1,720,958 research outputs found
Educational Attainment and Earnings in Europe: Estimating Causal Returns to Secondary and Higher Education Using Instrumental Variables
Get PDFopenThis thesis examines the causal effects of education on earnings across 20 European countries using data from different waves of the European Social Survey (ESS) together with EUROMOD household income data. Although Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimates of the return to education are common in the literature, they are prone to bias as a result of endogeneity, especially omitted variable bias and reverse causation. I use an Instrumental Variable (IV) method based on exogenous variation from historical changes in compulsory schooling reforms which raised the minimum school-leaving age in several European nations to address potential endogeneity. The analysis focuses on employed individuals aged 25 to 64 and estimates a Mincer-type earnings function using both OLS and Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS).
Findings show a notable and positive return to higher education. The IV estimates using compulsory education reform show larger causal impact consistent with previous studies indicating OLS underestimates the actual returns. The validity of the instrument is supported by institutional evidence and tested econometrically. I include as age, gender, and occupational skill levels as well as fixed effects for country and birth cohort to isolate within-group variation and account for structural differences across national labor markets.
The results have significant policy consequences, especially for education policy in the EU, as they support the function of mandatory schooling changes in fostering income equality and social mobility. In addition, by means of harmonized and representative survey data, the study offers current information across several national settings thus adding to the larger body of work on human capital and income distribution. All things considered, this dissertation emphasizes the need of education not only as a personal investment but also as a structural lever for social cohesion and economic development in Europe.This thesis examines the causal effects of education on earnings across 20 European countries using data from different waves of the European Social Survey (ESS) together with EUROMOD household income data. Although Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimates of the return to education are common in the literature, they are prone to bias as a result of endogeneity, especially omitted variable bias and reverse causation. I use an Instrumental Variable (IV) method based on exogenous variation from historical changes in compulsory schooling reforms which raised the minimum school-leaving age in several European nations to address potential endogeneity. The analysis focuses on employed individuals aged 25 to 64 and estimates a Mincer-type earnings function using both OLS and Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS).
Findings show a notable and positive return to higher education. The IV estimates using compulsory education reform show larger causal impact consistent with previous studies indicating OLS underestimates the actual returns. The validity of the instrument is supported by institutional evidence and tested econometrically. I include as age, gender, and occupational skill levels as well as fixed effects for country and birth cohort to isolate within-group variation and account for structural differences across national labor markets.
The results have significant policy consequences, especially for education policy in the EU, as they support the function of mandatory schooling changes in fostering income equality and social mobility. In addition, by means of harmonized and representative survey data, the study offers current information across several national settings thus adding to the larger body of work on human capital and income distribution. All things considered, this dissertation emphasizes the need of education not only as a personal investment but also as a structural lever for social cohesion and economic development in Europe
Use of Financial Derivatives for Risk Hedging (Currency Risk) By Companies in The Gambia
Get PDFThe aim of this research is to find out if financial derivatives (Futures, Forwards, Options, and SWAPS) are used by company (ies) in The Gambia to hedge against forex risk. From a sample of 3 commercial banks and 1 Islamic Bank, their Income Statements, as well as Balance Sheets for the year ended 2016, was examined. Findings from the research revealed none usage of any of the above-named derivatives, with forex dealings being carried out over-the-counter and on a spot basis. The government Treasury securities (T-bills and Sukuk Al- Salam) was found to be the only available financial instrument in The Gambia; an economy with only a money market (the market for securities whose lifespan within a year- The Gambia government bills). Keywords: The Gambia, Financial Derivatives, and Currency Risk hedgin
Banka seçimi-Gambiya'da perakende banka müsterlerinin dini hassasiyeti ölçmesi
No full textBu çalışma, Gambiya’daki müşterilerin banka seçiminde dinin etkisini incelemektedir. Snowball örnekleme kullanarak, 123 müşteri arasında yürütülen örneklemede ve analizin sonucunda banka çeşidi ve dini hassasiyet indeksi arasında zayıf bir korelasyon gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, değişken sıralaması açısından din, kolaylık, uluslararası ödeme hizmetleri ve personel kalitesinin müşterilerin banka seçiminde önemli olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Bu araştırmanın sonuçları, Gambiya'daki bankaların mobil ve internet bankacılığı gibi teknolojilere yatırım yapmalarını, uluslararası ödeme hizmetlerini ve personelinin niteliğini geliştirmelerini tavsiye etmektedir.This study examines the effect of religion on customers’ bank selection in The Gambia. Using Snowball sampling, a sample of 123 customers was conducted and the result of the analysis shows a weak correlation between bank type and the index of religiosity. Furthermore, in terms of variable ranking, variables relating to Religion, Convenience, International payment services, and Staff quality prove to be vital to customers in choosing a bank. The results of this research recommended for banks in The Gambia to invest in technologies such as mobile and internet banking, improve International payments services, and staff quality
A digital transformation maturity model for the airline industry with a self-assessment tool
No full textThe technological habitat in which successful firms may flourish is in rapid change. With digital transformation (DT), everything is connected and interdependent. Manual processes are now automated for most businesses. As a result, habits, and needs are changing, which, in turn, affects the conventional way firms offer their goods and services. Airlines are eager to participate in the trend as well. Those who adapt quickly to this new world will gain a greater share of the pie. However, most airlines have bulky and rigid systems designed based on the industry’s strict rules and regulations. Thus, the transformation process required to adapt to the new era of digitalization is not a simple task. Several interrelated factors, such as strategy, organization, customer, technology, operations, ecosystem, and innovation, have to be redefined to conceptualize a valid and functioning business framework. On the other hand, connectivity and accessibility are the game’s name from the passengers’ perspective. Acknowledging the necessities of the new era, the aim of this study is two-fold: (i) to highlight the essence of DT by examining the role of DT’s sub-dimensions in the civil airline industry, (ii) and propose a Digital Transformation Maturity (DTM) self-assessment tool for determining the DT maturity level of airline firms. The former is assessed by the judgments of aviation experts using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy AHP (IT2F-AHP), while the second stage was done with a survey in an airline company. According to the results, the digital strategy and the technology are highlighted as the most prominent dimensions of the proposed DTM tool. DTM evaluation of the selected airline reveals that the company is on the right path, with an overall score of 62 in its DT journey. However, some clear improvement opportunities are visible
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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