176 research outputs found
Peran Kepala Madrasah Sebagai Supervisor dalam Pelaksanaan Kurikulum 2013 di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 2 Kota Banjarmasin
Full text linkMuhammad Zaki Ilhami. 2018. Peran Kepala Madrasah Sebagai Supervisor dalam Pelaksanaan Kurikulum 2013 di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 2 Kota Banjarmasin. Skripsi, Jurusan Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Keguruan, Pembimbing: (I) Dr. Ahmad Salabi, M.Pd, Drs. H. Sarkati, M. Ag.
Kata kunci: Peran Kepala Madrasah, Supervisor, Pelaksanaan, Kurikulum 2013.
Pelaksanaan kurikulum 2013 yang ditetapkan pemerintah untuk tingkat madrasah tsanawiyah menghadapi berbagai kendala dalam empat standar yang menjadi wujud perubahan kurikulum 2013 di bandingkan kurikulum sebelumnya, meliputi perubahan standar kompetensi lulusan, perubahan materi pembelajaran, perubahan proses pembelajaran, dan perubahan pada penilaian. Hal ini menarik peneliti untuk melakukan penelitian di madrasah tsanawiyah negeri 2 kota banjarmasin. Rumusan masalah meliputi bagaimana peran kepala madrasah sebagai supervisor dan apa saja faktor-faktor yang mendukung dan menghambat peran kepala madrasah dalam pelaksanaan kurikulum 2013.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah kepala madrasah, sedangkan objek dalam penelitian ini adalah peran kepala madrasah sebagai supervisor dalam pelaksanaan kurikulum 2013 di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 2 Kota Banjarmasin dan faktor pendukung dan penghambat. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi. Proses analisis data dimulai dengan menelaah seluruh data dari hasil wawancara, hasil observasi, dan dokumentasi. Data tersebut disajikan dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik deskriptif kualitatif serta disimpulkan dengan metode induktif.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peran kepala madrasah sebagai supervisor dalam pelaksanaan Kurikulum 2013 di Madrasyah Tsanawiah Negeri 2 Kota Banjarmasin sudah dilaksanakan dengan berbagai teknik yang meliputi teknik bersifat individual dan bersifat kelompok. Teknik yang bersifat individual meliputi: (a) perkunjungan kelas: (b) observasi: (c) percakapan pribadi: (d) intervisitasi: dan (e) menilai diri sendiri. Sedangkan teknik bersifat kelompok meliputi: (a) Pertemuan orientasi bagi guru baru (orientation meeting for new teacher): (b) Panitia penyelenggara: (c) rapat guru: (d) tukar menukar pikiran: (e) workshop: (f) diskusi panel, (g) seminar: dan (h) simposium. Faktor yang mendukung dan menghambat dalam pelaksanaan kurikulum 2013 meliputi: ketersediaan sarana dan prasarana
Modern biographies of the life of the Prophet Muhammad in Arabic
No full textBu çalışma, Antonie Wessels’in Islamic Culture, cilt: XLIX, sayı: 2, yıl: Nisan 1975, sayfa: 99-105’te yayınlanmış Modern Biographies of the Life of the Prophet Muhammad in Arabic isimli çalışmasının çevirisidir.[Hz.] Muhammed’le ilgili modern biyografileri araştırmamın ardında yatan nedenlerden biri, onun günümüz Müslümanlarının kalbinde ve zihnindeki yerini keşfetmektir. Biz Batılılar, ortaçağlardan bu yana bize sunulduğu tarzda bir [Hz.] Muhammed tasavvuruna aşinayız. Müslümanların kendi “modern” biyografilerini yazmaları ise on dokuzuncu yüzyılın ikinci yarısında başlamıştır. Bu biyografilerin çarpıcı bir özelliği, [Hz.] Muhammed’in dini tecrübesine dair derin bir değerlendirmenin veya peygamberliği ile ilgili yeni bir açılımın olmamasıdır. Biz burada bazı yazarların, kasıtlı ve bilinçli olarak onun peygamberliğine ait olmayan yönleri hakkında konuşmayı istediklerini ve dini fonksiyonunu bir kenara bıraktıklarını gördük. Fakat kanaatimizce [Hz.] Muhammed’i yanlış bir şekilde tanıtmadan bunu yapmak mümkün değildir.One of the reasons that lay behind my study of the modern biographies of Muhammad was to discover the place of Muhammad in the hearts and in the minds of Muslims today. As ‘Westerners’ we are familiar enough with the image of Muhammad as it has been conveyed to us since the Middle Ages. The first Muslim reactions to this Western image are starting at the end of the nineteenth century. One of the striking features of these biographies is the lack of any deep evaluation of the religious experience of Muhammad, or any new assessment of Muhammad’s prophethood. We saw how some people consciously only want to speak of the non-prophetic aspects and leave aside his religious function. But in our opinion this is impossible without misrepresenting Muhammad
STATUS BUNGA BANK KONVENSIONAL PERSPEKTIF MUHAMMAD SAYYID AL-THANTHAWI
Full text linkJudul Skripsi: Status Bunga Bank Konvensional Perspektif Muhammad Sayyid al-Thanthawi. Skripsi ini mengkaji tentang pemikiran Muhammad Sayyid al-Thanthawi mengenai status bunga bank konvensional.
Permasalahan yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini adalah: bagaimana pendapat ulama secara umum tentang status bunga bank? Bagaimana pendapat Muhammad Sayyid al-Thanthawi tentang status bunga bank? Apa yang menjadi faktor perbedaan pendapat antara ulama tentang status bunga bank konvensional?
Penelitian ini merupakan riset kepustakaan (library research). Pengumpulkan data dalam penelitian ini melalui beberapa tahap, yaitu; pertama, studi kepustakaan atau observasi literatur. Kedua, literatur-literatur yang ada diklasifikasikan sesuai dengan hubungannya dengan penelitian. Ketiga, setelah itu dilakukan penelaahan yakni dengan cara membaca, mempelajari, atau mengkaji literatur-literatur yang mengemukakan masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan penelitian. Buku yang menjadi sumbr data utama dalam penelitian ini adalah Mu’amalah al-Bunuk wa Ahkamuha al-Syar’iyyah karya Muhammad Sayyid al-Thanthawi.
Kesimpulannya: pertama, mengenai pendapat ulama tentang status bunga bank, kalau dipetakan, yaitu: (1) Haram dan termasuk riba, karena kelebihan pembayaran tersebut telah ditentukan ketika akad berlangsung. Pendapat ini di kemukakan di anataranya oleh Mushthafa Ahmad Zarqa’ dan Abu Zahrah. (2) Tidak termasuk riba, sebab cukup rasional untuk biaya pengelolaan serta jasa yang diberikan kepada pemilik uang. Pendapat ini dapat dikemukakan di antaranya oleh Mahmud Syaltut, Muhammad Abduh, Rasyid Ridho, dan Muhammad Sayyid al-Thanthawi. (3) Syubhat, yaitu belum jelas antara halal dan haram. Mereka cenderung berhati-hati. Pendapat ini dikemukakan oleh Majlis Tarjih Muhamadiyah di Indonesia. Kedua, menurut Sayyid Muhammad Thanthawi bunga bank konvensional itu halal dalam berbagai bentuknya walaupun dengan penentuan bunga terlebih dahulu. Penentuan tersebut menghalangi adanya perselisihan atau penipuan di kemudian hari, juga karena penentuan bunga dilakukan setelah perhitungan yang teliti, dan terlaksana antara nasabah dengan bank atas dasar kerelaan. Tidak mungkin ada kekuatan Islam tanpa ditopang dengan kekuatan perekonomian, dan tidak ada kekuatan perekonomian tanpa ditopang perbankan, sedangkan tidak ada perbankan tanpa bunga. Ia juga mengatakan bahwa sistem ekonomi perbankan ini memiliki perbedaan yang jelas dengan amal-amal ribawi yang dilarang al-Qur’an, karena bunga bank adalah muamalah baru, yang hukumnya tidak tunduk terhadap nash-nash yang pasti yang terdapat dalam al-Qur’an tentang pengharaman riba. Ketiga, secara umum, polemik tersebut dilatarbelakangi oleh tiga aspek mendasar, yaitu (1) Karena prinsip dasar muamalat dalam Islam bersumber dari nash yang sifatnya umum dan tidak rinci, maka peluang untuk berijtihad di dalamnya amat terbuka luas; (2) Perbedaan ulama dalam menentukan hal yang menjadi ‘illat pengharaman riba, antara ziyadah (tambahan), ad’afan mudha’afan (berlipat ganda) atau zhulm (zalim/ aniaya); (3) Perbedaan ulama sejak masa sahabat, hingga sekarang mengenai bentuk-bentuk riil riba yang diharamkan dalam nash
İlhami Safa’s life, literary personality and educational issues in his works
No full textÖZETİlhami Safa polisiye türündeki eserleriyle Türk edebiyatına katkıda bulunmuşgazeteci yazardır. “Server Bedi” müstear ismini oluşturan ve bu ismi gazeteyazılarında ilk kullanan kişidir. Yeni Sabah gazetesinin kurucu ortağıdır, aynı zamandaHafta ve Kültür Haftası dergilerini yayımlayan isimdir. İlhami Safa’nın romanlarınınyedi tanesi 1944-1945 yıllarında İstanbul Maarif Kitaphanesi tarafındanyayımlanmıştır. Yazar, bu romanların dördünde “Behçet Safa” müstear ismini, üçtanesinde ise kendi adını kullanmıştır.İlhami Safa’nın hayatı, edebî kişiliği ve eserleri hakkında bilgi vermek,romanlarındaki eğitsel unsurları incelemek ve açıklamak bu çalışmanın amacıdır.Literatür taramasına dayalı, ilişkisel tarama modelinde ele alınan çalışmada İlhamiSafa’nın yaşamı, gazeteciliği, dergiciliği, çevirmenliği, eserleri ve eserlerinde eğitimeve eğitimli insana bakış açısı konu edilmiştir. Çalışmada nitel yöntemler ile betimselanaliz ve içerik analizi teknikleri kullanılmıştır. İlhami Safa’nın romanları temin edilipbu eserler ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak doküman taramayönteminden faydalanılmıştır.İlhami Safa’nın akademik çevrelere tanıtılması, hayatı hakkındaki bilgilerinortaya çıkarılması, eserlerinin ayrıntılı olarak incelenmesi Türk edebiyatı adına önemarz etmektedir ve bu alandaki eksikliği gidereceği düşünülmektedir. Çalışma, İlhamiSafa ile ilgili akademik çalışmaların ilki olduğundan konuyla ilgili yapılacakaraştırmalara kaynak teşkil etmesi öngörülmektedir. İlgili alanlarda yüksek lisans yada doktora çalışması yapan öğrenciler, tez çalışması sonucunda elde edilen verilerdenfaydalanabilecek ve bu sayede yeni araştırmalar oluşturabilecektir. Tez sonuçlarının,Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı ile Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığınca kullanılmasıbeklenmektedir.Çalışmada öncelikle İlhami Safa’nın hayatıyla ilgili bilgiler verilecek, yazarınailesi ve çocukluğundan bahsedilecektir. Daha sonra İlhami Safa’nın gazeteciliği vedergiciliği üzerinde durulacaktır. Yazarın İETT’de neşriyat müdürlüğü yaptığıyıllardan söz edilecek ve ölümü üzerine gazeteci yazarların yazdığı yazılaradeğinilecektir.Çalışmanın son bölümünde; yazarın romanları ve çevirdiği eserler ayrı birbaşlık hâlinde sunulacaktır. Şeytan, Şeytanın Piçi/ Oğlu, Saraylının Kızları, Bir Aşkınİntikamı, Yeşil Babanın Tespihi, Bir Aşkın Peşinde/ Hacı Şakir Ailesinin Esrarı,Semra’nın İki Kocası kitapları, değinilen eğitim meseleleri açısından incelenereksanatçının edebî anlayışına dair belirli bir bakış açısı oluşturulmaya çalışılacaktır.Böylece, İlhami Safa’nın Türk edebiyatı içindeki yeri belirli açılardan ortayakonulacaktır.ABSTRACTİlhami Safa is a journalist and writer who has contributed to Turkish literaturewith his works. He is the first person who created the pseudonym of “Server Bedi” andused this name in newspaper articles. He is the co-founder of the Yeni Sabahnewspaper and he also published Hafta and Kültür Haftası magazines.Seven of Ilhami Safa’s novels published as piecemeal were published by theİstanbul Maarif Bookstore between 1943 and 1945. The author used “Behçet Safa”pseudonym in four of these novels and his name in three of them. This study aims togive information about Ilhami Safa’s life, literary personality, and works, to examineand explain educational elements in his novels.İlhami Safa’s life, journalism, magazine production, translation, and his worksare discussed in the study, which is based on literature review and dealt with in themodel of relational screening. In the study, qualitative methods and descriptiveanalysis, and content analysis techniques were used. Ilhami Safa’s novels providedand these works were examined in detail. Document scanning is used as a datacollection tool.Introducing Ilhami Safa to academia, the discovery of information about hislife, and the detailed examination of his works are important for Turkish literature andit is thought that this will eliminate the deficiency in this field. This study is the first ofthe academic studies related to İlhami Safa, so it is expected to be a source for futureresearch on this subject. The students who do master's or doctoral studies in the relatedfields will be able to benefit from the information obtained from this thesis and theywill be able to make new research. The results of the thesis are expected to be used bythe Ministry of National Education and the Board of Education.Firstly, information about İlhami Safa’s life will be given. The use of theServer Bedi pseudonym will be mentioned. İlhami Safa’s journalism and the magazinewill be focused. The author’s years as publication director of İETT will be mentioned,and the writings of journalists and writers on his death will be mentioned.In the final part of the study, Şeytan, Şeytanın Piçi/ Oğlu, Saraylının Kızları, BirAşkın İntikamı, Yeşil Babanın Tespihi, Bir Aşkın Peşinde/ Hacı Şakir Ailesinin Esrarı,Semra’nın İki Kocası books will be examined in terms of education issues and aspecific perspective on the literary understanding of the artist will be created. Thus,the place of İlhami Safa in Turkish literature will be revealed in certain ways
Pengaruh Variasi Tingkat Pemanasan Baja St 41 Terhadap Jumlah Kadar Karbon Permukaan.
No full textABSTRAK Ilhami, Nur M. 2013 Pengaruh Variasi Tingkat Pemanasan Baja St 41 Terhadap Jumlah Kadar Karbon Permukaan. Skripsi, Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik, Univeritas Negeri Malang. Pembimbing (I) Prihanto Tri Hutomo, S.T,M.T. (II) Drs. Putut Murdanto, S.T, M.T. Kata Kunci: heat treatment, baja St 41, karbon permukaan Heat Treatment ( perlakuan panas ) adalah salah satu proses untuk mengubah struktur logam dengan jalan memanaskan spesimen pada elektrik terance ( tungku ) pada temperatur rekristalisasi selama periode waktu tertentu kemudian didinginkan pada media pendingin seperti udara, air, air garam, oli dan solar yang masing-masing mempunyai kerapatan pendinginan yang berbeda-beda. Tujuan dalam peneliitan ini adalah untuk mengetahui: (1) Untuk mengetahui jumlah peningkatan atau penurunan kadar karbon permukaan setelah dipanaskan pada suhu 800 0C, (2) Untuk mengetahui jumlah peningkatan atau penurunan kadar karbon permukaan setelah dipanaskan pada suhu 900 0C, (3) Untuk mengetahui jumlah peningkatan atau penurunan kadar karbon permukaan setelah dipanaskan pada suhu 1000 0C, dan (4) Untuk mengetahui perbedaan tingkat kadar karbon permukaan pada variasi suhu 800, 900, dan 1000 0C. Pengujian kadar karbon baja menggunakan metode pengujian titrasi redoks. Titrasi redoks banyak dipergunakan untuk penentuan kadar logam atau senyawa yang bersifat sebagai oksidator atau reduktor, dimana serbuk baja direaksikan menggunakan Asam Ferro Sulfat dan Kalium Dikromat (K2Cr2O7) Penelitan ini menggunakan teknik analisis anava data hasil uji normal lalu dengan uji homogenitas. Hasil penelitian rata-rata nilai kadar karbon baja St 41 setelah mengalami proses Heat treatment dengan temperatur 800 0C yang kemudian didinginkan dengan media pendingin air menunjukkan angka 0,093 %, lalu angka rata-rata untuk tingkat kadar karbon baja St 41 setelah mengalami proses heat treatment dengan temperatur 900 0C yang kemudian didinginkan dengan media pendingin air menunjukkan angka 0,083 %, sedangkan angka rata-rata untuk tingkat kadar karbon baja St 41 setelah mengalami proses heat treatment dengan temperatur 1000 0C yang kemudian didinginkan dengan media pendingin air menunjukkan angka 0,06 %. pemanasan Baja St 41 pada variasi suhu 800, 900, dan 1000 0 C berpengaruh pada perbedaan jumlah kadar karbon permukaan
The application of Shari’ah and international human rights law in Saudi Arabia
Full text linkThis thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel UniversityThe present dissertation provides an analytical and comparative study of the application of Islamic law (Shari’ah) and international human rights law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It provides an analysis of the sources of Islamic law as well as the sources of international law to set the background for analysis and defines the nature of both laws. It also tackles the subject of the domestic application of international human treaties in Saudi Arabia.
In addition, it examines some reservations Saudi Arabia has entered to some of the international human rights treaties it has ratified, specifically the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). It also sheds some light on the political, cultural and religious obstacles to the realisation of norms protected by international human rights treaties in the country, and in other countries for that matter, clearly stating the impossibility of implementing the provisions of the international human rights treaties in their entirety. This is due to the various political and legal developments towards the internationalization of the concept of human rights. It observes that despite the existence of the international human rights treaties, which aim at reinforcing a universal realisation of international human rights, these rights cannot be possibly realised by all countries.
To stress the importance Saudi Arabia attaches to the issue of human rights, the dissertation discusses some rights of women before Saudi courts in family matters, an issue which has been criticised by some international human rights treaties, and examines to what extent the country has managed to tackle the issue of domestic violence, particularly violence against women. It provides an overview of the major causes of domestic violence against women in Saudi Arabia, presents some cases of domestic violence before Saudi courts and sheds some light on the measures taken by the Saudi government to combat domestic violence against women. It also tackles this issue both in the international and domestic legal frameworks, clearly stating the Islamic standpoint on the issue, namely that Islamic law, and Saudi Arabia for that matter, whose laws are essentially derived from the two main sources of Shari’ah. It also discusses the common forms of violence against women in Saudi Arabia and suggests a number of recommendations towards more effective protection of women against violence in the country.
The dissertation concludes by presenting a number of obstacles in the way of executing judicial decisions in the Kingdom as well as the obstacles which negatively affect the performance of the new code of law practice. It also presents some recommendations concerning personal status law obstacles and hindrances to progress and attempts to answer the research questions it has posed
The Concept of Contentment in the Qur'an: A Thematic Study in the Tafsir of Tahrir and Tanwir
No full textRıza, insan hayatında en önemli kavramlardan birisidir. Öyle ki insanların toplumsal hayatında huzur ve istikrar ancak rıza ile gerçekleşebilmektedir. Karşılıklı rızalaşmak ise İslam'da insanlar arasındaki muamelelerin temelini teşkil etmektedir. Bu yüzden insanlara en doğru yolu gösteren Kur'ân-ı Kerim, birçok âyet-i kerimesinde bu konuyu işlemiştir. Kur'ân'da rıza kavramı iki manada kullanılagelmiştir. Bunlardan ilki Allah'ın insanlardan razı olması ve ikincisi, insanların Yüce Allah'tan razı olmaları şeklindedir. Bu karşılıklı manası itibarıyla rıza kavramı, bazı âlimlerce müteşabih kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Çağdaşımız sayılabilecek kadar yakın geçmişte vefat eden Muhammed b. Tâhir b. Âşûr kapsamlı tefsirinde Kur'ân'ın rıza kavramının manalarının açıklanmasına çok özen göstermiştir. Bu çalışma onun et-Tahrîr ve't-tenvîr isimli tefsirinde rıza kavramını ve manalarını nasıl incelediğini ele alan konulu tefsir çalışmasıdır. Çalışma onun, Allah'ın rızasının manasındaki pek çok yönü ve karinelerini açıklamak üzere hazırlanmıştır. Araştırmacı bu çalışmasında, niteliksel ve tahlili metodu benimsemiştir. Çalışmada, öncelikle rıza kavramının Kur'ân-ı Kerim'deki manalarını tahlil etmiştir. Sonrasında benzerlik yönlerini ve karinelerini ve bu ikisi arasındaki münasebeti açıklamıştır. Çalışmada bilhassa İbn Âşûr'un rızayı Allah'ın sıfatı olarak incelemesini merkeze alarak değerlendirmiştir. Çalışmada Allah'ın sıfat ve fiillerinde yaratılmışlara benzetilmekten, insanların aklına hayaline geldiği şekle benzetilmekten uzak tutulmasının gerekliliğini incelenmiştir. Çalışma; Allah'ın rızasının izafi benzerliğindeki kapalılıkları, müfessirin gücü nispetinde açıklaya bildiği oranda rıza kavramının müteşabihlikten muhkemliğe ulaştığı sonucuna ulaşmıştır.Ridha is an essential part of human social life, without which it is impossible to create harmonization between people. Mutual ridha is the main principle of the concept of muamalah in Islam, and it is well known that the Qur'an as a guide for humans is not spared from discussing it. The term ridha in the Qur'an comes from two aspects the first ridho man to Allah while the secondis the aspect of ridha Allah to His servant because it makes Ridha vague in meaning or mutashabih. The meaning is vague, so scholars try to explain the meaning. Ibn Asyur was among the scholars who sought to explain the meaning and change or parse the meaning of istibah or the similarity of the Ridha verse about the mutasyabih verse. This research will explain the meaning of Riza in Al Quranul Karim analytical studies on the interpretation of tahrir wat tanwir by Ibn Ashour and the explanation of the wujuh istibah (aspects of uniformity) and its evidence of condolence (koroin al tanzh) from mutashabihat verses. The author takes the method of deciphering the interpretation with an analytical descriptive objective method which concludes that ridho is a verse mutasyabihah idhofi, according to which when a mufassir finds postulates about it, then he is a muhkam verse
PENAFSIRAN Q.S. AL-BAQARAH [2]: 40-43 PERSPEKTIF MAʻNA-CUM-MAGHZA
Full text linkBani Israil menjadi salah satu pembahasan utama al-Qur’an dan kisahnya seringkali didapati di dalamnya. Salah satu kelompok ayat berkenaan dengan Bani Israil adalah Q.S. al-Baqarah [2]: 40-43. Dalam kelompok ayat tersebut, Allah berkomunikasi melalui al-Qur’an dengan Bani Israil dan sekaligus merespon realitas keingkaran mereka terhadap al-Qur’an dan Nabi Muhammad Saw. Sayangnya, beberapa penafsiran yang telah dilakukan oleh para ulama terhadap kelompok ayat ini masih bersifat normatif (seperti perintah untuk beriman, menunaikan shalat dan membayar zakat) dan reduktif (hanya terbatas pada kisah-kisah Bani Israil). Bahkan, beberapa kitab tafsir seperti Tafsir al-Ṭabari dan Ibn Kasir mengutip riwayat-riwayat tentang perdebatan keabsahan menerima upah atas pengajaran al-Qur’an dalam menafsirkan potongan ayat wa lā tasytarū bi āyāti samanan qalilan pada Q.S. al-Baqarah [2]: 41. Perdebatan ini, dalam perkembangannya, justru dijadikan dalil oleh para ulama untuk melarang aktivitas pertukaran (komodifikasi) al-Qur’an dengan hal-hal yang bersifat duniawi. Wasiat KH. Munawwir misalnya, beliau melarang santrinya mengikuti Lomba Musabaqah Hifdzil Qur’an karena dianggap telah menukarkan ayat Allah dengan sesuatu yang bersifat duniawi, yaitu hadiah berupa uang, beasiswa maupun lain sebagainya. Penafsiran seperti ini, menurut penulis, hanya akan mereduksi dan menyempitkan makna kelompok ayat tersebut. Oleh karenanya, perlu kajian dan penelitian yang lebih mendalam tentang kelompok ayat Q.S. al-Baqarah [2]: 40-43. Sehingga diharapkan akan didapatkan makna (signifikansi) serta hikmah diturunkannya kelompok ayat ini agar al-Qur’an selalu relevan (ṣālih) dalam ruang dan waktu apapun. Dalam upaya penggalian makna yang dimaksud, penulis menganalisis kelompok ayat ini dengan pendekatan Maʻnā-cum-Maghzā, yang digagas oleh Sahiron Syamsuddin.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kajian pustaka (library research) dan diwaktu yang bersamaan bersifat analisis-kritis melalui pendekatan maʻnā-cum-maghzā. Pendekatan maʻnā-cum-maghzā mencakup beberapa langkah analisis-kritis, yaitu: pertama, penggalian makna historis (al-maʻna al-tārikhi) ketika kelompok ayat tersebut diturunkan di masa Nabi Muhammad. Langkah ini akan menyajikan analisis linguistik, intratekstual, intertekstual dan analisis konteks historis mikro maupun makro kelompok ayat. Setelah mendapat makna historis tersebut maka langka kedua adalah penggalian signifikansi fenomenal historis (al-maghzā al-tārikhi). Langkah terakhir adalah upaya pengembangan signifikansi fenomenal historis dengan mengkontekstualisasikannya ke dalam konteks kekinian yang diistilahkan dengan analisis signifikansi fenomenal dinamis (al-Maghzā al-Mutaḥarrik al-Muʻāṣir).
Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan oleh penulis adalah: pertama, makna historis Q.S. al-Baqarah [40-43] yaitu perintah Allah kepada Bani Israil untuk mengingat-ingat kenikmatan dan anugrah yang telah diberikan kepada mereka dan leluhur mereka; xiv
perintah Allah agar Bani Israil beriman kepada al-Qur’an dan Nabi Muhammad Saw.; larangan menukarkan keimanan dengan hal-hal duniawi (samanan qalilan); larangan menyebarkan kebohongan dan menyembunyikan sifat-sifat Nabi Muhammad yang telah tertera dalam kitab mereka, Taurat; perintah untuk melaksanakan shalat, menunaikan zakat dan menta’ati syari’at Allah. Kedua, signifikansi historis kelompok ayat ini adalah seruan untuk mengimani kebenaran yang didasarkan pada bukti dan keterangan historis; perintah untuk memenuhi perjanjian yang telah terjalin; Larangan menjadikan kekuasaan untuk meraup kepentingan kelompok atau personal dengan cara menyebarkan hoaks dan propaganda kepada umatnya; Perintah untuk menjadi manusia yang saleh ritual dan saleh sosial sebagai bukti serta konsekuensi keimanan seseorang. Sedangkan, signifikansi fenomenal dinamis kelompok ayat ini diklasifikasikan menjadi lima aspek, yaitu: pertama, aspek seni berkomunikasi: komunikasi persuasif dalam berdakwah; kedua, aspek etika penguasa: larangan menjadikan kekuasaan sebagai alat untuk meraup keuntungan pribadi atau golongan tertentu; ketiga, aspek mediatisasi: larangan menyebarkan hoaks dan propaganda dalam bermedia sosial; keempat, aspek etika sosial: perintah memenuhi dan menetapi janji; kelima, aspek sosial: perintah menjadi pribadi yang saleh ritual dan saleh sosial
Antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts, fractions and compounds from Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. (Hypericaceae)
No full textWOS: 000383293300011PubMed ID: 27267830Ethnopharmacological relevance: Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. (Hypericaceae) is used in folk medicine to treat a variety of human ailments, mainly antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and viral infections. In the present study, the methanol extract from the leaves (HML) and bark (HMB) of this plant as well as fractions (HMBa-c), sub-fractions (HMBal-5) and compounds isolated from HMBa and HMBb namely betulinic acid (1), madagascin (2), ferruginin A (3) and Kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4) were tested for their antimicrobial activities against a panel of 28 g-negative bacteria including multi drug resistant (MDR) phenotypes. Materials and methods: The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the above samples; column chromatography was used for the fractionation and purification of the bark extract whilst the chemical structures of compounds were determined using spectroscopic techniques. Results: Crude extract HMB together with fraction HMBa and sub-fraction HMBa3 were active on the 28 tested bacterial strains. HML as well as fractions HMBb, HMBc and sub-fractions HMBa1, HMBa2, HMBa4 and HMBa5 were selectively active. MIC values below or equal to 1024 mu g/mL were recorded with these samples on 92.9% (for HML and HMBa 4), 82.1% (for HMBb), 78.6% (for HMBa2), 50.0% (for HMBa5) and 42.9% (for HMBc) tested bacteria. For crude material, the lowest MIC value below 8 mu g/mL was obtained with HMB against Escherichia coli ATCC10536 and W3110 strains, and with sub-fraction HMBa3 against Klebsiella pneumoniae K2 strains. MIC values below 10 mu g/mL were recorded with compound 3 against E. coli ATCC10536, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC13048 and EA294, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, K. pneumoniae K2 and Kp55 and Enterobacter cloacae BM67. Conclusions: Harungana madagascariensis is a potential source of antimicrobial drugs to fight against MDR bacteria. The anthranol 3 is the main antibacterial constituents of the bark of the plant. HMB and compound 3 deserve further investigations to develop natural drug to combat Gram-negative bacteria and otherwise MDR phenotypesDepartment of Chemistry, Anadolu University [1306F110]Authors are thankful to the Cameroon National Herbarium (Yaounde) for the plant identification. Authors are also thankful to UMR-MD1 (Mediterranean University, Marseille, France) for providing some clinical bacteria. Author would like to thank Department of Chemistry, Anadolu University for providing NMR spectra (project number: 1306F110)
IMPLEMENTASI CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) DALAM BIDANG PENDIDIKAN DI KABUPATEN PASURUAN: ANALISIS FUNGSIONAL STRUKTURAL
No full textPenelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui begaimana implementasi kegiatan CSR dalam bidang pendidikan di Kabupaten Pasuruan. Dimana partisipasi antara pemerintah, masyarakat, dan perusahaan sangat dibutuhkan. Kegiatan CSR juga dibutuhkan oleh perusahaan karena dapat memberikan citra baik terhap perusahaan, pemerintah juga dapat terbantu dangan adanya program CSR dari perusahaan dan masyarakat dapat menikmati dampak baik dari berbgai program CSR. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan menggunakan studi literatur dengan kajian dari berbagai sumber. Dari penelitian ini bahawasannya sinergi antara berbagai unsur sangat diperlukan untuk mencapai kesuksesan progara. Dan program CSR yang menyasar pendidikan perlu ditingkatkan kualitas dan kuantitasnya karena memiliki peranan sentral di dalam proses pembangunan sumber daya manusia.
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