64,048 research outputs found
Measurement of the ratio of prompt χ c to J / ψ production in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV
No full textThe prompt production of charmonium χ c and J / ψ states is studied in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider. The χ c and J / ψ mesons are identified through their decays χ c → J / ψ γ and J / ψ → μ + μ - using 36 pb - 1 of data collected by the LHCb detector in 2010. The ratio of the prompt production cross-sections for χ c and J / ψ, σ (χ c → J / ψ γ) / σ (J / ψ), is determined as a function of the J / ψ transverse momentum in the range 2 < p T J / ψ < 15 GeV / c. The results are in excellent agreement with next-to-leading order non-relativistic expectations and show a significant discrepancy compared with the colour singlet model prediction at leading order, especially in the low p T J / ψ region
Regulatory Uncertainty and Inefficiency for the Development of Merchant Lines in Europe
No full textThis paper evaluates regulatory uncertainty and inefficiency that may prevent merchant transmission investors from committing in Europe, in particular when they are dominant generators. We argue that market players may perceive regulatory uncertainty to acquire exemption on merchant line mainly because of the discretion given for the application of Art. 7 of the Regulation 1228/2003 on cross-border exchanges. However we show that an emerging strategy of the European Commission for granting exemption on merchant transmission line can be eventually derived from recent legal and regulatory proceedings. It mainly consists in relying on TSOs to build merchant lines. We demonstrate that this strategy is neither a first best nor a second best given imperfect unbundling and the current flows in the allocation of regulatory powers. Indeed, it prevents merchant line investment by dominant generators with low generation cost while they have currently more incentive than TSOs to build merchant lines. Since unregulated merchant transmission investment by generators would be problematic, we show eventually that the current strategy of the application of Regulation can easily be fine-tuned to reach this second-best optimum.Regulatory Uncertainty and Inefficiency for the Development of Merchant Lines in Europe
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Merchant and Regulated Transmission: Theory, Evidence and Policy
No full textEconomists acknowledge the problems of regulated transmission but
take different views about the likely efficiency of merchant transmission.
This paper examines the evidence on alleged market failure and
regulatory failure as experienced in practice in Australia and Argentina.
In these examples, merchant transmission (broadly defined to include
private initiatives) has generally not exhibited the standard examples of
market failure but regulated transmission generally has exhibited the
standard examples of regulatory failure. Imperfect information – more
specifically, in the form of lack of coordination – has often been a
challenge whatever the approach. Policy should therefore seek to
improve the regulatory framework and to remove barriers to merchant
transmission and private initiatives. An important role for regulation is to
facilitate coordination between potential providers and users of
transmission lines
Regulated and merchant interconnectors in Australia: SNI and Murraylink revisited
No full textThis paper examines the history of the various actual and proposed interconnectors between New South Wales and Victoria into South Australia. It covers the period from the earliest proposal for a regulated interconnector to the recent Victoria Supreme Court review and the latest ministerial proposals. It finds, inter alia, that the Supreme Court decision is likely to have strengthened, in a beneficial way, the regulatory regime for dealing with merchant interconnectors and the obligations on incumbent transmission companies. It finds that none of the proposals for regulated interconnectors did or would have passed the regulatory tests as formulated in terms of aggregate benefits to all market participants. It finds that neither of the merchant interconnectors (into South Australia and Queensland) are likely to have been profitable. It sees a possible explanation for the construction of regulated interconnectors in terms of the benefits to customers, or in terms of bringing about a single competitive market. Above all, it illustrates the political context in which decisions on interconnectors have been made, and the need to take account of such motivations when comparing the likely effects of regulated interconnectors versus merchant interconnectorsmerchant investment, interconnectors, electricity, regulation, transmission
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Regulated and merchant interconnectors in Australia: SNI and Murraylink revisited
No full textThis paper examines the history of the various actual and proposed interconnectors between New South Wales and Victoria into South Australia. It covers the period from the earliest proposal for a regulated interconnector to the recent Victoria Supreme Court review and the latest ministerial proposals. It finds, inter alia, that the Supreme Court decision is likely to have strengthened, in a beneficial way, the regulatory regime for dealing with merchant interconnectors and the obligations on incumbent transmission companies. It finds that none of the proposals for regulated interconnectors did or would have passed the regulatory tests as formulated in terms of aggregate benefits to all market participants. It finds that neither of the merchant interconnectors (into South Australia and Queensland) are likely to have been profitable. It sees a possible explanation for the construction of regulated interconnectors in terms of the benefits to customers, or in terms of bringing about a single competitive market. Above all, it illustrates the political context in which decisions on interconnectors have been made, and the need to take account of such motivations when comparing the likely effects of regulated interconnectors versus merchant interconnector
ATSR Reprocessing for Climate: Sea Surface Temperature (ARC-SST) v1.1 - Global 1 Degree Monthly Average - Obs4MIPs
No full textThis dataset contains observations of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) from the series of (Advanced) Along-Track Scanning Radiometers ((A)ATSRs). SSTs are provided as monthly averages on a 1 degree longitude/latitude global grid and cover the period from 1st January 1997 to 31st December 2011. Equivalent data for Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly (SSTA), relative to climatology, are also available.
The dataset is derived from the data products of the ATSR Reprocessing for Climate: Sea Surface Temperature (ARC-SST_ project (Merchant et al, 2012). These are daily SST estimates on a 0.1 degree longitude/latitude grid and the methods used to derive the monthly 1 degree dataset are described in the accompanying technical note (tosTechNote_ATSR_L3_ARC-v1.1.1_199701_201112.pdf).
The ARC-SST source data from which this dataset is derived is available at:
http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/view/neodc.nerc.ac.uk__ATOM__DE_3abf8c96-a7d6-11e0-9cb8-00e081470265
Reference: Merchant, C. J., O. Embury, N. A. Rayner, D. I. Berry, G. Corlett, K. Lean, K. L. Veal, E. C. Kent, D. Llewellyn-Jones, J. J. Remedios, and R. Saunders (2012), A twenty-year independent record of sea surface temperature for climate from Along Track Scanning Radiometers, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C12013, doi:10.1029/2012JC008400.Data: tos_ATSR_L3_ARC-v1.1.1_199701_201112.nc and tosAnom_ATSR_L3_ARC-v1.1.1_199701_201112.nc. Documentation: tosTechNote_ATSR_L3_ARC-v1.1.1_199701_201112.pdf
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Should Merchant Transmission Investment be Subject to a Must-offer Provision?
No full textMerchant electricity transmission investment is a practically relevant example of an unregulated investment with monopoly properties. However, while leaving the investment decision to the market, the regulator may decide to prohibit capacity withholding with a must-offer provision. This paper examines the welfare effects of a must-offer provision prior to the capacity choice, given three reasons for capacity withholding: uncertainty, demand growth and pre-emptive investment. A must-offer provision will decrease welfare in the first two cases, and can enhance welfare only in the last case. In the presence of importer market power, a regulatory test might be needed
Merchant Electricity Transmission Expansion: A European Case Study
No full textWe apply a merchant transmission model to the trilateral market coupling (TLC) arrangement among the Netherlands, Belgium and France as a generic example, and note that it can be applied to any general market splitting or coupling of Europe's different national power markets. In this merchant framework; the system operator allocates financial transmission rights (FTRs) to investors in transmission expansion based upon their preferences, and revenue adequacy. The independent system operator (ISO) preserves some proxy FTRs to deal with potential negative externalities due to an expansion project. This scheme proves to be capable in providing incentives for investment in transmission expansion projects within TLC areas.transmission expansion, trilateral market coupling, Europe, financial transmission rights, congestion management
Evidence for the decay B0→J/ψω and measurement of the relative branching fractions of meson decays to J/ψη and J/ψη′
No full textFirst evidence of the B 0 → J / ψ ω decay is found and the B s 0 → J / ψ η and B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ decays are studied using a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb -1 collected by the LHCb experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV. The branching fractions of these decays are measured relative to that of the B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0 decay:frac(B (B 0 → J / ψ ω), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 0.89 ± 0.19 (stat) - 0.13 + 0.07 (syst),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 14.0 ± 1.2 (stat) - 1.5 + 1.1 (syst) - 1.0 + 1.1 (frac(f d, f s)),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 12.7 ± 1.1 (stat) - 1.3 + 0.5 (syst) - 0.9 + 1.0 (frac(f d, f s)), where the last uncertainty is due to the knowledge of f d / f s, the ratio of b-quark hadronization factors that accounts for the different production rate of B 0 and B s 0 mesons. The ratio of the branching fractions of B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ and B s 0 → J / ψ η decays is measured to befrac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B s 0 → J / ψ η)) = 0.90 ± 0.09 (stat) - 0.02 + 0.06 (syst)
British private trade networks in the Arabian seas, c.1680-c.1760
No full textThis thesis explores the networks of British private trade based in the Arabian Seas,
between c.1680 and c.1760, with a focus on the period between 1700 and 1740. It
draws from the extensive records of the East India Company and numerous
collections of private papers to look at how this mercantile trade was shaped,
organised and constrained by the particular circumstances of the western Indian
Ocean region. The unusual constellation of economic and political factors within the
world of the Arabian Seas affected British private trade in significant ways during the
pre-colonial period: political turmoil, piracy and commercial competition placed
constraints on the successful operation of commerce. Shifting regional dynamics also
underpinned the growth and greater success of private trade in the second half of the
period under review. The thesis is therefore concerned with how British merchants
conducted trade as part of a global commercial empire, whilst remaining embedded in
specific local economic and political settings. Challenging and moving beyond
existing work that has concentrated on the Bay of Bengal and Coromandel Coast
regions, this study emphasises the regional specificity and unevenness of the British
private trade system across maritime Asia. It makes use of, and builds upon, a
number of theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches from recent work
on maritime trade and early modern merchant networks in both the Atlantic and
Indian Ocean worlds
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