324,190 research outputs found
[Howard Dulmage and Mir S. Mulla]
No full textFrom front to back, Howard Dulmage and Mir S. Mulla at World Health Organization.All images created by or supplied to the Society of Invertebrate Pathology for use in publications and promotion. Content in Description field provided by text on verso or accompanying documentation
Novel sustained release formulation of leveodopa-dendrimer conjugate
No full textFibrillation of alpha synuclein (AS) leading to the formation of Lew body has been ubiquitously reported in many geriatrics disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, any substance inhibiting or reducing fibrillation of alpha synuclein is expected to potentially alleviate these disease symptoms. Levodopa is the current drug of choice for the treatment of PD. The effectiveness of any investigative PD drug is compared with that of levodopa. However, its dose needs to increase with chronic use and there are some side effects like nausea and vomiting are associated with the metabolic products of levodopa such as3-ortho methyl dopa and dopamine. It has also been reported that the fluctuating levels of levodopa is responsible for the wearing off effect. The best way to solve these problems was to deliver a sustained amount of levodopa to the brain so that a constant level of dopamine is maintained at the dopamine receptor sites. Therefore, in this study a novel sustained release formulation of levodopa was prepared which efficacy was evaluated by measuring the extent/amount of AS fibrillation. In vitro fibrillation of AS was induced by shaking its solution (37OC, pH=7.4) at 600 rpm. The fibrillation of AS was characterized quantitatively by using Thioflavin t-based fluorescence and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and qualitatively by using light microscopy. Thioflavin t assay was chosen due its property to specifically bind to amyloid fibrils and as a result exhibits a higher fluorescence at excitation and emission wavelengths of 440 nm and 490 nm respectively. FTIR technique is also a sensitive method to evaluate formation of alpha synuclein fibrils. There is a characteristic increase in the secondary structure of alpha synuclein due to a change in the arrangement of AS structure from natively unstructured to a highly oriv dered structure after fibrillation. Light microscopy was used to qualitatively observe for the morphology of fibrils formed. Thus any drug which could inhibit the formation of fibrils would reduce the Thioflavin t fluorescence and also reduce the secondary structure formation observed using FTIR. A novel sustained release formulation of levodopa was prepared by conjugating it with PAMAM dendrimer which was further incorporated in a nanoparticle. To prepare the conjugate levodopa (1mg/ml) was added to dendrimer solution (1mg/ml) at alkaline pH. They were allowed to react for 45 minutes with constant stirring and then lyophilized. The conjugate between levodopa and PAMAM dendrimer was characterized using FTIR, UV spectroscopy and Differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The effect of this conjugate on the AS fibrillation was observed using Thioflavin t assay technique, FTIR and light microscopy. There was significant difference between the inhibition of AS fibrillation caused due to levodopa-dendrimer conjugate and inhibition caused due to levodopa or dendrimer alone (p<0.05). The reason behind higher inhibition of AS fibrillation by the conjugate might be due to a greater binding between the conjugate and AS. The conjugate was further used to prepare surface modified solid lipid nanoparticles. The conjugate was added to the lipid phase made up of Glyceryl monooleate (GMO) and oleic acid. Tween 80 was used as the emulsifying agent having a HLB value of around 13. Tween 80 was used due to its reported property of increasing brain targeting. Nanoparticles were prepared by ultra-sonication to reduce particle size. The nanoparticles were characterized by particle size and surface charge analyzer, DSC and FTIR. In vitro drug conjugate release was observed at pH 7.4. The developed delivery systems showed high encapsulation efficiency and were able to sustain the release of the drug for 5 days. The nanoparticles showed burst release by releasing about 40-50% of drug conjugate by the end of 24 hrs. Nanoparticles existed in the particle size range of approximately 230-240 nm having a net negative charge of around -25 mV. The negative charge developed might be due to the presence of sodium tri-polyphosphate. The effectiveness of the drug loaded nanoparticles against AS fibrillation was studied and characterized using Thioflavin t fluorescence spectroscopy, FTIR and light microscopy. The nanoparticles were found to inhibit AS fibrillation by about 90%. The conjugate inhibited the AS fibrillation better than nanoparticles but this was not a major concern since the nanoparticles would sustain the release of drug conjugate in vivo and the levodopadendrimer conjugate would get eliminated before nanoparticles by the body’s elimination mechanism. To summarize, the conjugate showed better inhibition of AS fibrillation compared to levodopa or dendrimer alone and the drug loaded nanoparticles showed sustained release for 5 days.ProQuest Traditional Publishing Optionxiv, 105 page
[Howard Dulmage and Mir S. Mulla]
No full textFrom front to back, Howard Dulmage and Mir S. Mulla at World Health Organization.All images created by or supplied to the Society of Invertebrate Pathology for use in publications and promotion. Content in Description field provided by text on verso or accompanying documentation
Metode Memperoleh Ilmu Huduri Menurut Mulla Sadra
No full textEpistemological discourse of ilmu h}ud}u>ri> (knowledge by presence), according to the history of Islamic thought, has emerged in the Islamic world before Mulla> S}adra>, particularly among Muslim Peripatetic in one side, with Illumination philosophers, ”˜irfa>ni>’thought, and sufi philosophers in other side. These paradigm differences, according to the history, create differences in epistemological concept of ilmu h}ud}u>ri> which ends on truth claim, and affect on continued polemics. Mulla> S}adra> in his intellectual career has encountered this kind of epistemological polemics. This research aims to describe Mulla> S}adra>’s frame of epistemological thought of ilmu h}ud}u>ri> in the midst of the epistemological polemics. The findings are, that Mulla> S}adra>’s typology of philosophical thought on ilmu h}ud}u>ri> is h}ikmah, that is an association between rational and mystical vision, which then is in harmonic with syariah
Metode Memperoleh Ilmu Huduri Menurut Mulla Sadra
No full textEpistemological discourse of ilmu h}ud}u>ri> (knowledge by presence), according to the history of Islamic thought, has emerged in the Islamic world before Mulla> S}adra>, particularly among Muslim Peripatetic in one side, with Illumination philosophers, ‘irfa>ni>’thought, and sufi philosophers in other side. These paradigm differences, according to the history, create differences in epistemological concept of ilmu h}ud}u>ri> which ends on truth claim, and affect on continued polemics. Mulla> S}adra> in his intellectual career has encountered this kind of epistemological polemics. This research aims to describe Mulla> S}adra>’s frame of epistemological thought of ilmu h}ud}u>ri> in the midst of the epistemological polemics. The findings are, that Mulla> S}adra>’s typology of philosophical thought on ilmu h}ud}u>ri> is h}ikmah, that is an association between rational and mystical vision, which then is in harmonic with syariah
Mulla Sadra and the mind-body problem: A critical assessment of Sadra’s approach to the dichotomy of soul and spirit
No full textAbstract
The presence of some ambiguity about the two terms of soul and spirit, which up until now has not been considered, has been investigated in this research. This ambiguity has created problems in different fields of study such as philosophy, psychology and commentaries of religious texts. This is because the two words are usually used synonymously.
The main aim of this research is to investigate whether the human being has an independent spirit in addition to the body and the soul or not. In other words it is attempting to establish if man is a tripartite existence made of body, soul and spirit.
In order to attain this aim the ideas of various philosophers are discussed on different subjects regarding the soul with particular attention to the philosophical system introduced in the seventeenth century AD by the Muslim philosopher, Sadr al-din Shirazi. This consisted of two other philosophical systems in Islamic philosophy, peripatetic (mashā‟) and illuminative („ishrāq) combined with mystical and religious teachings. His idea about the soul was set as the basis for the arguments regarding the soul and the ideas of other philosophers were compared to it.
This research explores the principles that form Sadra‟s beliefs about the soul. One of Sadra‟s principles, the fundamentality of existence, is explained. This principle aims to prove the reality of the external world and the soul as one of these realities. The topics of motion and time and the views of philosophers about these are cited. In addition, another Sadra‟s important principles, trans-substantial motion, is mentioned and explained and it is suggested that the difference between Sadra‟s and other philosophers‟ ideas about the soul lies in accepting or rejecting motion in substance. According to Sadra, the soul which is material at the beginning of its creation moves towards immateriality by trans-substantial motion.
Then philosophers‟ ideas about the soul are mentioned as well as their disagreements regarding different issues such as immateriality, motion, origination of the soul etc. In addition, the problem that Sadra‟s philosophical system faces in regard to the soul is discussed in particular since it is the main aim of this research.
It is concluded that Sadra‟s idea is more complete than the other ideas regarding the soul. The existence of the soul found a better justification in this idea. The problem of dualism of the soul and body with which other philosophers were faced has been resolved. Meanwhile the problem of this philosophical idea which sees the soul to be the same as the spirit was investigated and it was stated that this problem has caused many diversities of opinion between philosophers in subjects related to the soul. The propounded solution for all the cases was to accept the dichotomy of the soul and spirit. Religious texts have been classified, analysed and used to support this idea and by using different evidences it was confirmed that the soul and the spirit are two independent substances and that the human being is a tripartite existence
Trans- Substantial Motion and Man’s Evolution in Mulla Sadra’s Philosophy
No full textThe above subject is considered in Islam and Islamic thought, especially in Islamicphilosophy and wisdom. We can find theories of it in Transcendent wisdom of Islam by Mulla SadraShirazi. He himself has a theory called Trans- substantial motion, which we try to provide and explainit here. First, we give a short account of the properties and principles of Mulla Sadra’s philosophy
EPISTEMOLOGI ILMU HUDHURI MULLA SHADRA
No full textDiscussion on knowledge of hudhuri (knowledge by present) is an interesting topic in studying the history of philosophical thoughts or mysticism in Islam. Epistemologically, the knowledge of hudhuri is a farm of knowledge directly obtained by human from God, without involving the works of human's reasons conceptionally and human 's senses visually, but through involving the sanctity of human's soul (qalb). The criteria of the truth of this kind of knowledge is free from dualism between the truth and the mistakes. The concept of knowledge of hudhuri in the discourse of Islamic sciences has been explisitly formulated by Suhrawardi al-Maqtul, and then discussed by Mulla Shadrd. Before discussed by both Muslim thinkers, this concept has been also discussed by
oleh al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, al-Ghazali, Ibn Rusyd, and Ibn 'Arabi by using different terms. Mulla Shadrd as a figure who Jives longest of the others, when he formulated the concept of knowledge of hudhuri, was possibly influenced by the previous concepts. Hence, it is so interesting to study it comprehensively and systematically.
Key Words: Mulla Shadrd, Knowledge of hudhuri: epistemology, knowledge, and qalb.
 
Comparison of Aquinas’ and Mulla Sadra\'s Viewpoints about the Occurrence or Eternity of the World
No full textThis paper investigates the attitudes of two Islamic and Christian thinkers, Saint Aquinas and Mulla Sadra Shirazi, about occurrence and eternity hypothesis issue.
Aquinas faces two ideas. The first approach is eternity of the world based on Aristotle's theory and his followers another approach is the world temporal occurrence derived from Christian scriptures. Aquinas believes that the reasons presented for proving the world's occurrence are not convincing and therefore criticizes them. Although he accepts the universe occurrence he has a worshiping view to it and finally regards the world's eternity and occurrence as an antinomical problem.
In contrast, Mulla Sadra who has accepted the occurrence does not consider a starting point for the issue and in turn tries to prove it by Substantial Motion approach and therefore regardless of worship aspect of the issue and by employing a rational approach he gains a higher status than Aquinas
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