186,224 research outputs found
The fall of prison population in the United States
No full textZdružene države Amerike predstavljajo pomembno velesilo na različnih področjih. V zadnjem obdobju pa postaja vse bolj relevanten problem množičnega zapiranja, ki zadeva tisoče ljudi in uvršča ZDA, skupaj z Rusko federacijo in Kitajsko, med države z največjim številom zapornikov. Eskalacija zaporniške populacije se je začela v sedemdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja s poostritvijo politik in zakonodaje na področju kazenskega pravosodja. Kazenske politike so postale strožje, posledično pa se je povečalo število inkriminacij, ki so posredno zadevale manjšinepoostrile so se zaporne kazni, povečala so se sredstva organov pregona in razširile policijske operacije. Zapori so se začeli polniti, kar je povzročilo prenatrpanost zavodov in ustvarilo neprimerne življenjske razmere v njih.
Kasneje, leta 2008, pa je začelo število zapornikov tako v zveznih kot državnih zavodih upadati. Razlogov za tovrsten pojav je sicer več, med najpomembnejše pa prištevamo spremembe v politiki kaznovanja in posredovanje raznih funkcionarjev, npr. bivšega ameriškega predsednika B. Obame, ki je z uvedbo reform in ustanavljanjem organizacij za pomoč zapornikom bistveno vplival na število zapornikov. Pri tem je treba omeniti tudi visoke stroške preživljanja prestopnikov in vzdrževanja zaporov. Nove politike se osredotočajo na same zapornike z uvajanjem alternativnih oblik kaznovanja, kot so na primer programi zdravljenja odvisnosti, elektronsko nadzorovanje in disciplinski centri.
V prvem delu diplomske naloge predstavljam politični sistem ZDA s poudarkom na sodni praksi in zaporniškem sistemu, opredeljujem glavne pojme, povezane z zveznimi in državnimi zapori, ter predstavljam razlike med posameznimi ustanovami.In the past few decades the United States of America has become known for its large prison population. The era of mass incarceration began in the early Seventies with the changes to the political and penitentiary systems which put thousands of Americans behind bars. This increased incarceration rate was the result of a more intense sentencing practice, which led to a larger number of police operations and consequently more arrests. This hugely expanded prison population led to prison overcrowding together with a deterioration of living and working conditions of both inmates and staff. Please note that the U.S.A. holds a greater number of prisoners than any other nation, followed by China and Russian Federation.
In the 2008 the rate of prisoners, in both federal and state facilities, began to fall. There are different reasons for this occurrence, but it was largely due to changes to criminal justice policy and the intervention of some leading figures, such as the ex-president B. Obama, who implemented a number of new reforms and formed organizations which continue to have an enormous impact on prison population reduction. It is also important to mention the financial benefits of reducing prison population through the development of alternative sanctions such are substance abuse treatments, the reintegration of prisoners back into society, electronic monitoring and the establishment of ‘boot camps’.
A number of important facts regarding the political system of the United States, with emphasis placed on the judicial and penitentiary systems, prisons and the demographic characteristics of prisoners in both state and federal facilities, are also highlighted in the opening section of the thesis
Deus ex machina
No full textIl profilo di una città si modella a partire dai meccanismi combinatori delle composizioni algoritmiche di P-021, 1970-1983, di Manfred Mohr: solo una mano si intromette, assecondando o disattendendo la costruzione di enigmatiche geometrie che hanno l’aria di essere urbane. Trame immateriali organizzano luoghi immaginati da un intelletto imperscrutabile, sintesi delle operazioni digitali in grado di costruire un inventario di oggetti significanti solo nelle possibili relazioni computerizzate. Diversi gradi di uno stesso artificio coesistono, manifestandosi nell’apparenza di una struttura di segni programmati: per Mohr è attraverso il costante controllo del processo informatico che si sfrutta al massimo il dialogo uomo-macchina in termini progettuali. Come individuarne il limite (se esiste)
Interaction between diclofenac and Soil Humic Acids
No full textThe interaction between the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac and standard humic acids (HAs) in bulk solution was studied using two complementary analytical methods: UV-Visible spectroscopy and square wave voltammetry. The observed UV-Vis spectra and Ip/V curves suggested that, at our experimental conditions, albeit both substances being negatively charged at pH 6.5, interaction between the pharmaceutical and the soil humic acids may led to the formation of diclofenac-humic acids supramolecules.
Our results could contribute to give information on the behaviour of diclofenac into the soil environment, thus suggesting its migration as HAs-micelles through the coarse soil profile
Velenose Bellezze: Isotta e Mirabella
No full textLa bellezza femminile è rappresentata spesso come velenosa e impura; si analizzano qui due importanti figure femminili della letteratura medievale francese e spagnola : Isotta, in una lettura comparata Béroul e Thomas, e Mirabella, protagonista femminile del "Grisel e Mirabella", "novela sentimental" della fine del '400
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Power laws from randomly sampled continuous-time random walks
No full textIt has been shown by Reed that random-sampling a Wiener process x(t) at times T chosen out of an exponential distribution gives rise to power laws in the distribution P(x(T))~x(T)-β. We show, both theoretically and numerically, that this power-law behaviour also follows by random-sampling Lévy flights (as continuous-time random walks), having Fourier distribution w^(k)=e-|k|α, with the exponent β=α
Case V : Toys Shape Minds
No full textI giocattoli sono spesso adoperati nell’azione quotidiana come strumenti da lavoro, oggetti di indagine, dispositivi in grado di incrociare tra concretezza e astrazione i campi del progetto d’architettura. Il giocattolo si prefigura come elemento sperimentale per mettere in scena lo spazio delle case del desiderio documentando uno sguardo critico e princìpi teorici, “demostrating how architectural toys simultate new lines of inquiry and extend or revise our knowledge of history” (Olsberg 1995, p. 5)
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