77,970 research outputs found
Insights into the Musa genome: Syntenic relationships to rice and between Musa species
No full textAbstract Background Musa species (Zingiberaceae, Zingiberales) including bananas and plantains are collectively the fourth most important crop in developing countries. Knowledge concerning Musa genome structure and the origin of distinct cultivars has greatly increased over the last few years. Until now, however, no large-scale analyses of Musa genomic sequence have been conducted. This study compares genomic sequence in two Musa species with orthologous regions in the rice genome. Results We produced 1.4 Mb of Musa sequence from 13 BAC clones, annotated and analyzed them along with 4 previously sequenced BACs. The 443 predicted genes revealed that Zingiberales genes share GC content and distribution characteristics with eudicot and Poaceae genomes. Comparison with rice revealed microsynteny regions that have persisted since the divergence of the Commelinid orders Poales and Zingiberales at least 117 Mya. The previously hypothesized large-scale duplication event in the common ancestor of major cereal lineages within the Poaceae was verified. The divergence time distributions for Musa-Zingiber (Zingiberaceae, Zingiberales) orthologs and paralogs provide strong evidence for a large-scale duplication event in the Musa lineage after its divergence from the Zingiberaceae approximately 61 Mya. Comparisons of genomic regions from M. acuminata and M. balbisiana revealed highly conserved genome structure, and indicated that these genomes diverged circa 4.6 Mya. Conclusion These results point to the utility of comparative analyses between distantly-related monocot species such as rice and Musa for improving our understanding of monocot genome evolution. Sequencing the genome of M. acuminata would provide a strong foundation for comparative genomics in the monocots. In addition a genome sequence would aid genomic and genetic analyses of cultivated Musa polyploid genotypes in research aimed at localizing and cloning genes controlling important agronomic traits for breeding purposes.</p
Analysis of non-TIR NBS-LRR resistance gene analogs in <it>Musa acuminata </it>Colla: Isolation, RFLP marker development, and physical mapping
No full textAbstract Background Many commercial banana varieties lack sources of resistance to pests and diseases, as a consequence of sterility and narrow genetic background. Fertile wild relatives, by contrast, possess greater variability and represent potential sources of disease resistance genes (R-genes). The largest known family of plant R-genes encode proteins with nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains. Conserved motifs in such genes in diverse plant species offer a means for isolation of candidate genes in banana which may be involved in plant defence. Results A computational strategy was developed for unbiased conserved motif discovery in NBS and LRR domains in R-genes and homologues in monocotyledonous plant species. Degenerate PCR primers targeting conserved motifs were tested on the wild cultivar Musa acuminata subsp. burmannicoides, var. Calcutta 4, which is resistant to a number of fungal pathogens and nematodes. One hundred and seventy four resistance gene analogs (RGAs) were amplified and assembled into 52 contiguous sequences. Motifs present were typical of the non-TIR NBS-LRR RGA subfamily. A phylogenetic analysis of deduced amino-acid sequences for 33 RGAs with contiguous open reading frames (ORFs), together with RGAs from Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, grouped most Musa RGAs within monocotyledon-specific clades. RFLP-RGA markers were developed, with 12 displaying distinct polymorphisms in parentals and F1 progeny of a diploid M. acuminata mapping population. Eighty eight BAC clones were identified in M. acuminata Calcutta 4, M. acuminata Grande Naine, and M. balbisiana Pisang Klutuk Wulung BAC libraries when hybridized to two RGA probes. Multiple copy RGAs were common within BAC clones, potentially representing variation reservoirs for evolution of new R-gene specificities. Conclusion This is the first large scale analysis of NBS-LRR RGAs in M. acuminata Calcutta 4. Contig sequences were deposited in GenBank and assigned numbers ER935972 – ER936023. RGA sequences and isolated BACs are a valuable resource for R-gene discovery, and in future applications will provide insight into the organization and evolution of NBS-LRR R-genes in the Musa A and B genome. The developed RFLP-RGA markers are applicable for genetic map development and marker assisted selection for defined traits such as pest and disease resistance.</p
Stabilization and tracking control of an x-z type inverted pendulum system using Lightning Search Algorithm tuned nonlinear PID controller
No full textInverted pendulum systems (IPSs) are mostly used to demonstrate the control rules for keeping the pendulum at a balanced upright position due to a slight force applied to the cart system. This paper presents an application for nonlinear control of an x-z type IPS by using a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller with newly established evolutionary tuning method Lightning Search Algorithm (LSA). A single, double and triple PID controller system is tested with the conventional and the self-tuning controllers to get a better understanding of the performance of the given system. The mathematical modelling of the x-z type IPS, the theoretical explanation of the LSA and the simulation analysis of the x-z type IPS is put forward entirely. The LSA algorithm solves the optimization problem of PID controller in an evolutionary way. The most effective way of making comparisons is evaluating the performance results with a well-known optimization technique or with the previous accepted results. We have compared the system's performance with particle swarm optimization and with a classical control study in the literature. According to the simulation results, LSA-tuned PID controller has the ability to decrease the overshoot better than the conventional-tuned controllers. Finally, it can be concluded that the LSA-supported PID can better stabilize the pendulum angle and track the reference better for non-disturbed and the slightly disturbed systems
Taxa de multiplicação de mudas micropropagadas de bananeira cv. Grande Naine e cv. Prata Catarina influenciada pela fase de estabelecimento de cultura
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Florianópolis, 2015.A bananeira é a segunda fruteira mais cultivada do mundo, sendo o Brasil o quinto no ranking, com 6,8% da produção mundial de banana. No ano de 2014, a estimativa da área de produção brasileira foi de 490,1 mil hectares, produção de 7,18 milhões de toneladas de frutas (EPAGRI/CEPA, 2014). Nas últimas décadas, a produção se expandiu na maioria dos países produtores; passou de 35 milhões para 102 milhões de toneladas entre as safras 1978 e de 2012, parte deste aumento de produção se deve ao avanço tecnológico, principalmente devido disponibilidade de material genético diversificado e de mudas com valor agregado, principalmente qualidade fitossanitária obtida através de técnicas biotecnológicas. Apesar das biofábricas terem protocolos de micropropagação bem sucedidos, os mesmos não são suficientes para atenderem a demanda com qualidade e quantidade de mudas. Nos últimos anos os sistemas de propagação, em larga escala, não atingiu o número de mudas desejadas, mesmo com a utilização de biorreatores de imersão temporária, o qual tem sido associado ao aumento dos riscos de surgimento de variantes somaclonais. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo mostrar o comportamento das culturas in vitro de Musa acuminata (AAA) cv. Grande Naine e de Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana (AAB) cv. Prata Catarina, submetidas a alterações no protocolo de micropropagação, comumente utilizado em biofábricas, visando obter maior taxa de multiplicação. Utilizando-se de material vegetal proveniente da coleção da EPAGRI/EEI, o trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas: fase de estabelecimento de cultura e fase de multiplicação. Na fase de estabelecimento, utilizou-se como meio base a formulação MS, acrescida de 1 mg.L-1 de BAP e 1 mg.L-1 de ANA, tendo como variáveis nos tratamentos propostos: aumento do tempo de cultivo in vitro; alterações de concentração de sais e adição de diferentes fitormônios. Para a fase de multiplicação utilizou-se as culturas provenientes da fase de estabelecimento, em cinco subcultivos de 30 dias, utilizando a formulação do meio MS e tendo como variáveis: alteração no estado físico (sólido/liquido), adição de BAP e adição de BAP/ANA. O meio MS, acrescido de 2,5 mg.L-1 de BAP promoveu a maior taxa de multiplicação, em ambas as cultivares estudadas. As melhores taxas de multiplicação quando consideradas fases de estabelecimento e multiplicação, para cultivar Grande Naine, foram obtidas em meio MS, acrescido de 1 mg.L-1 de BAP e 1 mg.L-1 de ANA por 90 dias em estabelecimento de cultura, utilizando na sequencia meio MS com 2,5 mg.L-1 de BAP para multiplicação em 5 subcultivos de 30dias consecutivos, alcançando taxas de multiplicação de 356 brotos por explante inicial, superior em 5 vezes ao obtido no tratamento similar ao praticado em biofábricas. Quanto a cultivar Prata Catarina o desempenho obtido não foi superior ao alcançado em biofábricas e os tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas. Foi utilizado meio MS com 50% dos sais da formulação para prover crescimento e enraizamento. Na fase de aclimatização, o método utilizado foi eficiente gerando número total de mudas para as cultivares Grande Naine e Prata Catarina de 8.995 e 3.911, respectivamente. O estudo indicou que alterações na fase de estabelecimento de cultura resultam em aumento da taxa de multiplicação para o cv. Grande Naine, enquanto que para o cv. Prata Catarina não apresenta efeito significativo.Abstract : The Banana is the second most cultivated fruit tree in the world, and Brazil is the fifth in the ranking, with 6.8% of the world production. In the year 2014, the estimate of Brazilian production area was 490,100 hectares, producing 7.18 million tons of fruit (EPAGRI/CEPA, 2014). In the last decades, production has expanded in most producing countries, from 35 million tons in 1978 to 102 million tons in 2012, part of this increase in production is due to technological advances related to the availability of more genetically diverse germplasm and of seedlings with higher sanitary quality obtained through biotechnological techniques. Despite successful micropropagation protocols adopted by biofactories , they are not sufficient to meet the demand with quality and quantity of seedlings. In recent years propagation systems on a large scale has not reached the desired number of plants, even with the use of temporary immersion bioreactor, which has been associated with increased risks of onset of somaclonal variants. This study aimed to show the behavior of in vitro cultures of Musa acuminata (AAA) cv. Grande Naine and of Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana (AAB) cv. Prata Catarina when changes in the micropropagation protocol were made compared to the traditional protocols, for an increase in the micropropagarion rate. The work was divided in two phases, namely culture establishment and culture multiplication. The explants used came from a field collection established at Epagri/Itajaí Research Station. In the phase of establishment of culture, MS base medium plus 1 mg.L-1 BAP and 1 mg.L-1 NAA was used, and there was an increase in the in vitro culture time, as well as changes in the salt concentration and in the phytohormones used. For the multiplication phase, materials generated from five subcultures of 30 days each were used, and changes in the physical state (solid/liquid) and in the concentration of cytokinin (BAP) and cytokinin/auxin (NAA). The treatment that consisted of MS medium plus 2.5 mg.L-1 BAP promotedthe highest multiplication rate in both cultivars. For the cultivar Grande Naine, the highest multiplication rates for both the establishment and the multiplication phases were obtained when MS medium plus 1 mg.L-1 de BAP and 1 mg.L-1 de NAA for 90 establishing days in culture was used, followed by multiplication in MS medium with 2.5 mg.L-1 BAP in five subcultures of 30 days each; the multiplication rates obtained were 356 shoots per initial explant, five times higher than that obtained in a similar treatment adopted by biofactories. However, for the cultivar Prata Catarina, the performance of the treatments was not statistically different from the performance of the traditional protocols adopted by biofactories. Half-strength MS medium was used to promote growth and root development. The method adopted in the acclimatization stage was efficient, generating 8,995 and 3,911 plants for the cultivars Grande Naine and Prata Catarina, respectively. The study indicated that change in culture establishment phase result in increased multiplication rate for the cv. Grand Naine, while for cv. Prata Catarina has no significant effect
Improving plantain ( Musa spp. AAB) yields on smallholder farms in West and Central Africa
No full textPlantain is an important staple in West and Central Africa, where it is predominantly grown by smallholder farmers. On-farm data are rare but yields are considered to be low. We collated actual yields in the region, reviewed regional plantain research published from 1976 to 2013, then estimated what yields would be attainable on smallholder farms if the proven, best-fit innovations were adopted. Mean actual yields reported ranged from 2.9 to 8.9 Mg ha−1 with a mean of 5.7 Mg ha−1 for False horn plantain and 4.5 to 10.2 Mg ha−1 with a mean of 7.8 Mg ha−1 for French plantain. Experiments found dealt with: cultural practices, particularly intercropping; abiotic factors such as fertiliser, mulch application and irrigation; biotic factors, predominantly sucker sanitation methods, but including three controlled yield loss studies on nematodes and black sigatoka; landrace comparisons and the introduction of improved cultivars, predominantly those exhibiting black sigatoka-tolerance. We conclude that intercropping should be retained according to farmer preference as there was no evidence of yield reductions for plantain. Boiling water treatment of suckers should be universally recommended. Inputs, whether mulch or K fertiliser up to 300 kg ha−1 should be applied as both reduced plant losses and increased bunch mass. With the highest yielding local landrace type, on-farm yields could be increased from 7.8 Mg ha−1 to 35.5 Mg ha−1 with purchased inputs or to 23.7 Mg ha−1 without purchased inputs
Structural analysis of catalase from two Musa accessions, FHIA18 and Williams, and from Ravenala madagascariensis
No full textCharacterization and examination of possibility of extracting hematite concentrate of Podgorica red mud landfill in Montenegro
No full textRed mud (RM) is a byproduct of the extraction of alumina from bauxite. Red mud contains large amounts of alkali-forming minerals and metal ions that can cause significant environmental damage. Many valuable components such as rare earths, Al, and Fe in RM are difficult to recycle due to their particle size and alkalinity. Therefore, developing an economical and efficient technology to consume a large amount of RM can efficiently solve the problem of disposing of RM. RM samples from the landfill in Podgorica, Montenegro, were analyzed by XRF and XRD to determine the mineral and chemical composition. A test was performed to determine at which slurry densities deposition occurs most rapidly, and SEM/EDS to determine mineral composition and microstructure. Serial tests of HGMS, MGS of representative Podgorica red mud will also be performed.
XRF analysis determined major, minor, and trace element levels, with the highest concentration of Fe being 28,6 %. We confirmed this by analyzing other fresh samples, which also had the highest Fe levels. By XRD analysis, hematite was found to occur at an average concentration of 36.5 %. An amorphous phase was also analyzed, which averaged 21.4 %, showing us that in the red mud samples tested, the amorphous phase accounted for 21 %, while the crystalline phase accounted for 79 %. During settling test, it was found that sedimentation is easier when the density of the red mud suspension is lower. The mineral composition and structure of elements were determined by SEM/EDS analysis. The grain range is 50 ? 1 µm, and the analysis also determined the grains, whose obliquity probably hinder favorable separation of these grains. In PCA analysis the core samples are divided into 4 groups. The first group consists of samples extremely rich in Fe, Mn, Zr, Ti, Zn, V and Cr, where these elements bind to Hem, Ant and Ilm. Box and Whiskers showed the same results as PCA analysis, while the Kruskal-Wallis test shown differences between groups for Cal, Ilm, Bhm, S, Ca and Al. PCA analysis was also performed on 10 additional samples. The highest values of Hem are shown by the results done in Leoben - HGMS analysis, on a sample taken from the landfill surfaces, average a bit coarser material compared to one taken for Belgrade HGMS tests, specificly concentrate RM216/218/219.Rdeči mulj je stranski produkt ekstrakcije glinice iz boksita. Vsebuje velike količine mineralov, ki tvorijo lužine in kovinske ione, kar lahko povzroči znatno škodo okolju. Številne dragocene sestavine v rdečem mulju, kot so redke zemlje, Al in Fe, je težko uporabiti zaradi velikosti delcev in alkalnosti. Razvoj ekonomične in učinkovite tehnologije za ponovno uporabo rdečega mulja bi tako rešil težave s odlaganjem rdečega mulja. Vzorce rdečega mulja z odlagališča v Podgorici v Črni Gori, smo analizirali z metodama XRD, in XRF za določitev mineralne in kemične sestave, s posedalnim testom za določitev gostote suspenzije, pri kateri je posedanje delcev najhitrejše, z SEM/EDS za določanje mineralne sestave in mikrostrukture. Izveden je bil tudi test HGMS in MGS reprezentativnega podgoriškega rdečega mulja.
.Z XRF analizo smo ugotovili vsebnost glavnih, stranskih in slednih elementov, med katerimi železo predstavlja najvišjo koncentracijo in sicera 28.6 %, kar je bilo potrjeno z analizo svežih vzorcev, ki so prav tako pokazali visoke vrednosti Fe. Z analizo XRD smo ugotovili, da se hematit pojavlja s povprečno vsebnostjo 36,5 %. Določena je bila tudi amorfna faza, kjer je bilo ugotovljeno, da znaša v povprečju 21,4 %, posledično je kristalne faze 78,6 %. Med posedalnim testom smo ugotovili, da je sedimentacija hitrejša pri manjših gostotah suspenzije rdečega mulja. Mineralno sestavo in strukturo elementov smo določili s SEM/EDS analizo. Razpon velikosti zrn je od 50 ⡤ 1 μm, med analizo smo določili tudi obliko zrn, ki verjetno otežujejo ugodno ločevanje zrn. S pomočjo PCA analize smo vzorce jedra razdelili v štiri skupine. Prvo skupino sestavljajo vzorci, ki so izjemno bogati s Fe, Mn, Zr, Ti, Zn, V i Cr in se, ti elementi vežejo na Hem, Ant i Ilm. Skatlaz-brki diagrami podajo enake rezultate kot analiza PCA, medtem ko smo z neparametrično metodo-Kruskal-Wallisovovim testom pokazali razlike med skupinami za Cal, Ilm, Bhm, S, Ca in Al. Analiza PCA je bila izvedena tudi na dodatnih vzorcih, kjer smo ugotavljali razlike med vhodnim in izhodnim materialov ter njihovo mineralno sestavo vsebnosti. Najvišje vrednosti Hem smo izmerili v površinskih vzorcih odlagališča Leobna (HGMS), na vzorcu, odvetem s površin odlagališća, povprečje nekoliko grobega materiala v primerjavi z Beograjskimi HGMS testi, natančneje koncentrati RM216/218/219
The Benefits of Being Economics Professor A (and not Z)
No full textAlphabetic name ordering on multi-authored academic papers, which is the convention in the economics discipline and various other disciplines, is to the advantage of people whose last name initials are placed early in the alphabet. As it turns out, Professor A, who has been a first author more often than Professor Z, will have published more articles and experienced afaster growth rate over the course of her career as a result of reputation and visibility. Moreover, authors know that name ordering matters and indeed take ordering seriously: Several characteristics of an author group composition determine the decision to deviate from the default alphabetic name order to a significant extent.performance measurement, incentives, economists, name ordering
Polish translations of the Koran
No full textPrzez wiele lat uważano, że autorem najstarszego tłumaczenia Koranu na język polski, które ukazało się drukiem w 1858 roku, jest Tatar Jan Murza Tarak Buczacki. Naukowcy z Centrum Badań Kitabistycznych w Toruniu ustalili, iż jest to dzieło dwóch Polaków: Dionizego Chlewińskiego oraz Ignacego Domeyki. Niedawno wśród dokumentów rodzinnych, ocalonych z dworu na Nowogródczyźnie, odnaleziony został manuskrypt z polskim tłumaczeniem 26 sur Koranu. Prawdopodobnie pochodzi z 20. lat XIX wieku i stanowił podstawę wydania z roku 1858. Następny przekład Koranu na język polski, dokonany przez Józefa Bielawskiego, został wydrukowany dopiero w 1986 roku. W późniejszych latach opublikowano jeszcze dwa tłumaczenia – tzw. Koran Ahmadijji oraz Koran Surdela. W październiku 2018 roku ukazał się przekład Świętej Księgi islamu, którego autorem jest polski Tatar Musa Çaxarxan Czachorowski z Muzułmańskiego Związku Religijnego w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, natomiast w maju 2021 roku pojawiło się tłumaczenie Rafała Bergera z szyickiego Stowarzyszenia Jedności Muzułmańskiej.For many years it was believed that the author of the oldest translation of the Koran into Polish, which appeared in print in 1858, was Tatar Jan Murza Tarak Buczacki. Scientists from the Center for Kitabistics in Toruń have determined that it is the work of two Poles: Dionizy Chlewiński and Ignacy Domeyko. Recently, a manuscript with a Polish translation of twenty-six suras of the Koran was found among family documents saved from the manor house in the Nowogródek region. It probably dates from the 1820s and was the basis for the 1858 edition. The next translation of the Koran into Polish, made by Józef Bielawski, was not printed until 1986. In later years, two more translations were published, the so-called Ahmadiyya Koran and the Surdel Koran. In October 2018, a translation of the Holy Book of Islam was published, authored by the Polish Tatar Musa Czachorowski from the Muslim Religious Union in the Republic of Poland, and in May 2021, a translation by Rafał Berger from the Shiite Association of Muslim Unity
Final word on Jersey Dutch
No full textIn this article, William Z. Shetter compares and contrasts the dialects that developed between different Dutch colonies in the New World. He explores in-depth the nuances of Jersey Dutch, and provides theories to explain how Dutch and colonial languages blended. The article is reprinted from American Speech, December 1958, Volum XXXIII, No. 4
- …
