132,432 research outputs found
CHRONIC AFFECTS OF DETERGENT SURFACTANT (LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE / LAS) ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATE OF SEA BASS (Lates calcalifer Bloch) LARVAE
No full textSea bass (Lates calcalifer Bloch) is one of the economically important marine fishes, which is getting more important for marine-culture. This fish is categorized as a euryhaline species, i.e. has a wide salinity tolerance range. This species can live in the sea with salinity between 32 – 35 ppt, and in the river, estuarine and mangrove areas with the salinity between 0 – 25 ppt. The adult sea bass spawn in marine waters and the larvae and juvenile are mostly found in the estuarine. Estuarine is known as a good nursery and feeding ground, however it is also known as a pollutant trap. Therefore, the larvae of seabass and other euryhaline species are very susceptible to this condition
Surfactant detergent Linear Alkyl-benzene Sulfonate (LAS) is a non-ionic soft detergent, which has a long straight carbon chain and a powerful cleaning capability. It is toxic to aquatic organisms, and however it is biodegradable. Therefore, it is widely used for cosmetic and household purposes. Some research found that the toxicity (LC50-96 hours) of LAS detergent on invertebrate Daphnia magna was 2.7 mg/l, on gastropods was 19.4 mg/l and on shrimp (Panaeus japonicus) was 4.5 mg/l. The acute and chronic effect of this detergent on tropical marine fish is not yet known.
This research was done to find out the chronic effect (LC50-96 hours) and acute effects, of detergent LAS on the larvae of sea bass (Lates calcaliver Bloch). A Bioassay method was applied to find out the acute toxicity, and Probit Analyses was used to find out the LC50-96 hours of detergent LAS on sea bass larvae. Randomized Design was used to observe the chronic effects on the growth, survival rate of the sea bass larvae. There were six treatments applied, i.e.: treatment A (0% of LC50-96 hours); B (5% of LC50-96 hours); C (10% of LC50-96 hours); D (15% of LC50-96 hours); E (20% of LC50-96 hours); F (25% of LC50- 96 hours). Analyses of variance were used to find out if there was a significant different in the treatment, followed by Multiple Range Duncan Test to find out the different among treatments. The histology of the gill and liver of the sea bass exposed to different concentration of detergent LAS was also observed.
The results showed that the LC50-96 hours of detergent LAS on sea bass larvae was 1.18 mg/l and
considered as moderately high toxicity. The absolute biomass growth of sea bass larvae was not affected by sub-lethal concentrations of detergent ALS, however, chronic concentrations of detergent LAS affected the daily growth rate of sea bass larvae significantly (p<0.01). As a conclusion, the acute toxicity of LAS detergent on sea bass (Lates calcaliver Bloch) larvae was 1.18 mg/l. The sub-lethal concentrations of detergent LAS on the sea bass larvae did not influence the biomass growth and survival rate but affected the daily growth rate of sea bass larvae significantly. The sea bass larvae exposed to the sub lethal concentrations of LAS detergent for 30 days resulted in the gill damage, i.e.: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, telengeastases and melanization of the gill. The congestion and vacuolar degeneration of the liver were also observed
Peranan DPD dalam sistem bikameral (suatu kajian teori hukum tata negara Indonesia) / oleh Abraham Nugroho
No full textabstrak ( A ) Nama: Abraham Nugroho ( NIM: 205010176 ). ( B ) Judul Skripsi : Peranan DPD dalam Kajian Sistem Bikameral ( suatu Kajian teori Hukum Tata Negara Indonesia ). ( C ) Halaman : vii + + 13 + 1996 ( D ) Kata Kunci : Bikameral, DPD, Hukum Tata Negara. ( E ) Isi : Kehadiran DPD dalam sistem Hukum Ketatanegaraan Indonesia, merupakan suatu perombakan dalam lembaga perwakilan rakyat dari sistem unikameral menjadi Bikameral, namun ada permasalahan pada peranannya. Bagaimana meningkatkan kedudukan dan peranan Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Ditinjau dari teori Hukum Tata Negara ? Penulis melakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dan empiris. Data penelitian memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan antara teori sistem Bikameral dengan pelaksanaan sistem Bikameral di Indonesia. Keterbatasan wewenang DPD pada pasal 22 D UUD 1945 terlihat, pertama DPD hanya dapat mengajukan RUU kepada DPR, kata ?dapat menunjukan bukan suatu kewajiban, mengajukan / tidak mengajukan tidak mempunyai dampak hukum. Kedua DPD ikut mengusulkan dan atau membahas RUU tetapi tidak menentukan persetujuannya. Ketiga, DPD melakukan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan UU, tetapi tindak lanjutnya menjadi kewenangan DPR. Akibat dari pasal 22 D 1945 yang mengatur UU yang terkait otonomi daerah, maka pasal ? pasal yang mengatur DPD dalam UU Susunan dan Kedudukan MPR, DPR, DPD dan DPRD no 22 tahun 2003 ini tidak boleh melampui apa yang tertulis jelas pada pasal 22D 1945. hal ini mengakibatkan ketimpangan peran DPD sebagai lembaga negara yaitu hanya sebagai lembaga pendamping DPR saja . Dengan terbatasnya kewenangan ini, DPD tidak memiliki posisi tawar yang kuat dalam mengubah produk undang ? undang negara ini. Jika dibiarkan tanpa ada upaya pemberdayaan dan revisi legal formal lembaga ini, maka dapat diprediksikan lembaga ini nantinya hanya sebagai penghias struktur ketata negaraan sebagaimana yang dialami oleh Dewan pertimbangan Agung ( DPA ) yang telah dilikwidasi itu. ( F ) Acuan: 13 ( 1996 ?2006 ) ( G ) Pembimbing Dr Dwi Andayani B.S., S.H., M.H ( H ) Penulis Abraham Nugroh
NUGROHO KOMPOSISI MUSIK PROGRAM
No full textRINGKASAN Nugraha, Risandy Eka, 2018. Nugroho. Skripsi, Jurusan Seni dan Desain, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Negeri Malang. Pembimbing: (I) Dra. Ninik, M. Sn, (II) R. A. Zandra, M.Pd, M.Sn Kata Kunci: Nugroho, Karya Musik “Nugroho” adalah sebuah karya musik yang berkiblat pada keroncong markasan dan berbentuk keroncong, dimainkan dalam format musik keroncong ekstra. Penciptaan ini merupakan sebuah karya musik programatik atau musik program yang terdapat suatu program, cerita atau maksud yang ingin disampaikan kepada pendengar. Penciptaan karya musik dilatar belakangi untuk melestarikan musik keroncong dan terinspirasi dari kegiatan anak-anak yang ada di kampung Jodipan, kota Malang. Metode penciptaan yang digunakan dalam karya ini adalah dimulai dari eksplorasi yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan suatu ide atau gagasan, selanjutnya melakukan eksperimen dengan cara imitasi (secara audio/visual), improvisasi dan kemudian tahap evaluasi, setelah itu terdapat tahap forming atau pembentukan karya, tahap selanjutnya adalah tahap composing yang menggabungkan semua unsur musik dan yang terakhir tahap performance. Proses produksi dan analisis pada karya ini adalah: (1) Proses penciptaan meliputi : Penyusunan sistem komposisi, Pengaplikasian dalam bentuk karya, Realisasi dalam bentuk karya. (2) Bentuk penyajianmeliputi : Panggung, tata audio, pencahayaan, tata busana. HasilKaryainimenunjukkanbahwakaryamusik yangdibuatmenggunakan2 tema dalam masing-masing bagian dan terdapat pengembanganfigurantaralainrepetition, alternation, sekuen,daninvertion. Kesimpulan dalam penciptaan ini adalah sebuah karya musik yang berjudul “Nugroho“,bagian pertama di awali dengan introduksi dan terdapat tema I dan tema II yang dimainkan dalam skala tangga nada G mayor dan memiliki sukat 4/4. Bagian kedua terdapat dari tema I dan II dengan skala tangga nada D minor dan B minor yang menggunakan sukat 2/4 pada irama mars dan 4/4, bagian terakhir atau ketigamenggunakan sukat 4/4 dengan skala tangga nada G mayor, pada bagian akhir terdapat pengembangan tema II yang telah divariasi dengan penambahan vokal dengan nada pelog dan berlirik bahasa Indonesia. Adapun saran dan masukan kepada pihak-pihak yang terkait di dalam kegiatan pembuatan Karya Musik “Nugroho”, yaitu: 1) Bagi komposer, dijadikan sebagai tolak ukur atau kreativitas sesuai dengan proses pembelajaran yang dijalani selama bergelut di Program Studi Pendidikan Seni Tari dan Musik, 2) Bagi mahasiswa, menambahkan wawasan mengenai bentuk sonata dengan menggunakan beberapa figur dan bisa digunakan sebagai rujukan dalam pembuatan karya musik baru, dan 3) Bagi para penikmat seni musik misalnya guru seni musik dan musikus supaya karya ini menjadi bahan evaluasi untuk kemudian karya ini menjadi lebih baik lag
INCREASING REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN ECOTOURISM ACTIVITIES.
No full textRegional competitivesness is originated from an internal forces that produce an
added value. The internal forces is based on technological innovation and
entrepreneurial abilities (Drabenstott, 2006). The innovation is illustrated as a fuel, while
entrepreneurship is the engine. Both are a source of employment, income and welfare.
An entrepreneurial ability of local people on ecotourism activities in the Bromo Tengger
Semeru National Park (BTS NP) has developed naturally (Nugroho, 2006; 2007;
Nugroho and Negara, 2008). The people are often involved in ecotourism development
programs held by the BTS NP. The author’s study (Nugroho, Negara and Purnomowati,
2010) proved that the ecotourism activities were economically viable than the
horticultural farm.
However, these experiences have not fully produced significant benefits in the
development of ecotourism. Characteristic of the ecotourism activities is a cluster (Fodor
and Sitanyi, 2008a, 2008b), which always put the local people in a less advantageous
position. The ecotourism cluster is an ecotourism organization (Prieto, Gilmore and Osiri,
2009) that involve the local people, non-governmental organizations, private actors, the
national parks and government to produce ecotourism entrepreneurship. The result of
research the author (Nugroho, Negara and Nugroho, 2009) shows that the phenomenon
of social entrepreneurship is an important component of conceptual framework of
ecotourism entrepreneurship. This requires all parties to act to be a social entrepreneur
in a framework of ecotourism organization.Iwan Nugroho, Purnawan D. Negara, and Wiwin Purnomowati. 2011. INCREASING REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN ECOTOURISM ACTIVITIES. The 3rd IRSA International Institute. 2011 19-21 July 2011, Padang – West Sumatra Indonesia</div
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Modul pengembangan keprofesian berkelanjutan mata pelajaran biologi bidang keahlian agribisnis dan agroteknologi SMK kompetensi D: pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tumbuhan dan hewan.
No full textRuang lingkup materi ini meliputi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada tumbuhan, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan hewan serta faktor-faktor yang pengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada hewan
Proceedings of acoustics seminar AKUSTIKAN 2
No full textAn acoustic survey, from Semarang towards the South China Sea, allows the haline situation and the distribution of abundance in pelagic fishes at the end of the wet season to be described. At that moment, the fleet of Javanese seiners operates in the south-west of the Natuna Islands, in depths of 50 meters. The analysis of haline vertical profiles shows the presence of three zones : the Java Sea with vertical gradients due to the coastal desalinization, the Karimata Strait with isohaline water at 33.5% and the South China Sea with deep waters at 34%. The last sector where the fleet was operating, was three times richer than the Javanese waters at that time. Without direct correlation with that, the zonation of the abundance (scattered or aggregated fishes) follows the zonation of salinity. The water of the strait is poorer, and the water of the Java Sea is richer while the desalinization is stronger. It seems that the richness of water is particularly related to the bathymetry by the presence of an semipelagic fauna when the bottom exceeds 30 meters. This semipelagic fauna commutes twice migration towards the surface during the night, a behaviour which is more accentuated in this fishing zone than in the Java Sea. In the Karimata Strait, where the depth is less than 30 meters, the pelagic and benthic faunas are dominant. In the Java Sea, a great aggregation of larva and juveniles has been detected particularly in the South of Belitung Island, that confirms the role of the basin in the reproduction of pelagic species. At that period of the year, it is the slopes of the basin which seem to be richer. These populations, thus, avoid the strong coastal desalinization and also its deeper part. All these observations do not seem to confirm the theory of Hardenberg, which assumes the existence of a migration between the South China Sea and the Java Sea. (Résumé d'auteur
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
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