7,382 research outputs found
Fetal growth and subsequent risk of breast cancer: results from long term follow up of Swedish cohort.
No full textOBJECTIVE: To investigate whether size at birth and rate of fetal growth influence the risk of breast cancer in adulthood. DESIGN: Cohort identified from detailed birth records, with 97% follow up. SETTING: Uppsala Academic Hospital, Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: 5358 singleton females born during 1915-29, alive and traced to the 1960 census. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of breast cancer before (at age or = 50 years) the menopause. RESULTS: Size at birth was positively associated with rates of breast cancer in premenopausal women. In women who weighed > or =4000 g at birth rates of breast cancer were 3.5 times (95% confidence interval 1.3 to 9.3) those in women of similar gestational age who weighed <3000 g at birth. Rates in women in the top fifths of the distributions of birth length and head circumference were 3.4 (1.5 to 7.9) and 4.0 (1.6 to 10.0) times those in the lowest fifths (adjusted for gestational age). The effect of birth weight disappeared after adjustment for birth length or head circumference, whereas the effects of birth length and head circumference remained significant after adjustment for birth weight. For a given size at birth, gestational age was inversely associated with risk (P=0.03 for linear trend). Adjustment for markers of adult risk factors did not affect these findings. Birth size was not associated with rates of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS: Size at birth, particularly length and head circumference, is associated with risk of breast cancer in women aged <50 years. Fetal growth rate, as measured by birth size adjusted for gestational age, rather than size at birth may be the aetiologically relevant factor in premenopausal breast cancer
‘Born to Shop’: Malls, Dream-Worlds and Capitalism
No full textIt has been twenty years since the fall of the Berlin Wall, and a new generation, untouched by the previous communist regimes, has come to adulthood throughout the post-communist world. The Iulius Group’s logo – ‘Born to shop!’ – suggests that these are born shoppers: the capitalist babies of Central and Eastern Europe who are sustaining the largest growth in retail and shopping malls in Europe. With no living memory of shortages, queuing, or government restrictions, they know only the limit of their own – or their parents’ – pocket/credit. Their world could not be more different from the one that their parents and grandparents experienced: both the abundance of goods and services, as well as the opulent settings under which they are now sold, offer striking visual contrasts to the not-so-distant past. In addition, the very experience of consumption is directly connected to the way in which the current social fabric – and new social divisions within it – is interwoven with the physical and architectural changes taking place in the urban setting
Author Co-Citation Analysis (ACA): a powerful tool for representing implicit knowledge of scholar knowledge workers
No full textIn the last decade, knowledge has emerged as one of the most important and valuable organizational assets. Gradually this importance caused to emergence of new discipline entitled ―knowledge management‖. However one of the major challenges of knowledge management is conversion implicit or tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. Thus Making knowledge visible so that it can be better accessed, discussed, valued or generally managed is a long-standing objective in knowledge management. Accordingly in this paper author co- citation analysis (ACA) will be proposed as an efficient technique of knowledge visualization in academia (Scholar knowledge workers)
Heterogeneity of breast cancer risk within the South Asian female population in England: a population-based case-control study of first-generation migrants.
No full textSouth Asian women in England have a lower breast cancer risk than their English-native counterparts, but less is known about variations in risk between distinct South Asian ethnic subgroups. We used the data from a population-based case-control study of first-generation South Asian migrants to assess risks by ethnic subgroup. In all, 240 breast cancer cases, identified through cancer registries, were individually matched on age and general practitioner to two controls. Information on the region of origin, religious and linguistic background, and on breast cancer risk factors was obtained from participants. Breast cancer odds varied significantly between the ethnic subgroups (P=0.008), with risk increasing in the following order: Bangladeshi Muslims (odds ratio (OR) 0.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.10, 1.06), Punjabi Hindu (OR 0.59, 95% CI: 0.33, 1.27), Gujarati Hindu (1=reference group), Punjabi Sikh (OR 1.23, 95% CI: 0.72, 2.11) and Pakistani/Indian Muslims (OR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.10, 2.81). The statistically significant raised risk in Pakistani/Indian Muslims increased with adjustment for socioeconomic and reproductive risk factors (OR 2.12, 95% CI: 1.25, 3.58), but was attenuated, and no longer significant, with further adjustment for waist circumference and intake of nonstarch polysaccharides and fat (OR 1.49, 95% CI: 0.85, 2.63). These findings reveal differences in breast cancer risk between South Asian ethnic subgroups, which were not fully explained by reproductive differences, but were partly accounted for by diet and body size
Avaliação in vitro do efeito da desproteinização da dentina decídua de humanos na união de sistemas adesivos
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Florianópolis, 2009.O objetivo deste estudo, in vitro, foi avaliar a resistência de união à microtração e a nanoinfiltração, após desproteinização da dentina decídua humana. Foram utilizadas coroas de molares decíduos hígidos, as quais tiveram a superfície oclusal desgastada com lixas de carbeto de silício, até a completa exposição da superfície dentinária, e para padronização da smear layer. Os espécimes foram distribuídos em seis grupos, de acordo com o tipo de tratamento (condicionamento ácido - CA ou CA + hipoclorito de sódio - NaOCl) e os sistemas adesivos: One Step Plus - Bisco (OSP), Single Bond - 3M ESPE (SB), Prime & Bond 2.1 - Dentsply (PB). Para o procedimento de desproteinização foi utilizado hipoclorito de sódio 10% por 30s. Os sistemas adesivos e a resina (Filtek Z 250 - 3M ESPE) foram aplicados de acordo com as recomendações dos fabricantes e os espécimes armazenados em água destilada (37ºC/24h). As coroas foram seccionadas obtendo-se palitos (0,8mm2), os quais foram imediatamente submetidos ao teste de resistência à microtração (Instron - 0,5mm/min), até fratura dos corpos-de-prova. Os valores obtidos foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Os corpos-de-prova foram levados ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV), para visualização do tipo de fratura e os dados submetidos ao teste de Kruskal-Wallis (p<0,05).A nanoinfiltração foi avaliada utilizando-se palitos e nitrato de prata amoniacal como marcador químico. A deposição da prata foi visualizada ao MEV e analisada de duas formas: 1. Em porcentagem (%), em três regiões do palito, utilizando-se espectometria por energia dispersa por raio-x (EDS); 2. Atribuição de escores pela avaliação das fotomicrografias obtidas ao MEV. Os dados (%) foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (p<0,05) e os escores submetidos aos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e U de Mann-Whitney (p<0,05).Os valores médios obtidos para o teste de microtração sem desproteinização foram [MPa(DP)]: PB - 35,95(6,12); SB - 28,82(6,38); OSP - 24,59(6,10); e após desproteinização: PB - 41,47(6,79); OSP - 31,09(9,16); SB - 25,55(7,23). Os padrões de fratura mais comumente encontrados foram coesiva do adesivo e mista, para todos os grupos. A nanoinfiltração, avaliada por porcentagem, apresentou diferença significante para as variáveis tratamento e adesivo. A desproteinização da dentina condicionada reduziu significativamente a infiltração para o adesivo OSP. Para a variável sistema adesivo, na análise por porcentagem e por escores, o adesivo SB apresentou significativamente maior infiltração pelo nitrato de prata quando comparado ao OSP e PB, que foram similares entre si. Conclui-se que a resistência adesiva não foi influenciada pela remoção do colágeno exposto pelo condicionamento ácido e que a nanoinfiltração não foi evitada pela desproteinização dentinária
MUALLIFLIK KORPUSINING AHAMIYATI VA FUNKSIONAL IMKONIYATLARI
No full textThis article examines the significance and functional potential of author-created corpora in contemporary scientific, educational,and cultural contexts. The role of digital technologies in the creation and use of author-created corpora is examined, highlightingtheir importance for corpus linguistics, pedagogy, philology, and the humanities in general. The author analyzes domestic andinternational experience in creating author corpora, including examples from the National Corpus of the Russian Language, as wellas works on A.P. Chekhov and F.M. Dostoevsky. Particular attention is paid to the lexical, grammatical, and stylistic characteristicsof texts, methods of their annotation, as well as issues of accessibility, standardization, and legal regulation.Статья посвящена значению и функциональному потенциалу авторских корпусов текстов в современном научном,образовательном и культурном пространстве. Рассматривается роль цифровых технологий в создании и использованииавторских корпусов, подчеркивается их значение для корпусной лингвистики, педагогики, филологии и гуманитарнойнауки в целом. Автор анализирует отечественный и международный опыт создания авторских корпусов, включаяпримеры из Национального корпуса русского языка, а также работы по А. П. Чехову, Ф. М. Достоевскому. Особоевнимание уделяется лексико-грамматическим и стилистическим характеристикам текстов, методам их разметки, а такжепроблемам доступности, стандартизации и правового регулирования.Ushbu maqola zamonaviy ilmiy, ta’lim va madaniy kontekstlarda muallif tomonidan yaratilgan korpusning ahamiyati va funksionalimkoniyatlarini o‘rganadi. Muallif tomonidan yaratilgan korpuslarni yaratish va ulardan foydalanishda raqamli texnologiyalarningroli ko‘rib chiqilib, ularning korpus lingvistika, pedagogika, filologiya va umuman gumanitar fanlar uchun ahamiyati ko‘rsatilgan.Mualliflik korpusini shakllantirishda mahalliy va global tajribalar, xususan, "Rus tili milliy korpusi" materiallari, shuningdek,A.P.Chexov va F.M. Dostoevskiy asarlari namunalari o‘rganiladi. Matnlarning lug‘aviy, grammatik va uslubiy jihatlari, ularnitahlil qilish usullari, qo‘llanilishi, standartlashtirish va huquqiy asoslari masalalariga alohida urg‘u beriladi
Breast density and parenchymal patterns as markers of breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis.
No full textMammographic features are associated with breast cancer risk, but estimates of the strength of the association vary markedly between studies, and it is uncertain whether the association is modified by other risk factors. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of publications on mammographic patterns in relation to breast cancer risk. Random effects models were used to combine study-specific relative risks. Aggregate data for > 14,000 cases and 226,000 noncases from 42 studies were included. Associations were consistent in studies conducted in the general population but were highly heterogeneous in symptomatic populations. They were much stronger for percentage density than for Wolfe grade or Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System classification and were 20% to 30% stronger in studies of incident than of prevalent cancer. No differences were observed by age/menopausal status at mammography or by ethnicity. For percentage density measured using prediagnostic mammograms, combined relative risks of incident breast cancer in the general population were 1.79 (95% confidence interval, 1.48-2.16), 2.11 (1.70-2.63), 2.92 (2.49-3.42), and 4.64 (3.64-5.91) for categories 5% to 24%, 25% to 49%, 50% to 74%, and > or = 75% relative to < 5%. This association remained strong after excluding cancers diagnosed in the first-year postmammography. This review explains some of the heterogeneity in associations of breast density with breast cancer risk and shows that, in well-conducted studies, this is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer. It also refutes the suggestion that the association is an artifact of masking bias or that it is only present in a restricted age range
Abstract P1-09-10: Mammographic density: Its inherent epidemiology in 12000 women from 22 diverse countries
No full textMETAFORA VA METONIMIYANING LINGVISTIK JIHATLARI
No full textThe article addresses the issues related to the cognitive essence of metaphor and metonymy. The author gives a brief review of studies on metaphor and metonymy, stresses the continuity of different paradigms in the exploration of these phenomena, reveals the dynamic character of metaphorization and metonymization, points out and describes the common and differential features which help to distinguish these cognitive phenomena.Статья посвящена вопросам, связанным с когнитивной сущностью метафоры и метонимии. Автор дает краткий обзор исследований по метафоре и метонимии, подчеркивает преемственность различных парадигм в изучении этих явлений, раскрывает динамический характер метафоризации и метонимизации, выделяет и описывает общие и дифференциальные признаки, которые помогают различать эти когнитивные явления.Maqola metafora va metonimiyaning kognitiv mohiyati bilan bog‘liq masalalarga bag‘ishlangan. Muallif metafora va metonimiya bo‘yicha tadqiqotlarning qisqacha sharhini keltiradi, ushbu hodisalarni o‘rganishda turli paradigmalar uzviyligini ta’kidlaydi, metaforizatsiya va metonimizatsiyaning dinamik xarakterini ochib beradi, ushbu kognitiv hodisalarni farqlashga yordam beruvchi umumiy va farqlovchi xususiyatlarni aniqlab, tavsiflaydi
O‘ZBEKISTONDA KASBIY IMIDJNING SHAKLLANISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI: GENEZISI, MUAMMOLARI VA ISTIQBOLLARI
No full textThe article provides a retrospective analysis of philosophical, psychological, pedagogical, and imageological literature to identify the genesis of the problem of professional image formation. The stages of image development as a scientific and social phenomenon, beginning with ancient civilizations and ending with the modern period, are examined. The author focuses on the socio-historical, cultural, and scientific-theoretical prerequisites for the formation of the image concept. Key theories and ideas proposed by philosophers, political scientists, and public relations specialists are analyzed. The evolution of professional image and its role in modern communication are examined.В статье проводится ретроспективный анализ философской, психологической, педагогической и имиджелогической литературы с целью выявления генезиса проблемы формирования профессионального имиджа. Рассматриваются этапы развития имиджа как научного и социального явления, начиная с древних цивилизаций и заканчивая современным периодом. Автор уделяет внимание социально-историческим, культурным и научно-теоретическим предпосылкам становления концепции имиджа. Анализируются ключевые теории и идеи, предложенные философами, политологами и специалистами в области связей с общественностью. Рассматривается эволюция профессионального имиджа и его роль в современной коммуникации.Maqolada kasbiy imidjni shakllantirish muammosining genezisini aniqlash maqsadida falsafiy, psixologik, pedagogik va imidjologik adabiyotlarning retrospektiv tahlili amalga oshirilgan. Imidjning ilmiy va ijtimoiy hodisa sifatida rivojlanish bosqichlari qadimgi sivilizatsiyalardan boshlab zamonaviy davrgacha ko‘rib chiqiladi. Muallif imidj konsepsiyasi shakllanishining ijtimoiy-tarixiy, madaniy va ilmiy-nazariy shart-sharoitlariga e’tibor qaratadi. Faylasuflar, siyosatshunoslar va jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar bo‘yicha mutaxassislar tomonidan ilgari surilgan asosiy nazariyalar va g‘oyalar tahlil qilinadi
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