32,409 research outputs found
Balansekunst: Skolens rådgivning i møter mellom kontekstuelle, relasjonelle og politiske forventninger
No full textRådgivning i skolen er viktig for at elevene skal få informasjon, veiledning, oppfølging og hjelp til å finne seg til rette på skolen og bestemme seg for fremtidige yrkes- og utdanningsvalg (jf. Forskrift til opplæringslova § 22 (2009)). Denne avhandlingen utforsker hvordan rådgivningen i norsk grunnskole og videregående skole formes i møter med sammensatte forventninger. Nærmere bestemt fokuserer studien på rådgivning i møter med forventninger fra skolen, lokalsamfunnet og elevene, politiske føringer, rådgivernes egne profesjonelle vurderinger og deres rolle i dette samspillet. Datamaterialet er samlet inn i forbindelse med to forskningsprosjekter (jf. Buland et al. (2014); Mordal et al. (2015)) og baserer seg på nye analyser av deler av det kvalitative materialet.
Studien har et sosiologisk og pragmatisk utgangspunkt og anvender en abduktiv tilnærming i analysene. Jeg forstår rådgiverne innenfor rammene av bakkebyråkratiet og må fortolke politiske retningslinjer og overføre disse til praksis (Lipsky, 1980, 2010; Winter, 2003; Zacka, 2017). Skolen og samfunnet kan tenkes å bli sentrale kontekster som rammer inn og skaper forventninger til rådgiverrollen. Den fortolkningsmessige fleksibiliteten (Pinch & Bijker, 1987) til politiske retningslinjer ser ut til å ha innvirkning på rådgiveres valg og hvilken utforming rådgivningen får i møte med sammensatte forventninger. Videre kan improvisasjon (Alterhaug, 2021; Karlsen, 2006) i rådgivningen ha betydning for møtene mellom rådgiver og elev. Nærmere bestemt ser det ut til å ha sammenheng med at elevene opplever å bli anerkjent (Aubert, 2009; Honneth, 2008).
Forskningsspørsmålene retter søkelyset mot 1) kontekstuelle forventninger til rådgivningen fra skolen og lokalmiljøet, 2) politiske forventninger til rådgivningen i møtet med rådgivernes verdigrunnlag og 3) relasjonelle forventninger til rådgivningen i møtet med elevene.
Studien anvender casestudier og fokusgrupper som metode for datainnsamling. Artikkel 1 (Mathiesen et al., 2014) er en komparativ casestudie av rådgivningen i ni videregående skoler som omfatter 51 fokusgruppeintervjuer med totalt 130 informanter (rådgivere, lærere, foreldre, elever og ledelse), og som handler om hvordan den lokale konteksten former rådgivningen i skolen. I artikkel 2 (Mathiesen & Gunnarsdóttir, 2021) analyseres 12 fokusgruppeintervjuer med 35 rådgivere, hvor det settes søkelys på hvordan rådgiverne ser på anbefalingen om delt rådgivningstjeneste og et helhetlig elevsyn i rådgivningspraksisen. I artikkel 3 (Mathiesen, 2022) blir 19 fokusgruppeintervjuer med 71 elever analysert med søkelys på hvordan elevene opplever møter med rådgivere.
Rådgivernes balansekunst handler om å balansere flere forventninger samtidig: elevenes relasjonelle forventninger, skolens kontekstuelle forventninger og visjonære forventninger i politiske dokumenter om rådgivningens bidrag til samfunnet og til individene. Disse forventningene ser ut til å bli fortolket i lys av rådgivers forståelse av hva som er elevens beste, og helhetlig rådgivning, den lokale kontekstens krav til hva rådgivningen skal bidra med, hvilke ressurser skolen har avsatt til rådgivning, og graden av internt samarbeid på skolen.
I denne avhandlingen søker jeg å belyse hvordan kontekstuelle forventninger fra skolen og lokalmiljøet, politiske forventninger i møter med rådgivernes verdigrunnlag og relasjonelle forventninger i møtet med elevene påvirker hvordan rådgivningen i skolen forstås og utøves. Avhandlingen frembringer ny kunnskap om hvordan rådgiverne inngår i en kontinuerlig fortolkningsprosess mellom ulike kontekstuelle, relasjonelle og fortolkningsmessig fleksible politiske retningslinjer som har betydning for refleksjonene over rådgivningen i skolen.
Avhandlingens funn tyder på at rådgivningen formes som et resultat av at rådgiverne fortolker forventninger som rettes mot dem, og tilpasser sin praksis (1) i lys av de kontekstuelle forholdene ved skolen og lokalsamfunnet og (2) i lys av egne verdier og grunnleggende forståelse av eget oppdrag, altså hva rådgiverne selv mener at skolens rådgivning skal bidra til. Faktorer som spiller inn her, er hvor mye ressurser skolen har allokert til nødvendig rådgivning, skolens ressurssituasjon generelt, kollegiets tradisjon for å samhandle eller eventuelle forventninger hos lokalsamfunnet til hva skolen skal bidra med når det gjelder de unges fremtidsvalg. Videre (3) i lys av elevenes forventninger til rådgivers opptreden i møter dem imellom, altså at rådgiveren tilpasser sin opptreden ut fra elevens behov i det gitte møtet. Og (4) i lys av fortolkningsmessig fleksible politiske retningslinjer som gjør at rådgivningen kan tilpasses de tre første punktene, men fremdeles være i tråd med de politiske forventningene.
Et overordnet bidrag i avhandlingen er videreutviklingen av begrepet situasjonsmusikalitet (Alterhaug, 2021; Karlsen, 2006) til begrepet oppdragsmusikalitet. Oppdragsmusikalitet forstår jeg som en tilstand hvor ulike sammensatte forventninger er fanget opp og lyttet til, og hvor profesjonsutøveren klarer å avveie mellom egne forståelser og ytre forventninger til oppdraget som skal utføres. En tilstand av balanse hvor det oppleves som at det er en felles forståelse på tvers av sammensatte forventninger, sett fra rådgivernes ståsted. Rådgivernes balansekunst kan dermed sies å handle om å utvikle en oppdragsmusikalitet hvor sammensatte forventninger fra ulike aktører harmonerer ikke bare for profesjonsutøveren selv, men også i den organisasjonen de er en del av, og sett i lys av politiske forventninger
On the antiporter-like subunits of respiratory chain Complex I - implications for the evolution and coupling mechanism of the NADH:quinone oxidoreductase enzyme complex
No full textComplex I or NADH:quinone oxidoreductase is the largest enzyme complex, but the least understood energy coupling site in the respiratory chain of mitochondria and bacteria. No high-resolution structural information exists for this enzyme and the molecular mechanism that couples electron transfer and proton pumping is not understood. In mammals, about 50% of the mitochondrial DNA is encoding protein subunits of Complex I, and thus there is a strong correlation between defect Complex I and various degenerative diseases. Learning more about Complex I is thus important both for basic science and for medicine. Complex I contains three large membrane-spanning subunits, NuoL, NuoM and NuoN, that are homologous to one particular class of Na+/H+ antiporters and therefore are likely to harbor important components of the proton translocation machinery. MrpA and MrpD belong to this class of Na+/H+ antiporters and are found in a gene cluster containing seven genes, mrpA-G. In this work the transmembrane topology of the antiporter-like subunits was determined and their phylogenetic relationship investigated. In the analysis MrpA and MrpD formed distinct branches where NuoL grouped with MrpA and NuoM/N with MrpD. The result suggest that there are functional differences between the MrpA/NuoL and MrpD/NuoM proteins. The remaining proteins encoded by the mrp gene cluster were analyzed by PSI-BLAST, a bioinformatical search tool that more efficiently detect distant homologies. MrpC was found to be a NuoK homologue, and thus we conclude that NuoK, NuoL and NuoM where recruited together to Complex I, from the antiporter module MrpC, MrpA and MrpD. A functional difference between MrpA and MrpD was confirmed using Bacillus subtilis mrpA and mrpD deletion strains that were more salt and pH sensitive than wild type cells, but to a different extent. Recent work by Julia Steubers group at ETH Zürich showed that Complex I from Escherichia coli could translocate Na+, but this has hitherto not been regarded as a general property of proton pumping Complex I. By expressing the Complex I subunits NuoL and NuoM from the alpha-proteobacteria Rhodobacter capsulatus in the B. subtilis deletion strains we have demonstrated that these subunits are capable of Na+ translocation in vivo. Since R. capsulatus Complex I is more closely related to mitochondrial Complex I than to the E. coli enzyme, it is very likely that all Complex I enzymes have the ability to translocate Na+ as well as H+
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
Effects of alteplase on survival after ischaemic stroke (IST-3): 3 year follow-up of a randomised, controlled, open-label trial
No full textThe effect of alteplase on patient survival after ischaemic stroke is the subject of debate. We report the effect of intravenous alteplase on long-term survival after ischaemic stroke of participants in the Third International Stroke Trial (IST-3).In IST-3, done at 156 hospitals in 12 countries (Australia, Europe, and the UK), participants (aged >18 years) were randomly assigned with a telephone voice-activated or web-based system in a 1:1 ratio to treatment with intravenous 0·9 mg/kg alteplase plus standard care or standard care alone within 6 h of ischaemic stroke. We followed up participants in the UK and Scandinavia (Sweden and Norway) for survival up to 3 years after randomisation using data from national registries and compared survival in the two groups with proportional hazards survival analysis, adjusting for key prognostic variables. IST-3 is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN25765518.Between May 5, 2000, and July 27, 2011, 3035 participants were enrolled in IST-3. Of these, 1948 (64%) of 3035 participants were scheduled for analysis of 3 year survival, and 1946 (>99%) of these were included in the analysis (967 [50%] in the alteplase plus standard care group and 979 [50%] in the standard care alone group). By 3 years after randomisation, 453 (47%) of 967 participants in the alteplase plus standard care group and 494 (50%) of 979 in the standard care alone group had died (risk difference 3·6% [95% CI -0·8 to 8·1]). Participants allocated to alteplase had a significantly higher hazard of death during the first 7 days (99 [10%] of 967 died in the alteplase plus standard care group vs 65 [7%] of 979 in the standard care alone group; hazard ratio 1·52 [95% CI 1·11-2·08]; p=0·004) and a significantly lower hazard of death between 8 days and 3 years (354 [41%] of 868 vs 429 [47%] of 914; 0·78 [0·68-0·90]; p=0·007).Alteplase treatment within 6 h after ischaemic stroke was associated with a small, non-significant reduction in risk of death at 3 years, but among individuals who survived the acute phase, treatment was associated with a significant increase in long-term survival. These results are reassuring for clinicians who have expressed concerns about the effect of alteplase on survival.Heart and Stroke Scotland, UK Medical Research Council, Health Foundation UK, Stroke Association UK, Research Council of Norway, AFA Insurance, Swedish Heart Lung Fund, Foundation of Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg, Polish Ministry of Science and Education, Australian Heart Foundation, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Swiss National Research Foundation, Swiss Heart Foundation, Assessorato alla Sanita (Regione dell'Umbria), and Danube University
A 2 h periodic variation in the low-mass X-ray binary Ser X-1
No full textSpectroscopy of the low-mass X-ray binary Ser X-1 using the Gran Telescopio Canarias have revealed a ?2 h periodic variability that is present in the three strongest emission lines. We tentatively interpret this variability as due to orbital motion, making it the first indication of the orbital period of Ser X-1. Together with the fact that the emission lines are remarkably narrow, but still resolved, we show that a main-sequence K dwarf together with a canonical 1.4 M? neutron star gives a good description of the system. In this scenario, the most likely place for the emission lines to arise is the accretion disc, instead of a localized region in the binary (such as the irradiated surface or the stream-impact point), and their narrowness is due instead to the low inclination (?10°) of Ser X-1
Correlation of <i>Ab-</i>, h- and w-indices with the percentage of credit earned as primary author.
No full text<p>The correlation of <i>Ab-</i>, h- and w-indices to the percentage of credit earned as the primary author of ten individuals randomly chosen from top-20 highly cited authors in the field of Molecular Biology & Genetics of the year 2010 (data source: Thomson Reuters Essential Science IndicatorsSM).</p
The bystander in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Preconditions for and consequences of providing cardiopulmonary resuscitation
No full textBackground: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major cause for death in the Western world. To optimise survival after OHCA incidents, health care systems depend on bystanders, who are not a part of an organised response system, to alarm the emergency medical dispatch centre and initiate cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, there is sparse knowledge on the preconditions that make bystanders actually perform CPR, the consequences of performing CPR for the bystanders themselves and how bystander CPR influences survival in rural and urban areas.
Aims: The aims of the current thesis were as follows: 1) to acquire more knowledge from the bystander’s perspective regarding their preparedness and the consequences of CPR provision in OHCA incidents and 2) to measure the effect of bystander CPR on patient outcomes in rural and urban areas.
Methods: The project comprises qualitative and quantitative methodologies applied in four studies. In both qualitative studies, we used semi-structured in-depth interviews to interview bystanders who had provided CPR to OHCA victims. We used a qualitative content analysis for analysing the data. The quantitative methods entailed a cross-sectional survey and an observational registry study. The data were analysed with several statistical techniques.
Results: We found that most participants were prepared to receive CPR instructions from the dispatcher, but not aware of the assistance given in deciding whether to initiate CPR or not. Acting as responsible community citizens, trusting assistance from dispatchers, possessing the willingness and ability to provide CPR and being able to comprehend the severity of the OHCA incident were factors important for overcoming barriers to providing CPR. However, providing CPR was emotionally challenging for the bystanders, with consequences for both family and work life. Bystanders who had provided CPR described alsopersistent mental recurrences concerning the outcome of the cardiac arrest victim and unknown or fatal outcomes caused feelings of guilt and were particularly difficult to handle. In patients who received bystander CPR before EMS arrival, the odds of survival to hospital discharge increased more than threefold. However, bystander CPR was associated with survival only for patients in urban areas. OHCA survival was higher in urban compared to rural areas, and the effect of modifiable factors, like bystander CPR, differed between urban and rural areas. Conclusion: In OHCA incidents, a mutual trust between community citizens and social institutions seems to be a precondition for bystander CPR provision. To overcome the natural reluctance to provide CPR, support and instructions from emergency medical dispatchers is of vital importance. This support is expected by the public, particularly in the form of CPR instructions. When bystanders establish a causal relationship between the provided CPR and patient outcome, this may cause serious and persistent distress. We also found that bystander CPR drastically increases the chance of survival in OHCA incidents. However, the effect of bystander CPReems to differ between rural and urban areas
A deuterium NMR study of molecular dynamics and geometry in two classes of onium salts:(CH3) 3E+ X-and C6H5M (CH3) 3+ I
No full textDeuterium NMR measurements are reported for two types of onium salts: (CH3)3E+I-, where E = O (counterion is BF4-), S, Se, or Te, and C6H5M(CH3)3+I-, where M = N, P, or As. Within each class of compounds the activation energy for rotation of the trimethyl groups about the C3' axis increases with increasing size of the central atom. In the first class of compounds the C-E-C bond angle decreases with the size of the atom E. In addition the magnitude of the quadrupolar coupling constant, chi, varies with E, ranging from 160 kHz for E = O to 190 kHz for E = Te. This is in qualitative agreement with molecular orbital calculations of the electric field gradients. At low temperatures the H-2 NMR spectrum of C6H5N(CH3)3+I- Can only be rationalized with a model in which trimethyl rotation is faster than methyl rotation. The H-2 NMR of ring (predominantly ortho and para)-deuterated C6H5N(CH3)3+I- is consistent with rapid n-site (n greater-than-or-equal-to 3) rotation of the phenyl ring above 390 K. Below 390 K spectra characteristic of two-site, 180-degrees, flips of the phenyl ring are observed. Below 280 K the motion of the phenyl ring is in the rigid lattice limit.PT: J; CR: COLLINS MJ, 1988, J AM CHEM SOC, V110, P8583 DAVIS JH, 1976, CHEM PHYS LETT, V42, P390 DAVIS JH, 1991, ISOTOPES PHYSICAL BI, V3 EINSTEIN F, 1967, J CHEM SOC A, P2018 FECHER G, 1986, BER BUNSEN PHYS CHEM, V90, P10 FISCH MJ, 1990, GAUSSIAN 90 FURUKAWA Y, 1989, Z NATURFORSCH A, V44, P112 GREENFIELD MS, 1987, J MAGN RESON, V72, P89 GRIFFIN RG, 1981, METHOD ENZYMOL, V72, P108 GRUWEL MLH, 1990, Z NATURFORSCH A, V45, P55 HAYS GR, 1978, THESIS U E ANGLIA HIROKAWA K, 1988, Z NATURFORSCH A, V43, P187 HOPE H, 1966, ACTA CRYSTALLOGR, V20, P610 IKEDA R, 1989, J PHYS CHEM-US, V93, P7315 ISHIDA H, 1989, Z NATURFORSCH A, V44, P741 ISHIDA H, 1991, Z NATURFORSCH A, V46, P265 KOBAYASHI A, 1988, Z NATURFORSCH A, V43, P233 KORFER M, 1989, Z NATURFORSCH A, V44, P1177 KRUG V, 1989, ACTA CRYSTALLOGR C, V45, P2022 LAMBERT JB, 1968, J AM CHEM SOC, V90, P1349 MANTSCH HH, 1977, PROG NUCL MAG RES SP, V11, P211 MOOIBROEK S, 1988, CAN J CHEM, V66, P734 MOOIBROEK S, 1989, CAN J CHEM, V63, P2926 OLAH GA, 1984, J ORG CHEM, V49, P2112 PALMER MH, 1986, Z NATURFORSCH A, V41, P1471 PALMER MH, 1990, Z NATURFORSCH A, V45, P357 PENNER GH, 1992, CAN J CHEM, V70, P2420 PENNER GH, 1992, J PHYS CHEM-US, V96, P5121 PETTITT BA, 1981, J MAGN RESON, V44, P508 RATCLIFFE CI, 1979, FARADAY DISC CHEM SO, V13, P142 RATCLIFFE CI, 1986, CAN J CHEM, V64, P1348 RATCLIFFE CI, 1990, J PHYS CHEM-US, V94, P152 RIPMEESTER JA, 1987, DYNAMICS MOL CRYSTAL SCHWARTZ LJ, 1983, J PHYS CHEM-US, V87, P4457 SPIESS HW, 1985, ADV POLYM SCI, V66, P23 THOMAS AF, 1971, DEUTERIUM LABELING O TSAU J, 1970, CAN J CHEM, V48, P717 VEGA AJ, 1987, J CHEM PHYS, V86, P1803 WATKINS MI, 1982, J AM CHEM SOC, V104, P2365 WITTEBORT RJ, 1987, J CHEM PHYS, V86, P5411 XU Q, 1991, Z NATURFORSCH A, V46, P240 ZUCCARO DE, 1959, Z KRISTALLOGR, V112, P26; NR: 42; TC: 6; J9: CAN J CHEM; PG: 10; GA: LC512Source type: Electronic(1
Citation Counting, Citation Ranking, and h-Index of Human-Computer Interaction Researchers: A Comparison between Scopus and Web of Science
No full textThis study examines the differences between Scopus and Web of Science in the citation counting, citation ranking, and h-index of 22 top human-computer interaction (HCI) researchers from EQUATOR--a large British Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration project. Results show that Scopus provides significantly more coverage of HCI literature than Web of Science, primarily due to coverage of relevant ACM and IEEE peer-reviewed conference proceedings. No significant differences exist between the two databases if citations in journals only are compared. Although broader coverage of the literature does not significantly alter the relative citation ranking of individual researchers, Scopus helps distinguish between the researchers in a more nuanced fashion than Web of Science in both citation counting and h-index. Scopus also generates significantly different maps of citation networks of individual scholars than those generated by Web of Science. The study also presents a comparison of h-index scores based on Google Scholar with those based on the union of Scopus and Web of Science. The study concludes that Scopus can be used as a sole data source for citation-based research and evaluation in HCI, especially if citations in conference proceedings are sought and that h scores should be manually calculated instead of relying on system calculations
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