific, pp. 1-100 in Zootaxa 4788 (1)</i> on pages 75-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4788.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3878222">http://zenodo.org/record/3878222</a>
Transmisi Pemaknaan Al-Qur’an Dalam Sekar Sari Kidung Rahayu Karya Eyang Achmad Djuwahir Anomwidjaja
Full text linkThis research aims to describe Sekar Sari Kidung Rahayu and determine the transmission of science that occurs in this work. In this research the author used a qualitative descriptive research method. The results of this research are first, Sekar Sari Kidung Rahayu by Eyang Achmad Djuwahir Anomwidjaja is a tembang macapat which was composed as a form of response, appreciation and reception for the presence of the Qur'an in his cultural group. This work contains the meaning of the Qur’an , invitations and advice in studying the Qur’an . The completed work consists of Surah Al-Fatihah, An-Naba' -- An-Nas (Juz 'Amma), Yasiin, Al-Baqarah, Ali-Imron and pieces of verses from the Qur’an . Second, the transmission of science that occurs consists of three stages: 1) Eyang's awareness of his cultural group which perpetuates the macapat tradition alongside the existence of pesantren as centers of Islamic religious education. 2) Interest in the form of Eyang's idea to compose tembang macapat containing meaning from the Qur’an . 3) Adoption takes the form of Eyang's actions as a transmitter in implementing ideas in his work. The meaning of the Qur'an by Eyang Achmad Djuwahir was then transmitted to the general public in the form of books, audio-visual documentation in digital media and through the Macapat community which studied Sekar Sari Kidung Rahayu.
Keywords : tembang macapat, reception of the Qur’an, transmission of science.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan Sekar Sari Kidung Rahayu dan mengetahui proses transmisi pengetahuan yang terjadi pada karya tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah pertama, Sekar Sari Kidung Rahayu karya Eyang Achmad Djuwahir Anomwidjaja merupakan tembang macapat yang disusun sebagai bentuk respon, apresiasi sekaligus resepsi atas hadirnya Al-Qur’an pada kelompok budayanya. Karya tersebut berisi kandungan Al-Qur’an, ajakan dan nasihat dalam mempelajari Al-Qur’an. Karya yang sudah diselesaikan terdiri dari Surat Al-Fatihah, An-Naba’-An-Nas (Juz ”˜Amma), Yasiin, Al-Baqarah, Ali-Imron dan potongan ayat-ayat Al-Qur’an. Kedua, transmisi pengetahuan yang terjadi terdiri atas tiga tahapan: 1) Kesadaran (awareness) Eyang terhadap kelompok budayanya yang melanggengkan tradisi macapat berdampingan dengan keberadaan pesantren sebagai pusat pendidikan agama Islam. 2) Minat atau ketertarikan (interest) berupa gagasan Eyang untuk menyusun tembang macapat yang berisi kandungan ayat-ayat Al-Qur’an. 3) Adopsi (adoption) berupa tindakan Eyang sebagai transmitter dalam mengimplementasikan gagasan pada hasil karyanya. Pemaknaan Al-Qur’an oleh Eyang Achmad Djuwahir selanjutnya ditransmisikan ke khalayak ramai berupa buku, dokumentasi audio-visual dalam media digital serta melalui paguyuban macapat yang mengkaji Sekar Sari Kidung Rahayu.
Kata kunci : tembang macapat, resepsi Al-Qur’an, transmisi pengetahuan
PENERAPAN SISTEM AKUNTANSI PENGGAJIAN DALAM KAITANNYA DENGAN SISTEM MANAJEMEN MUTU (ISO 9001:2008) (STUDI KASUS PADA PT. RAHAYU SANTOSA)
No full textThe accounting system is a very complex system in a company, it is necessary to ensure the system processes the company is running consistently and efficiently to produce a good performance. One way that can be applied to achieve the goal or objective is to be a synergy with the accounting system of quality management systems (ISO 9001: 2008) which is usually referred to by the International Standard Organization (ISO). Quality management system standards (ISO 9001: 2008) is a system that has standards or quality is good, which is already international. Quality management system standards (ISO 9001: 2008) is an international standard that is no stranger to manufacturing and service industries. Standards become mandatory for many manufacturers or companies to be able to compete in the international market, by demonstrating the consistency of the product quality. The purpose of this paper is: the first is knowing the payroll accounting system implementation at PT. Rahayu Santosa, second is knowing the implementation of quality management system (ISO 9001: 2008) at PT. Rahayu Santosa, and last is knowing payroll accounting system implementation in relation to the quality management system (ISO 9001: 2008) at PT. Rahayu Santosa. The methodology used in this study is the descriptive research method that studies carried out by means of a variable to describe and explain research on the author, as well as action research methods to obtain the necessary data.
Payroll accounting system at PT. Rahayu Santosa still use the manual payroll accounting system or not computerized. Payroll accounting systems applied by PT. Rahayu Santosa is in conformity with the existing SOP PT. Rahayu Santosa and not found during the major findings of internal audit. Payroll system part of the ISO 9001 on the HR department.
ISO 9001: 2008 is a quality management system standards issued by international organizations, which means that the product is not certified, but how to set up the system. The quality management system (ISO 9001: 2008) is a system implemented by PT. Rahayu Santosa in order to improve the quality of a product (goods or services). PT. Rahayu Santosa is one of the manufacturing companies that implement ISO 9001: 2008 since 2008.
4
Application of payroll accounting system does not have a direct relation with the quality management system (ISO 9001: 2008), but the quality management system (ISO 9001: 2008) ensure the procedure is good payroll system.
Keywords : ISO 9001:2008 and Accounting Syste
An Analysis of Speaking Errors of English Club Participants at SMKS Sempena Rokan Hilir
Full text linkABSTRACT
DELIS RAHAYU (2022): An Analysis of Speaking Errors of English Club Participants at SMKS Sempena Rokan Hilir
The author wrote this research to describe the type of dominant speaking errors by English club participants at SMKS Sempena Rokan Hilir, to describe the frequency and the dominant type, and to explain the errors. This research was descriptive qualitative research. The researcher collected the video of speaking activities conducted by English club participants and the English teacher. The researcher used transcript from the video as the data source. The researcher employed documentation method to collect the data. There were 39 errors found. The researhcer categorized the speaking errors type and the sources based on the theory of Clark and Clark. The research results were 14 silent pauses (35.89%), 3 filled pauses (7.69%), 16 repetition (41.02%), 2 false start (retraced) (5.12%), 2 interjection (5.12%), 1 stutters (2.56%), and 1 slip of tongue (2.56%)
Paguristes alcocki Mclaughlin & Rahayu, 2005, n. sp.
No full textPaguristes alcocki n. sp. (Figs 1–3) ? Paguristes ? ciliatus— Alcock 1905: 34. [Not Paguristes ciliatus (Heller, 1862)]. Paguristes ciliatus.— Gordan, 1956: 321 [in part; literature]. ? Paguristes ciliatus.— Haig & Ball, 1988: 176; Wang, 1992: 59 (list); Wang, 1994: 568; Rahayu, 2000: 392. Not Paguristes ciliatus (Heller, 1862). Paguristes ciliatus.— Wang, 1983: 50 (in part, not pl. 1: fig. 2). Not Paguristes ciliatus Heller, 1892 (see Remarks). Type material. Western Australia: holotype male (7.8 mm), 33 nautical miles N of Rosemary Island, 19 ° 55 ’S, 116 ° 36 ’E, 58 m, 29 Nov 1982, WAM C 29554. Paratypes, 33 nautical miles N of Rosemary Island, 19 ° 55 ’S, 116 ° 36 ’E, 58 m, 29 Nov 1982, 2 males (6.3, 7.5 mm), WAM C 16862, C 16493; 39 nautical miles north of Enderby Island, 19 ° 58.1 ’S, 116 ° 27.9 ’E, 58–59 m, 28 Sep 1982, 1 ovig. female (5.5 mm), WAM C 16751. Indonesia: Wamsoi Lagoon, Padaido, Irian Jaya, 57–91 m, 0 4 Feb 1956, 1 male (7.2 mm), RMNH. Philippine Islands: Panglao Expedition, stn L 43, off Pamilacan Island, 09° 30 ’N, 123 °05’E, 60 m, 0 2 Jul 2004, 1 male (8.6 mm), NMP. Description. Thirteen pairs of quadriserial gills; branchiostegites each with few spinules on distal margin and dorsal margin distally, concealed by moderately dense setae. Shield (Figs 1 a, 3) longer than broad; dorsal surface with few tubercles or subacute spines and sparse covering of setae laterally, few scattered tufts centrally. Rostrum slender, elongate, reaching beyond bases of ocular acicles and considerably overreaching lateral projections, but broader in female, terminating acutely or with tiny spinule. Lateral projections triangular, each with tiny terminal spine. Ocular peduncles 0.7 to as long as shield length, slender, each with sparse tuft of setae basally; corneal diameter 0.1 peduncular length. Ocular acicles subtriangular, terminating acutely or in simple terminal spine; separated by less than basal width of 1 acicle. Antennular peduncles, when fully extended, not reaching to bases of corneas; basal segment with small spine on lateral face of statocyst lobe. Antennal peduncles not exceeding 0.5 of ocular peduncles; fifth segment with few scattered setae; fourth segment with small dorsodistal spine; third segment with moderately dense setae laterally, ventrodistal margin drawn out into acute spine; second segment with dorsolateral distal angle produced, terminating in bifid spine, lateral and ventral surfaces with dense long setae, dorsomesial distal angle with small spine, mesial margin with setae; first segment unarmed. Antennal acicle reaching to distal 0.2 or nearly to distal margin of fifth peduncular segment, terminating in prominent bifid spine; 2 spines on lateral margin, 1 or 2 spines on dorsal surface mesially and scattered setae not concealing armature. Antennal flagellum slightly shorter to longer than carapace; articles each with 1 or 2 short setae proximally, slightly more numerous setae distally. Chelipeds subequal to unequal, somewhat dissimilar; left slightly to noticeably larger and more subovate. Left cheliped (Figs 2 a, 3) with dactyl (missing in smallest Australian male paratype) 1.7 to twice length of palm; dorsomesial margin delimited only distally by short row of acute small spines, dorsal surface with numerous, scattered small tubercles and irregular row of slightly larger tuberculate spines mesiad of midline in males, closelypacked and somewhat flattened tubercles in female; mesial face (Fig. 2 b) with ventroproximal unarmed area, remainder of surface with irregular, almost transverse, rows of small, sometimes corneouscapped, tubercles and small spines, obscured by covering of moderately short, dense setae; cutting edge with row of small calcareous teeth, terminating in small corneous claw; with or without very slight hiatus between dactyl and fixed finger. Palm with row of moderately small spines on dorsomesial margin, broader and multifid in female, convex dorsal surface with covering of flat, or slightly swollen, scalelike plates, each usually with 1–3 tiny, corneoustipped spinules, dorsolateral margin with row of small tuberculate spines, becoming more prominent and acute distally on fixed finger and concealed by moderately dense long setae in males, but not distinctly delimited in female; mesial face with row of very small, sometimes spinulose, tubercles adjacent to distal margin and parallel, subdistal row of larger flattened tubercles, 1 additional large, flattened and corneouscapped tubercle dorsally in midline; lateral face of palm and fixed finger with scattered spinulose tubercles, ventral surface with irregular, transverse rows of spinulose tubercles, decreasing in size on fixed finger and accompanied by tufts of setae. Carpus with row of moderately prominent spines on dorsomesial margin, distal margin with row of small, tuberculate spines, extending onto lateral face; dorsolateral margin not delimited, dorsal and lateral surfaces with numerous, but not dense, small tuberculate spines, 1 larger spine in midline proximally; mesial face with parallel distal and subdistal row of small spinulose tubercles or projections, partially obscured by tufts of long setae, remainder of surface with low, spinulose and corneouscapped tubercles, continued onto ventral surface and accompanied by tufts of setae. Merus with row of spines on distal margin extending onto lateral and mesial faces, dorsal surface with subdistal short, transverse row of spines also extending onto lateral and mesial faces, remainder of dorsal margin with row of spines decreasing in size proximally and becoming obsolete; mesial face spinulose, ventromesial margin with double row of small, spinulose tubercles or tuberculate spines and dense tufts of setae; lateral face spinulose, at least ventrally, ventrolateral margin with double row of small, tuberculate spines obscured by long dense setae; ventral surface with covering of short, dense setae. Ischium with row of small tubercles on ventromesial margin concealed by long dense setae. Right cheliped (Figs 2 c, 3) with dactyl 1.7 to twice length of palm; dorsomesial margin with row of moderately small, corneoustipped spines, decreasing in size distally; dorsal surface with numerous quite small, sometimes corneoustipped, tuberculate spines; cutting edge with row of very small calcareous teeth in proximal 0.7, corneous teeth distally, terminating in small corneous claw; mesial face (Fig. 2 d) with numerous corneouscapped tubercles, forming 2–4 irregular longitudinal rows proximally, 1 or 2 rows distally and scattered tufts of setae. Palm with row of 4–6 moderate to very prominent spines on dorsomesial margin, dorsolateral margin not delimited, dorsal surface of palm and fixed finger with irregular semitransverse rows of small, tuberculate or flattened, sometimes corneoustipped spines or tubercles, each often accompanied by circlet of very short setae, spination partially obscured dorsolaterally by dense short to moderately long setae; cutting edge of fixed finger with row of small calcareous teeth, terminating in small corneous claw; mesial face of palm with subdistal vertical row of low, large tubercles and tufts of setae, additional large tubercles in midline dorsally; ventral surface with numerous low protuberances and tufts of setae; lateral surface of palm and fixed finger with covering of spinulose or flattened tubercles and/or small, sometimes corneoustipped spines, almost completely concealed by dense, moderately short setae. Carpus with row of prominent spines on dorsomesial margin, dorsodistal margin with row of spinules, extending onto lateral face; dorsolateral margin not delimited, dorsal surface and lateral face each with numerous small, tuberculate, sometimes corneoustipped spines; mesial face tuberculate and with subdistal row of larger tuberculate spines partially concealed by tufts of dense setae; ventral surface weakly tuberculate and with distal tufts of dense setae. Merus with row of spines on distal margin extending onto lateral and mesial faces, dorsal surface with short, transverse row of subdistal spines also extending onto lateral face, remainder of dorsal surface with row of spines decreasing in size proximally and becoming obsolete; ventromesial margin with row of tuberculate spines and tufts of moderately long setae; lateral surface spinulose, ventrolateral margin with row of small spines distally becoming double to triple row of spinulose tubercles proximally, partially obscured by tufts of dense, moderately short setae; ventral surface with dense tufts of short setae. Ischium with row of tubercles and tufts of setae on ventromesial margin. Second and third pereopods (Figs 2 e–h, 3) differing somewhat in armature; right pereopods slightly longer than left. Dactyls 1.6 –2.0 longer than propodi; dorsal margins each with row of corneoustipped small spines (second) or very small spines or tubercles (third) and long, moderately stiff setae; ventral margins each with 11–22 corneous spines, concealed by long, stiff setae; lateral faces of second each with 1–3 rows of tufts of short setae and sometimes also weak longitudinal sulcus proximally, lateral faces of third each also with 1–3 rows of sparse tufts of short to moderate setae and occasionally corneous spinules and weak longitudinal sulcus proximally; mesial faces of second each with shallow sulcus in proximal half, ventral margin cut into row of weak, spiniform scutes, more tuberculate in female, mesial faces of third with 3 or 4 rows of corneous spinules and occasionally weak longitudinal sulcus. Propodi of second pereopods each with irregular row of prominent spines on dorsal surface partially obscured by tufts of long setae, third pereopods each with dorsal row of low protuberances and few small spines also partially concealed by tufts of setae; ventral margins of second pereopods each with row of small spines and tufts of setae, third with tufts of setae; mesial faces of second pereopods each with numerous scattered tubercles and short, transverse rows of setae ventrally; third with few faint protuberances and ventral short, transverse rows of sparse tufts; lateral faces of second pereopods each with weak median longitudinal sulcus and scattered tubercles dorsally, third with few scattered tufts of setae. Carpi each with shallow longitudinal sulcus on lateral face; second pereopods each with dorsal single or double row of prominent spines and tufts of long setae, third with prominent dorsodistal spine and small spines or protuberances and tufts of setae on remainder of dorsal surface; lateral faces of second pereopods each with additional cluster of small spines distally in dorsal half. Meri of second pereopods each with dorsal and ventral rows of small spines partially obscured by long setae, third unarmed, but with dense setae, particularly on ventral margins. Ischia unarmed but with dense dorsal and ventral setae. Fourth pereopods each with small preungual at base of claw; no dorsodistal spine on carpus. Male first gonopods (Fig. 1 b, c) each with tuft of setae on superior mesial angle of basal lobe; single row of small hooklike corneous spines on distal margin of inferior lamella; external lobe overreaching inferior lamella, internal lobe short, with marginal setae and moderately dense setal covering on inner surface. Second gonopods (Fig 1 d) with basal segment glabrous; endopod with row of moderately long setae on mesial margin, distal angle with tuft of stiff setae; appendix masculina with long setae on distal margin and inferior surface. Left pleopods 3–5 with exopods well developed; endopods very rudimentary. Female first pleopods (Fig. 1 e) each with numerous moderately long setae on distal half of basal segment; distal segment with long marginal setae. Brood pouch large, fanshaped with margin weakly scalloped and provided with fringe of long, plumose setae. Eggs numerous, moderately small, diameter of noneyed eggs 0.9–1.1 mm. Telson (Fig. 1 f) with deep lateral incisions; median cleft small, shallow; posterior lobes markedly asymmetrical, terminal and lateral margins unarmed, but each with row of long setae. Color in life. Shield mottled pink and darker reddish orange; ocular and antennular peduncles uniformly salmon pink, ocular acicles similar, but slightly lighter; antennal peduncles whitishpink. Chelipeds with chelae orangishpink with several whitish tubercles on mesial face; dorsal surfaces of carpi orangishpink distally, with irregular median transverse whitish band, mottled pink, red and white proximally and whitish tubercles; meri orangishred and white distally, subdistal, irregular patch of pinkishwhite dorsally, predominantly red to redorange in proximal halves; mesial faces each with prominent circular red patch dorsodistally, circumscribed by broad white ring, lateral faces each with similar, but somewhat less definitive patch. Second and third pereopods with dactyls predominantly orangishred, each with whitish patch or band distally, narrow, irregular band proximally, and sometimes light colored patch dorsomesially (Fig. 3); propodi, carpi and meri each with irregular narrow whitish band proximally and broader whitish band distally, median areas red with scattered white spots. Alcock (1905) indicated that the color of his specimen of P.? ciliatus was similar to that of Paguristes balanophilus Alcock, 1905, but that the shield was mottledred. Coloration (in preservative) of P. balanophilus was reported by Alcock to be pinkishwhite with a welldefined orange patch on a violet field on both the mesial and lateral faces of the merus each cheliped, most distinctive on the mesial face. Habitat. One of the Australian paratypes inhabited a shell entirely covered by a calcareous bryozoan. Distribution. Know with certainty only from Western Australia, Indonesia and the Philippine Islands, but perhaps also from the South China Sea and Persian Gulf; 58 to possibly 110 m. Etymology. The specific epithet, alcocki, is given to this species in the presumption that this is the taxon misinterpreted by A. Alcock (1905) to be Paguristes ciliatus of Heller (1862). Var ia t io n. The chelipeds of the holotype and larger paratypes reasonably can be categorized as unequal, as the size differences between the right and left are substantial. However, the differences seen in the chelipeds of the female and smallest male paratype are less and it is probable that if judged individually, their chelipeds would be described as subequal. The data, based only on five males and one ovigerous female, are too meager for anything other than speculation, but it does seem possible that in P. a l c o c k i n. sp. the degree of cheliped asymmetry is a function of growth. In contrast, the observed dissimilarities in armature of the right and left chelipeds appear to be specific characters of the species, despite observed intraspecific variation. The dorsomesial margins or marginal areas of the left chela are armed with several (palm) or numerous (dactyl) small spines and/or tubercles; these same margins of the right chela are provided with four to six more prominent spines (palm) and a row of moderatelysized spines (dactyl). Whereas the dorsal surfaces of the dactyls of both chelae have a moderate to dense covering of small tuberculate spines and spinules, the dorsal surface covering of the palm and fixed finger of the left chela consists of scalelike flattened tuberculate protuberances, each often provided with one to three tiny, corneoustipped spinules. These surfaces on the right chela may have a covering of very small, tuberculate spines that may or may not be corneoustipped, or, as in the smallest male and female, low, spinulose subrectangular tubercles. The armature of mesial faces of the dactyls is also somewhat dissimilar, albeit variable. The spination of the left dactylar mesial face is masked with short dense setae, but consists of numerous, rather closelyspaced, small tubercles and spinules (Fig. 1 b), some corneoustipped or corneouscapped, with a distinctly unarmed area proximally in the ventral half of the surface. This face of the right chela frequently lacks the dense pilosity of the left and is provided with somewhat larger, often corneouscapped tubercles (Fig. 1 d) arranged in irregular rows over the entire surface. The ambulatory legs also exhibit variations in armature between the second and third pereopods as can be seen in Figures 2 e–h. Affinities. Among Australian species of Paguristes, P. alcocki n. sp. appears most closely allied to P. kimberleyensis Morgan & Forest, 1991, sharing with that species the tendency toward dissimilarities in the size and armature of the chelipeds. However, as indicated in the discussion of variation, cheliped inequality appears to be a function of growth in P. alcocki, whereas in P. kimberleyensis the differences between the right and left chelipeds are consistent regardless of animal size or sex. The two species may be distinguished by the armature of the mesial faces of the dactyls of the chelipeds that in P. alcocki consists of a covering of small spines or spinules in irregular rows, but in P. kimberleyensis of one or two longitudinal rows of small spines. Additionally, but subject to more variation, the ocular peduncles of P. alcocki are longer and slenderer; the armature of the dorsal surface of the left cheliped consists of more flattened, scalelike tubercles, and the external lobe of the male first gonopod is better developed. Although only faint coloration remained in the holotype of P. kimberleyensis (cf. Morgan & Forest 1991), reexamination of the holotype by the first author however showed that the color in preservative of the chelipeds and ambulatory legs was mottled orange and white and that of the dactyls of second and third pereopods each had a band of white at the base of the claw. In contrast, the mesial and lateral faces of the meri of the chelipeds of P. alcocki (Fig. 3) each has an ovate patch of red (in life) or orange (in preservative) most prominent on the mesial face; the segments of the ambulatory legs have median broad bands of red or reddish orange. Paguristes alcocki n. sp. also appears closely allied to P. balanophilus Alcock, 1905. As with Alcock’s P.? ciliatus, Indian specimens of P. balanophilus have not been available for examination; however, Morgan and Forest (1991), reporting on specimens of that species in the collections of the Muséum national dHistoire naturelle, described P. balanophilus as having chelipeds, although dissimilar in size, similar in form and spination. Although Alcock (1905) commented that with the exception that the inner margin of the right carpus was spinose, the chelipeds were similar in sculpture, his illustration (Alcock 1905, pl. 3: fig. 1) does not show any notable difference between the right and left carpi. As previously indicated, the dissimilarity in size between the right and left chelipeds appears to be growth related in P. a l c o c k i, but the dissimilarity in armament in the new species is not. This character alone should distinguish P. alcocki from P. balanophilus. One differentiating character cited by Alcock was the bi or trifid ocular acicles of P. balanophilus and the acuminate (or simple) ocular acicles of the species he interpreted as P.? ciliatus. The ocular acicles are simple in the holotype and paratypes of P. alcocki; nevertheless, variability cannot be discounted. McLaughlin (unpublished) noted that the ocular acicles of P. kimberleyensis varied from being armed with a single spine to having up to three. Remarks. Wang (1983) provided a brief description of a species he identified as Paguristes ciliatus of Heller (1862), but his description was based on Alcock’s (1905) interpretation of the species. However, Alcock provided no illustration of the species he had questionably assigned to Heller’s (1862) taxon. Wangs (1982, pl. 1: fig. 2) illustration is of a specimen lacking the posterior portion of the abdomen and there is considerable similarity between Wang’s illustration and Heller’s (1865, pl. 7: fig. 6) rather stylized drawing of a hermit crab partially withdrawn into its shell, including the equal and similar chelipeds and stout ocular peduncles. It is quite clear that Wang (1983) did not illustrate a specimen of P. alcocki n. sp. or P. lewinsohni n. sp., but it cannot be said with certainty what species that author actually had. In their comparison of P. runyanae Haig & Ball, 1988, with other Indian Ocean and Japanese species of Paguristes, Haig & Ball’s (1988) remarks regarding the armature of the chelipeds of P. balanophilus and P. c i l i a t u s were taken from Alcock’s (1905) descriptions. Similarly, the distributional records of P. ciliatus in Chinese waters by Wang (1992, 1994) and Rahayu (2000) did not involve examined specimens.Published as part of Mclaughlin, Patsy A. & Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, 2005, Two new species of Paguristes sensu stricto (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea: Diogenidae) and a review of Paguristes pusillus Henderson, pp. 37-62 in Zootaxa 1083 on pages 40-49, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17043
PERLINDUNGAN HAK KONSUMEN DARI IKLAN PRODUK BARANG DAN JASA YANG MENYESATKAN MELALUI MEDIA SOSIAL
Full text linkABSTRAKRudi Satria Permana,2019Dr. Sri Walny Rahayu, S.H., M.Hum.Pasal 8 ayat (1) Huruf f Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 Tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Menyebutkan Pelaku usaha dilarang memproduksi dan/atau memperdagangkan barang dan/atau jasa yang tidak sesuai dengan janji yang dinyatakan ke dalam label, etiket, keterangan, iklan atau promosi penjualan barang dan/atau jasa tersebut. Namun dalam prakteknya banyak terdapat iklan yang menyesatkan yang beredar di media sosial wilayah Kota Banda Aceh, yang fungsinya untuk menarik perhatian para konsumen dan mendapatkan keuntungan yang besar.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan bentuk -bentuk kerugian yang timbul dari konsumen akibat iklan yang menyesatkan yang dilakukan oleh pelaku usaha di media sosial, menjelaskan konsekuensi hukum bagi pelaku usaha yang mengiklankan secara menyesatkan produk barang dan jasa melalui media sosial, dan hambatan yang ditemukan dalam perlindungan hak konsumen dan upaya upaya apakah yang telah dilakukan oleh berbagai pihak terkait dalam penegakan hukum perlindungan konsumen.Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif yakni penelitian yang difokuskan untuk mengkaji penerapan kaidah-kaidah atau norma-norma dalam hukum positif. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan analitis dengan memanfaatkan hasil-hasil penelitian ilmu empiris sebagai ilmu bantu.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui, bentuk kerugian konsumen adalah kerugian materil yaitu kerugian dari segi uang yang dikeluarkan sedangkan kerugian immateril berupa kerugian dari segi kesehatan dan waktu. Konsekuensi hukum bagi pelaku usaha yang memuat iklan menyesatkan yaitu dari segi perdata dibebankan untuk mengganti kerugian berupa biaya, barang, jasa atau yang senilai, sedangkan dari segi pidana dapat dipidana penjara paling lama lima atau enam tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak satu sampai dua miliyar. Upaya-upaya yang dilakukan pihak terkait dalam penegakan hukum perlindungan konsumen adalah dengan pemberian edukasi kepada masyarakat, pemblokiran akun yang menyebarkan iklan yang menyesatkan, penjatuhan sanksi pidana terhadap pelaku usaha yang memasangkan iklan di media sosial dan penyediaan sarana mediasi untuk penyelesaian sengketa konsumenDisarankan kepada Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika, dan persandian Aceh untuk mengadakan sosialisasi langsung kepada masyarakat terkait pendidikan konsumen.Disarankan kepada Dinas Peridustrian dan Perdagangan Provinsi Aceh untuk mengusulkan pembentukan Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen Kota Banda Aceh.Disarankan kepada pelaku usaha untuk tidak memasang iklan yang menyesatkan.Disarankan kepada Konsumen agar lebih teliti dan sadar akan haknya
- …
