18 research outputs found
Budidaya Berlapis Sayuran-Ikan di Kawasan Urban pada Zona Iklim Tropis
No full textLakitan, B., & Muda, S. A. (2024). Layered cultivation of vegetable-fish in urban areas at the tropical climate zone. In: Herlinda S et al. (Eds.), Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lahan Suboptimal ke-12 Tahun 2024, Palembang 21 Oktober 2024. (pp. 1–10). Palembang: Penerbit & Percetakan Universitas Sriwijaya (UNSRI).The land area for agricultural cultivation is continuously declining due to conversion for various economic and social interests, so that limited spaces in urban areas also need to be managed for vegetable and fish cultivations. The purpose of this study is to increase the productivity of limited spaces in urban areas through layered cultivation of vegetables and fishes. Shallow concrete fish tanks (45 cm) are used for freshwater fish cultivation (catfish, tilapia, climbing perch) and on the water surface are placed rafts using recycled plastic bottles (1.5 liters) as a float for the cultivation of leafy vegetables with a short harvest cycle (< 3 months). The climbing frame is 2 meters high designed for the cultivation of climbing fruit vegetables (ridged gourd, bitter gourd, cucumber). The results of this study show that the three types of fish used can grow and develop in shallow fish tank where the catfish develop faster, on the other hand, the climbing perch grow much slower. The plant medium in the floating vegetable cultivation system is always moist so it does not need to be watered during its growth cycle. Small-leaved liana plants (bitter gourds) are better to use than broad-leaved ones (ridged gourd, cucumbers) because they reduce the intensity of sunlight that plants receive on the floating raft underneath. Based on results of the research that has been carried out, layered vegetable cultivation can be recommended to be applied by urban communities in utilizing the narrow space available
Pertumbuhan Selada Red Romaine pada Intensitas Naungan dan Mulsa Organik Disertai Intensitas Penyiraman Berbeda
No full textZahwa, D.N.A., Lakitan, B., Muda, S.A., Ria, R.P., & Ramadhani, F. (2023). Red romaine lettuce growth on different shading intensities and organic mulching with watering intensities. In: Herlinda S et al. (Eds.), Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lahan Suboptimal ke-11 Tahun 2023, Palembang 21 Oktober 2023. (pp. 135-144). Palembang: Penerbit & Percetakan Universitas Sriwijaya (UNSRI).Red romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) is a lettuce variety containing antioxidant, vitamin, and fiber contents that are beneficial in meeting dietary fiber requirements. This vegetable has the potential to be cultivated in suboptimal areas, including urban land. This study was aimed at identifying the impact of several shade intensities and organic mulch with watering intensities on romaine lettuce growth at early vegetative stages. The research followed a split plot design consisting of 2 treatments, namely shade intensity as the main plot (45% shade, 55% shade, and 80% shade) and organic mulch with watering intensities as subplots (without mulch with no intensive watering, organic mulch with no intensive watering, and organic mulch with intensive watering) and repeated 3 times. The results showed that shaded red romaine lettuce (45% shade, 55% shade, and 80% shade) increased growth at early vegetative growth. However, it was not statistically significant. Meanwhile, the application of organic mulch through intensive watering tends to increase shoot and root growth. Differences in shoot and root growth as a result of the treatments applied can also be shown through their visual appearance. Shade and mulch treatments by intensive watering were confirmed to be able to control the microclimate represented through media moisture. The 80% shading and the organic mulch with intensive watering were able to increase media moisture. In conclusion, 80% shading and organic mulch with watering improved red romaine lettuce growth at the early vegetative stage, although recovery to a lower shade is necessary to avoid inhibited root and shoot growth
Resposta de espinafre-brasileiro (Alternanthera sissoo) ao material de propagação e à aplicação de fertilizante NPK
No full textAlternanthera sissoo is currently propagated using stem or terminal cuttings, since it does not produce fertile seeds. This research aimed to identify the most effective propagation planting material among rooted stump, stem cutting and terminal cutting, as well as their response to the application of NPK fertilizer. The results showed a better performance for stem cutting than for rooted stump or apical cutting. The canopy area was positively related to the longest diameter (R2 = 0.92) and the average of two-way cross-sectional diameter (R2 = 0.89). The number of branches, branch fresh weight, leaf fresh and dry weights did not vary among the planting materials; however, the total number of leaves, branch and root dry weights were higher for stem cutting. Stem cutting is also available in a larger quantity than the other two planting materials when collected from each mother plant. Therefore, it is recommended for optimizing leaf yield in A. sissoo. The species positively responded to NPK fertilization, as shown by the increase of the SPAD value for 6 to 12 days after the initial application. Therefore, for maximizing yield, it should be regularly fertilized with NPK every 3 weeks, coinciding with the time that the SPAD index falls back to pre-NPK application levels.
KEYWORDS: Infertile seeds, perennial vegetables, stem cutting, vegetative propagation.Alternanthera sissoo é atualmente propagado utilizando-se estacas caulinares ou apicais, uma vez que não produz sementes férteis. Objetivou-se identificar o material de plantio mais eficaz para propagação entre estacas enraizadas, caulinares ou apicais, bem como sua resposta à aplicação de fertilizante NPK. Os resultados mostraram melhor desempenho para as estacas caulinares do que para as enraizadas e apicais. A área do dossel foi positivamente relacionada ao maior diâmetro (R2 = 0,92) e ao diâmetro médio da seção transversal de duas vias (R2 = 0,89). O número de ramos, massa fresca de ramos e massa fresca e seca de folhas não diferiram entre os materiais de plantio utilizados; entretanto, o número total de folhas e a massa seca de ramos e raízes foram maiores para as estacas caulinares. Estacas caulinares também estão disponíveis em maior quantidade do que os outros dois materiais de plantio, quando coletadas de cada planta-mãe. Portanto, são recomendadas para otimizar o rendimento da folha em A. sissoo. A espécie respondeu positivamente à adubação NPK, conforme indicado pelo aumento no valor SPAD de 6 a 12 dias após a aplicação inicial. Portanto, para maximizar o rendimento, deve ser fertilizada regularmente com NPK a cada 3 semanas, coincidindo com o momento em que o índice SPAD cai para níveis anteriores à aplicação do NPK.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Sementes inférteis, hortaliças perenes, estaquia, propagação vegetativa
Influência de sistemas de cultivo e melhoradores não-fertilizantes no microclima e crescimento de espinafre-brasileiro
No full textBrazilian spinach is a leafy vegetable originating from the tropical region of South America. Despite the similarity in agroclimatic conditions, this nutrient-rich plant has not been widely cultivated in southeast Asia. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the most suitable growing technique (conventional, floating or bottom-wet culture systems) for Brazilian spinach grown in the wet tropical climate. Non-fertilizer ameliorants were applied to improve the physical characteristics of the growing substrate, making it more permeable. The addition of fine sand and/or rice husk biochar to the growing substrate did not increase the growth rate and the leaf yield of Brazilian spinach. The floating and bottom-wet culture systems performed better, when compared to the conventional system commonly practiced by farmers, particularly during the onset of the dry season. The harvest period lasted from 6 to 9 weeks after planting (WAP). The rate of leaf fresh weight to the total shoot weight gradually decreased during the harvest period, along with the percentage of marketable yield. Related to microclimate conditions, the floating and bottom-wet culture exhibited a higher substrate humidity, while the canopy temperature was not significantly affected by the air or substrate temperature. The substrate temperature measured at midday was significantly higher in the conventional system due to a decrease in the substrate water. In conclusion, Brazilian spinach is suitable for cultivation in wet tropical climate zones, with the application of floating or bottom-wet culture systems and harvest between 6 and 9 WAP emerging as the recommended approach.
KEYWORDS: Alternanthera sissoo, floating and bottom-wet culture systems, leafy green.O espinafre-brasileiro é um vegetal folhoso originário da região tropical da América do Sul. Apesar da semelhança nas condições agroclimáticas, essa planta rica em nutrientes não tem sido amplamente cultivada no sudeste asiático. Objetivou-se determinar a técnica de cultivo mais adequada (convencional, flutuante ou por capilaridade) para o espinafre-brasileiro cultivado sob clima tropical úmido. Melhoradores não fertilizantes foram aplicados para melhorar as características físicas do substrato de cultivo, tornando-o mais permeável. A adição de areia fina e/ou biocarvão de casca de arroz ao substrato de cultivo não aumentou a taxa de crescimento e a produtividade foliar do espinafre-brasileiro. As técnicas flutuante e por capilaridade apresentaram melhor desempenho que o sistema de cultivo convencional comumente praticado pelos agricultores, especialmente no início da estação seca. O período de colheita durou de 6 a 9 semanas após o plantio (SAP). A taxa de massa fresca foliar, em relação à massa total da parte aérea, diminuiu gradativamente durante o período de colheita, assim como a porcentagem de produtividade comercial. Em relação às condições microclimáticas, as técnicas flutuante e por capilaridade mostraram maior umidade do substrato, enquanto a temperatura do dossel não foi significativamente afetada pela temperatura do ar ou do substrato. A temperatura do substrato medida ao meio-dia foi significativamente maior no sistema de cultivo convencional, devido a uma diminuição na umidade do substrato. Conclui-se que o espinafre-brasileiro é adequado para o cultivo em zonas de clima tropical úmido, bem como recomenda-se a utilização dos sistemas de cultivo flutuante ou por capilaridade e colheita entre 6 e 9 SAP como as abordagens mais recomendadas.
PALAVRA-CHAVES: Alternanthera sissoo, sistemas de cultivo flutuante e por capilaridade, vegetal folhoso
Morphological characteristic, growth behavior, and cultivation of Luffa acutangula in tropical urban ecosystem
No full textRidge gourd (Luffa acutangula) is a climbing vegetable that produces edible fruits. Young fruits are harvested when the cotyledons have not yet formed. This study covered morphological characteristics, growth behavior, and cultivation practices suitable for increasing the production of the ridge gourd in the urban ecosystem. Results of observation revealed the heart-shape leaf of the ridge gourd was very uniform and the leaf surface was flat so that their leaf area could be accurately estimated using leaf length and/or width (R2 > 0.97), yet leaf thickness was not a reliable predictor for the leaf area (R2 < 0.34). The length of the petioles was not correlated with the leaf blade area. Single leaves, multiple tendrils, bunches of male flowers and/or single female flowers, and one branch could be formed at each stem node. Water content in leaf blade was lower than in the petiole. This phenomenon is related to water favor loss due to transpiration activity. Nevertheless, the total conserved water within the leaf blade was 6.26 times more than that within the petiole. The process of fruit enlargement followed the Sigmoid curve. The upper-end curve flattened 10 days after the female flower bloomed. Moreover, at 10 days, cotyledon has not yet formed. Based on the leaf SPAD value, by time the fruit began to enlarge, 4-5 leaves at the stem base were instigated to show symptoms of senescence. Ridge gourd fruit fresh weight can be best estimated using the length x diameter as the predictor
Growth of Red Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) Cultivated on Soil-Based Substrate Amended with a Residue of the Black Soldier Fly Larvae Containing Heavy Metals
No full textRed amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) is a fast-growing and nutritious leafy vegetable. The seed population density needs to be known appropriately to obtain the optimal yield of marketable sizes plants. The residue of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae culture has been recognized as a potential source of nutrients for cultivating red spinach plants. This study was designed to search for the best combination of plant population density and BSF concentration to obtain the optimal marketable yield of the red amaranth plant. In addition, an accurate leaf area estimation of the red amaranth plant was also developed using leaf dimensions as a predictor with several regression models. Two experiments were conducted. Firstly, the BSF residue was applied at a high rate (up to 50%) using a floating culture system. Application of the residue at the rate of 30% and higher significantly inhibited the growth of the red amaranth. Secondly, the application rate was reduced to 10% and 20%, and the experiment was conducted using the conventional cultivation system. Results indicated that the optimum application rate of the BSF residue was 10% for enhancing growth. Application of seed density at 30 mg/dm2 produced an optimum marketable yield of the red amaranth since a higher population density causes plant-plant competition. Thus, creating high size variability within the population or reducing the average size of the harvested plants. Lastly, the leaf area of red amaranth can be accurately estimated using the leaf length x width (LW) as a predictor using the zero-intercept linear regression model
Impact of organic mulch and exposure to shallow groundwater levels on Cnidoscolus aconitifolius in a tropical wetland, South Sumatra, Indonesia
No full textAgricultural land in Indonesia is decreasing due to its conversion for various non-agricultural interests, which are economically more profitable. The remaining land available for agricultural activities is a suboptimal wetland. The reduction in cultivable areas has led to the evaluation of alternative crops in suboptimal land conditions. Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) is a fast-growing perennial plant, its leaves are edible and rich in vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. However, the chaya plant has not been intensively tested for its adaptation to shallow groundwater tables in tropical lowlands. This study aimed to assess chaya’s adaptability to shallow groundwater table conditions and the benefits of using organic mulch. This research consisted of two separate parts, one part was related to organic mulch benefits (planting media without watering, with organic mulch but not watered, and with organic mulch and watering), while the other one was related to shallow groundwater table tolerance. The study followed a randomized complete block design consisting of three replications. Results showed that chaya plants negatively responded to the shallow groundwater table conditions. Growth retardation due to shallow groundwater levels is reflected in the averages of leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, canopy diameter, and canopy area; fresh and dry weight of stem, petiole, and leaf blade; development of roots; SPAD value at 7 weeks after transplanting and it was based on visual appearance. However, despite the increase in substrate humidity due to the application of organic mulch, the effects were not significant on most of the measured morphological traits. In conclusion, chaya plants are not able to adapt to shallow groundwater levels and do not require organic mulch on the soil surface
GROWTH AND YIELD OF BRAZILIAN SPINACH UNDER DIFFERENT SHADING INTENSITIES AND HARVESTING PERIODS IN A TROPICAL LOWLAND URBAN ECOSYSTEM
No full textO espinafre brasileiro, uma hortaliça folhosa perene pouco conhecida, cresce em um ecossistema tropical. O estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o crescimento do espinafre brasileiro no ecossistema urbano de planície tropical sob diferentes níveis de intensidades de sombreamento e períodos de colheita. A pesquisa utilizou um desenho de parcela dividida, com diferentes níveis de intensidades de sombreamento (sem sombreamento, sombreamento de 45%, sombreamento de 55% e sombreamento de 80%) como parcela principal e períodos de colheita (a cada 2 semanas, a cada 3 semanas e a cada 4 semanas) como subparcela. Os resultados mostraram que o crescimento do espinafre brasileiro foi mais favorável quando exposto ao tratamento sem sombreamento em comparação com as condições de sombreamento. O tratamento com sombreamento, especialmente o sombreamento de 80%, teve um impacto negativo sobre o crescimento da planta observado durante os estágios iniciais de crescimento, conforme indicado pelas alterações nos parâmetros da copa (área da copa (26,47 cm2), diâmetro da copa (7,98 cm) e índice da copa (0,52)) e tendência dos valores SPAD. O sombreamento de 80% reduziu o alongamento dos ramos, a produção (comercializável (14,76 g) e não comercializável (4,68)), o peso seco do caule (0,25 g), o peso seco do ramo (0,40 g), o peso seco da folha (0,85 g) e o peso seco da raiz (0,44 g). Por outro lado, o espinafre brasileiro cultivado sem sombreamento aumentou o teor de carbono (34,64%) e reduziu o teor de nitrogênio (2,83%) das folhas comercializáveis. A colheita mais frequente (a cada 2 semanas) aumentou o rendimento comercializável (67,22 g), mas suprimiu o crescimento do caule (1,05 g), dos ramos (4,39 g) e da raiz (1,73 g). Portanto, recomenda-se cultivar o espinafre brasileiro em uma área não sombreada com uma rotina de colheita quinzenal.Brazilian spinach (Alternanthera sissoo) is a less prominent perennial leafy vegetable growing in the tropical ecosystem. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effects of different shading intensities and harvesting periods on the growth and yield of Brazilian spinach in a tropical lowland urban ecosystem. The investigation used a split-plot design, with different shading intensities (no-shading, 45%, 55%, and 80% shading) as the main plot and harvesting periods (every 2, 3, and 4 weeks) as the subplot. The results showed that Brazilian spinach growth was significantly enhanced under no-shading conditions compared to shading treatments. Furthermore, 80% shading negatively impacted plant growth during early stages, as evidenced by alterations in parameters including canopy area (26.47 cm2), diameter (7.98 cm), and index (0.52), as well as Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) values. This led to reduced branch elongation, marketable yield (14.76 g), and non-marketable yield (4.68), along with a decreased dry weight of stems (0.25 g), branches (0.40 g), leaves (0.85 g), and roots (0.44 g). However, marketable leaves from unshaded plants had higher carbon content (34.64%) and lower nitrogen content (2.83%). More frequent harvesting every 2 weeks elevated marketable yield (67.22 g) but suppressed the growth of stems (1.05 g), branches (4.39 g), and roots (1.73 g). Based on these observations, the cultivation of Brazilian spinach in unshaded areas with a biweekly harvesting routine was recommende
Enlargement of Tubers from Flower Blooming to Seeds Ripening in Konjac Plant (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume)
No full textThe cultivation of konjac plants (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is mainly initiated by the accumulation of glucomannan in their tuber. Many studies of konjac plants are limited until konjac tubers are suitable for harvest, not extended to the flowering stage. This study focused on tubers' development in the flower bud formation phase until seed development. The results of this study show that only one flower grows from each tuber. It takes 40+2 days for the konjac flower to bloom fully but 3+1 days for the flower to wither. The weight, diameter, and thickness of the konjac tubers used as planting material were 0.342+0.014 kg, 8.23+0.26 cm, and 5.75+0.17 cm, respectively, and significantly grew to 2.70+0.156 kg, 19.96+0.560 cm, and 12.73+0.335 cm, respectively at the time of harvest. Konjac plants promote thick lateral roots at the base of the petiole and fibrous roots on the tuber skin. During the enlargement of the tubers, the thickness and diameter ratio did not change. The cross-sectional shape of petioles and spadix is slightly oval. The number of seeds per plant correlated with the female flower's length, diameter, and cylindrical area. Finally, tubers decompose, and a new one or more starts to grow
Response of Brazilian spinach (Alternanthera sissoo) to propagation planting material and NPK fertilizer application
No full textABSTRACT Alternanthera sissoo is currently propagated using stem or terminal cuttings, since it does not produce fertile seeds. This research aimed to identify the most effective propagation planting material among rooted stump, stem cutting and terminal cutting, as well as their response to the application of NPK fertilizer. The results showed a better performance for stem cutting than for rooted stump or apical cutting. The canopy area was positively related to the longest diameter (R2 = 0.92) and the average of two-way cross-sectional diameter (R2 = 0.89). The number of branches, branch fresh weight, leaf fresh and dry weights did not vary among the planting materials; however, the total number of leaves, branch and root dry weights were higher for stem cutting. Stem cutting is also available in a larger quantity than the other two planting materials when collected from each mother plant. Therefore, it is recommended for optimizing leaf yield in A. sissoo. The species positively responded to NPK fertilization, as shown by the increase of the SPAD value for 6 to 12 days after the initial application. Therefore, for maximizing yield, it should be regularly fertilized with NPK every 3 weeks, coinciding with the time that the SPAD index falls back to pre-NPK application levels.</div
