184 research outputs found
La recepción de Henri-René Lenormand en la España de principios de siglo XX
Get PDFEven if Lenormand’s works are barely read or played in actual days, he was one of the avant-garde authors that generated more attention in the early twentieth century. The French author was enthusiastically welcomed by Spanish public. His works were frequently translated and played in Spanish theaters and intense debates were hold in literary reviews about how to interpret his characters. However, Lenormand’s psychological conception of human being divided Spanish criticism in two groups: those who were in favour of his freudian proposals and those conservative critics who rejected Lenormand’s novelties because they did not fit in the theatrical trends prevailing in early twentieth century Spain. Another controversial aspect in the Spanish reception of Lenormand’s works was the alleged innovative nature of his theater: was he really an avant-garde author or did he merely relocate the great dramas of classical theater into the twentieth century? The aim of this paper is to study the diverse reactions stimulated by Lenormand’s works among Spanish criticism.Pese a que actualmente apenas es leído o representado en los teatros, Lenormand fue uno de los autores vanguardistas que más interés generó a principios de siglo XX. La acogida que el público español brindó al autor francés fue especialmente calurosa. Sus obras se traducían y representaban con frecuencia, y suscitaban intensos debates en las revistas literarias. Sin embargo, la concepción psicológica del ser humano que Lenormand ofrecía en sus dramas dividió en dos a la crítica española: aquellos que defendían sus propuestas freudianas y aquellos otros sectores más conservadores que rechazaron las novedades lenormandianas por no encajar en las tendencias teatrales que imperaban en la España de principios de siglo XX. Otro de los aspectos controvertidos en la recepción española de Lenormand fue el supuesto carácter innovador de su teatro: ¿era realmente un autor vanguardista o se limitaba a trasladar al siglo XX los grandes dramas del teatro clásico? En este trabajo estudiaremos las diversas reacciones que la obra de Lenormand suscitó entre los críticos españoles de principios de siglo XX
Henri-René Lenormand et August Strindberg ou, la cruauté du langage, le langage de la cruauté
No full textH.-R. Lenormand during his youth already was trying his strengths as the scenic author with various results. However, after he discovered Strindberg's works (especially these of them written by Strindberg after his famous crisis described in Inferno), Lenormand had experienced glare. For the very first time, the French author got familiar with the works of the Author of Father in Switzerland, during the First World War, from which he tried to escape pretending to be sick with tuberculosis. Although Strindberg's plays were performed in German, Lenormand was intuitively convinced that he discovered the great playwright. After the First World War, Lenormand comes back to France and reads all Strindberg's works translated into English. Since that time, his own way of writing is changing dramatically. Being inspired by Strindberg's works, Lenormand in his individual way will deal with conflicts between men and women, in a truly expressionist manner. In Lenormand's plays appears his own version of the battle of the sexes, in which a woman like a praying mantis devours a male. Although it is a words' fight only, its effects are not less bloody. As in some Strindberg's plays, also in Lenormand's dramas often there is a "psychological murder".Une vie secrète de Henri-René Lenormand est une pièce qui met remarquablement en évidence le rapport cruel entre l'homme et la femme, ainsi que l'affrontement mortel pour le pouvoir. Le « combat des cerveaux » est au coeur du déroulement et des actions du drame ; le « meurtre psychique », ultime objectif de ce rapport cruel, en est l'aboutissement fatal. Sous l'emprise d'August Strindberg, l'auteur français décrit comment à travers les mots se manifeste le combat du plus fort avec le plus faible. Dans les pièces « climatiques » de Lenormand, seul le plus fort, physiquement et psychiquement, pouvait survivre dans les conditions extrêmes des pays tropicaux. Dans le drame étudié, ce schéma s'étend à la lutte des idées, qui oppose les tenants de la morale officielle aux révoltés qui, au nom de leur liberté, n'acceptent pas les valeurs de la société
L’Homme et ses fantomes by Henri-René Lenormand as a station play
No full textL’Homme et ses fantomes by Henri-René Lenormand is one of the most expressionist pieces of the French writer, today already forgotten. Inspired by the works of August Strindberg, the author of the drama explores new ways of expression. The analysed work is an example of a stationplay, which was the favourite form of expressionist playwrights.Mężczyzna i jego upiory Henri-René Lenormanda jest jedną z najbardziej ekspresjonistycznych sztuk tego dzisiaj zapomnianego już pisarza francuskiego. Zainspirowany twórczością Augusta Strindberga, autor dramatu poszukiwać będzie nowych dróg ekspresji. Analizowany utwór jest przykładem dramatu stacyjnego, który będzie ulubioną formą dramatopisarzy ekspresjonistycznych.Publikacja dofinansowana przez katedry literaturoznawcze Instytutu Filologii Polskiej U
La recepción de Henri-René Lenormand en la España de principios de siglo XX
No full textEven if Lenormand’s works are barely read or played in actual days, he was one of the avant-garde authors that generated more attention in the early twentieth century. The French author
was enthusiastically welcomed by Spanish public. His works were frequently translated and
played in Spanish theaters and intense debates were hold in literary reviews about how to
interpret his characters. However, Lenormand’s psychological conception of human being
divided Spanish criticism in two groups: those who were in favour of his freudian proposals
and those conservative critics who rejected Lenormand’s novelties because they did not fit
in the theatrical trends prevailing in early twentieth century Spain. Another controversial aspect in the Spanish reception of Lenormand’s works was the alleged innovative nature of
his theater: was he really an avant-garde author or did he merely relocate the great dramas
of classical theater into the twentieth century? The aim of this paper is to study the diverse
reactions stimulated by Lenormand’s works among Spanish criticismPese a que actualmente apenas es leído o representado en los teatros, Lenormand fue uno
de los autores vanguardistas que más interés generó a principios de siglo XX. La acogida
que el público español brindó al autor francés fue especialmente calurosa. Sus obras se
traducían y representaban con frecuencia, y suscitaban intensos debates en las revistas
literarias. Sin embargo, la concepción psicológica del ser humano que Lenormand ofrecía
en sus dramas dividió en dos a la crítica española: aquellos que defendían sus propuestas
freudianas y aquellos otros sectores más conservadores que rechazaron las novedades lenormandianas por no encajar en las tendencias teatrales que imperaban en la España de
principios de siglo XX. Otro de los aspectos controvertidos en la recepción española de
Lenormand fue el supuesto carácter innovador de su teatro: ¿era realmente un autor vanguardista o se limitaba a trasladar al siglo XX los grandes dramas del teatro clásico? En este
trabajo estudiaremos las diversas reacciones que la obra de Lenormand suscitó entre los
críticos españoles de principios de siglo X
Le vagabondage moderne dans le théâtre de Henri-René Lenormand
Get PDFThe motif of the wanderer is not new in the French theatre, but in the first half of the twentieth century due to the general crisis of values, some authors refer to it in order to display the plight of modern man. One of them is H.-R. Lenormand, an author not very well-known to a wider audience nowadays, who under the influence of Strindberg writes plays which refer to the expressionist aesthetics. He creates a lot of works in which he employs the technique of the station drama.. It is this form that allows him to focus on the evolution of the character and his metamorphosis. While in Les Ratés he shows buffoons heading for the brink of despair and finally their certain death, in L'Homme et ses Fantômes he focuses on the inner journey of the main character, who is looking for the reason for his suffering in his own soul
Thick films of YSZ electrolytes by dip-coating process
Get PDFYttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ, 8% Y2O3) thick films were coated on porous Ni-YSZ substrates using the dip-coating process and a suspension with a new formulation. The suspension was obtained by addition of a polymeric matrix in a stable suspension of a commercial YSZ (Tosoh) powders dispersed in an azeotropic MEK-EtOH mixture. The green layers were densified after an optimization of the suspension composition. YSZ Tosoh particles encapsulated by a zirconium alkoxide sol and added with colloidal alkoxide precursor are used to load the suspension. The in situ growth of these colloids increases significantly the layers density after an appropriated heat treatment. The obtained films are continuous, homogeneous and 20 μm thick. Different microstructures are obtained depending on the synthesis parameters of the suspension
Preparation of Ni–YSZ thin and thick films on metallic interconnects as cell supports. Applications as anode for SOFC
Get PDFIn this work, we propose the preparation of a duplex anodic layer composed of both a thin (100 nm) and a thick film (10 lm) with Ni–YSZ material. The support of this anode is a metallic substrate, which is the interconnect of the SOFC unit cell. The metallic support limits the temperature of thermal treatment at 800 C to keep a good interconnect mechanical behaviour and to reduce corrosion. We have chosen to elaborate anodic coatings by sol–gel route coupled with dip-coating process, which are low cost techniques and allow working with moderate temperatures. Thin films are obtained by dipping interconnect substrate into a sol, and thick films into an optimized slurry. After thermal treatment at only 800 C, anodic coatings are adherent and homogeneous. Thin films have compact microstructures that confer ceramic protective barrier on metal surface. Further coatings of 10 lm thick are porous and constitute the active anodic material
Microstructural characterisation by X-ray scattering of perovskite-type La0.8Sr0.2MnO3±d thin films prepared by a dip-coating process
Get PDFThe La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) cathode materials are widely used in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) as electronic conductors. In such materials, the reduction of oxygen is located at the triple contact boundaries: air/cathode LSM/electrolyte which is generally Yttria Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ). In order to improve the chemical reactions at these air/cathode LSM/electrolyte interfaces, the triple phase boundary length has to be optimised. In this aim, we have first synthesised the La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 phase by a sol–gel route and, second, LSM thin films have been deposited on various polished substrates by using a dip-coating process. The structure and microstructure of the resulting LSM thin layers have been investigated by using well suited complementary techniques such as X-ray reflectometry, grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering, Xray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy. The structural and microstructural parameters of LSM thin films have been managed and studied as a function of synthesis parameters such as initial metallic salt concentration, time and temperature of annealing. The higher the metallic salt concentration, the higher the thickness of the film, the smaller the film density.The as-prepared layers are amorphous and the single crystallised perovskite form is obtained for low temperature heat treatments. Therefore, the annealed coatings are constituted by randomly oriented LSM nanocrystals, which organise in a more or less dense close-packed microstructure according to the initial metallic salt concentration
Elaboration, shaping and characterization of electrochemical cells converting energy and working at high temperature (SOFC)
No full textLes travaux présentés s'intéressent à la réalisation de piles SOFC de 3éme génération. La problématique essentielle de cette configuration concerne le processus de mise en forme de la cellule devant permettre l'obtention d'un électrolyte dense (haute température) associé à un métal poreux (basse température). Afin de répondre à cette problématique, nous proposons une approche innovante consistant à élaborer et mettre en forme, à haute température, un empilement de précurseurs oxydes réduits dans une deuxième étape à température modérée pour générer les parties métalliques. La voie sol-gel dérivée du procédé Pechini réputée pour permettre l'obtention à moindre coût d'échantillons homogènes de composition complexe et à microstructure contrôlée a permis d'obtenir les précurseurs oxydes des constituants de la cellule. Leur mise en forme a été réalisée par frittage flash, technique sélectionnée pour la rapidité de traitement permettant de contrôler la densification, préserver la microstructure et limiter les réactions interfaciales lors de l'assemblage de matériaux différents. Les paramètres de densification puis les conditions de réduction ont été optimisés pour chaque précurseur avant d'être transférés pour la réalisation d'une demi-cellule. Le départ de l'oxygène se traduit par une augmentation de la porosité sans coalescence des parties métallique ni décollement au niveau des interfaces entre constituants. Ainsi, les résultats présentés valident l'approche proposée montrant le bénéfice attendu de l'utilisation de précurseurs oxydes permettant la dissociation de l'étape mise en forme et densification de l'électrolyte de celle de l'obtention du métal poreux. Après réalisation des tests électrochimiques sur la demi-cellule, la réalisation d'une cellule complète pourra être proposée avant d'envisager un transfert d'échelle, rendu possible par l'utilisation de procédés facilement industrialisables.The works presented concern in the realization of a third generation of SOFC cell. The main problem is the shaping process of the cell which must allows obtaining a dense (high temperature) electrolyte associated with a porous metal (low temperature). In order to solve this issue, we propose an innovative approach consisting in developing and shaping, at high temperature, a stack of oxide precursors which will be reduced in a second step at moderate temperature to generate the metal parts. The sol-gel route derived from the Pechini process, known to allow obtaining at low cost homogeneous samples of complex composition and controlled microstructure, was used to obtain the oxide precursors of the constituents of the cell. Their shaping was carried out by flash sintering, a technique selected for the speed of treatment allowing to control the densification, to preserve the microstructure and to limit the interfacial reactions during the assembly of different materials. The densification parameters and then the reduction conditions were optimized for each precursor before being transferred for the production of a half-cell. The departure of the oxygen results in an increase in the porosity without coalescence of the metal parts or detachment at the interfaces between constituents. Thus, the results presented validate the proposed approach showing the expected benefit of the use of oxide precursors allowing the dissociation of the shaping and densification step of the electrolyte from that of the obtaining of the porous metal. After carrying out the electrochemical tests on the half-cell, the full cell will be produced the upscaling, facilitated by the use of adequate chemical processes will be considered
SiC substrates functionalization by impregnation of sols and-or suspensions in order to enhance the solar exchangers conversion efficiencies
No full textFace à la nécessité de trouver de nouvelles sources d'énergie, on assiste au développement des centrales solaires thermiques à concentration et plus particulièrement à tour. L'air est utilisé comme fluide caloporteur circulant dans un récepteur sur lequel sont concentrés les rayons solaires. L'absorbeur, situé dans le récepteur, est l'élément clé de ces dispositifs ; il doit absorber le rayonnement solaire tout en ayant une faible émissivité infrarouge pour limiter les pertes par rayonnement thermique observées. Le projet OPTISOL, dans lequel s'inscrivent ces travaux de thèse, a pour objectif d'optimiser les propriétés thermo-optiques d'un absorbeur volumique. Pour cela, une mousse en carbure de silicium a été choisie en tant que support mécanique de l'absorbeur, pour sa bonne tenue aux hautes températures, et pour sa capacité à absorber fortement le rayonnement solaire. Plusieurs laboratoires ont travaillé sur ce projet et le rôle du CIRIMAT fut, dans un premier temps, de caractériser ces mousses de carbure de silicium, par des techniques conventionnelles mais aussi par des techniques moins usuelles telles que la microtomographie X. Dans un second temps, les mousses de carbure de silicium ont été fonctionnalisées par un oxyde sélectif, YBaCuO, dans le but d'optimiser la sélectivité spectrale du système global. Pour cela, les techniques en voie liquide (sol-gel, suspensions, ...) ont été choisies et un procédé de fonctionnalisation a été développé, permettant de revêtir des substrats plans (pastille) et volumiques (mousse poreuse). La sélectivité spectrale du carbure de silicium ainsi fonctionnalisé a été étudiée par spectrométrie infrarouge-visible et les résultats obtenus sont prometteurs puisque une diminution de l'émissivité infrarouge a été observée tout en conservant une forte absorptivité du rayonnement solaire.The necessity of finding new energy sources leads to the development of concentrated solar thermal power plants and more particularly the one using towers. Air is used as a heat transfer fluid flowing in a receiver heated by concentrated sunlight. The absorber, located in the receiver, is the key element of these devices; it must both absorb solar radiation and have a low infrared emissivity to limit thermal radiation losses. This work is part of the OPTISOL project, which aim is to optimize the thermo-optical properties of a volumetric absorber. For this purpose, a silicon carbide foam was selected as the mechanical support of the absorber for its good resistance to high temperatures and for its ability to be efficient to absorb sunlight. Several laboratories have worked on this project and the role of CIRIMAT was, at first, to characterize these silicon carbide foams using conventional and less conventional techniques such as X microtomography. Secondly, silicon carbide foams have been functionalized by a selective oxide, YBaCuO, in order to optimize the spectral selectivity of the system. For this, liquid routes such as sol-gel or suspension techniques have been selected and a functionalization process was implemented for coating planar (pellet) and volumetric (porous foam) substrates. The spectral selectivity of the functionalized silicon carbide was studied by infrared-visible spectrometry and the results are promising since a decrease in the infrared emissivity was observed while maintaining a high absorptivity of solar radiation
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