131 research outputs found
Development of sustainable high performance geopolymer concrete and mortar using agricultural biomass - A strength performance and sustainability analysis
No full textGeopolymer concrete is a sustainable substitute for traditional Portland cement concrete. In addition, rising carbon taxes on carbon emissions and energy-intensive materials like cement and lime, impacts the cost of industrial by-products due to their pozzolanic nature. This research evaluates the compressive strength and flexural strength of geopolymer concrete, and the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar. Geopolymer mortar data were used for the strength assessment employing an analytical approach, and geopolymer concrete data were utilized for the strength and sustainability performances. Using artificial neural networks (ANNs), multi-linear regression (MPR) analysis, and swarm-assisted linear regression, compressive strength models were created based on experimental datasets of geopolymer mortar mixes with variable precursors, alkali-activator percentages, Si/Al, and Na/Al ratios. The strength and sustainability performances of geopolymer concrete blends with various precursors were assessed by considering cost-efficiency, energy efficiency, and eco-efficiency. The work’s originality comes from enhancing sustainable high-performance concrete without overestimating or underestimating precursors. Extensive experimental work was done in the current study to determine the best mix of geopolymer concrete by varying silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and rice husk ash (RHA). A scanning electron microscopic study was conducted to understand the geopolymer matrix’s microstructure further. A comprehensive discussion section is presented to explain the potential role of RHA. The replacement of conventional concrete in all its current uses may be made possible by this sustainable high-performance concrete utilizing RHA
Woman’s Suppression in Azab dan Sengsara: A Feminist Perspective
No full textAzab dan Sengsara is an Indonesian novel written by Merari Siregar (1921), one of the famous roman novelists in Indonesia in Balai Pustaka era. The novel is a material object of the present study. The study aims at revealing oppression, violence, exploitation of woman and all varieties of injustice to woman, revealing social symptoms ideological forms containing in the novel as a manifestation of a company condition in old era. This research uses a qualitative method and approaches of literary feminist and literary sociology as its support. This research succeeds in answering the problems of woman life, as manifestation of real life which reflects kinds of woman’s life in society of Indonesian, for example: marriage, custom, violence, etc. for the hero “Mariamin” (a woman). She is the manifestation of the authority life, besides talking on oppression of woman images of its community lives. The author succeeded offering solutions with various contradictions, conflicts, handling down the novel as manifestation in real life
DIMENSI PSIKOLOGIS PEMAKNAAN AZAB NERAKA DALAM SURAT AL-WAQI’AH (Studi Kasus Kelompok Kajian Al-Miftah Ahmad)
No full textABSTRAK
Azab neraka adalah hukuman dari Allah untuk para pendosa,
baik dari kalangan mukmin maupun non mukmin (orang-orang kafir,
munafik dan musrik). Kehidupan di dunia hanyalah sementara dan
tempat untuk bersenda gurau. Sedangkan akhirat adalah tempat
terakhir kita untuk pulang. Dalam akhirat terdapat dua pilihan dimana
semua yang kita kerjakan di dunia ada pertanggung
jawabannyayaitusurga dan neraka. Ketika kita membahas tentang azab
neraka, tidak menutup kemungkinan seseorang tidak merasakan
respon psikologis baik respon fisik atau non fisik.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana
pemaknaan azab neraka menurut ustadz Baha‟udin Ahmad selaku
pengajar tafsir di TPA tersebut, perbandingan makna azab neraka
dalam surat Al-Waqi‟ah yang disampaikan oleh sang ustadz dengan
tafsir yang penulis pakai yaitu Tafsir Al-Mishbah karya M. Quraish
Shihab, serta dimensi psikologis kelomok kajian TPA Al-Miftah
Ahmad yang terletak di Desa Karangsari, Kecamatan Ketapang,
Lampung Selatan terhadap penafsiran tentang azab neraka terebut.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode
kualitatif dengan pendekatan pustaka dan lapangan. Sumber data
penelitian ini diperoleh dari wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi,
dan ditinjau dari beberapa kepustakaan.
Adapun hasil penelitian ini yaitu: makna azab neraka menurut
kelompok kajian Al-Miftah Ahmad adalah suatu hukuman yang
diberikan oleh Allah untuk orang-orang yang melanggar perintah-Nya.
Dengan adanya makna tersebut dapat ditemukan perbandingan
pemaknaan azab neraka dalam surat Al-Waqi‟ah antara kelompok
kajian Al-Miftah Ahmad dengan M. Quraish Shihab, dalam kitab
tafsirnya Quraish Shihab hanya menjelaskan bentuk-bentuk azab
neraka dalam surat Al-Waqi‟ah tidak menjelakan makna dari azab
nerakanya sedangkan kelompok kajian Al-Miftah Ahmad menjelaskan
secara detail makna dan bentuk azab neraka. Respon kelompok kajian
Al-Miftah Ahmad setelah mendengar ustadz Baha‟udin Ahmad
menjelaskan tentang azab neraka bermacam-macam ada yang takut,
sedih, gelisah, bahkan sampai menangis karena teringat dosa yang
telah mereka perbuat. Semua jam‟ah mempercayai bahwa azab neraka
itu benar adanya.
Kata kunci : Azab, Makna, Psikologis
iii
ABSTRAK
The punishment of hell is a punishment from Allah for
sinners, both believers and non-believers (unbelievers, hypocrites and
polytheists). Life on earth is only temporary and a place for fun. While
the afterlife is our last place to go home. In the afterlife there are two
choices where everything we do in this world is accountable, namely
heaven and hell. When we talk about the punishment of hell, it is
possible that someone does not feel a psychological response, either a
physical or non-physical response.
The purpose of this study was to find out how the meaning of
the punishment of hell according to Ustadz Baha'udin Ahmad as a
teacher of interpretation at the TPA, the comparison of the meaning of
the punishment of hell in the letter Al-Waqi'ah delivered by the ustadz
with the interpretation that the author used, namely Tafsir Al-Mishbah
by M. Quraish Shihab, as well as the psychological dimensions of the
Al-Miftah Ahmad TPA study group located in Karangsari Village,
Ketapang District, South Lampung on the interpretation of the
punishment of hell.
The method used in this research is a qualitative method with
a literature and field approach. The data sources of this research were
obtained from interviews, observations, and documentation, and were
reviewed from several literatures.
The results of this study are: the meaning of the punishment
of hell according to the study group of Al-Miftah Ahmad is a
punishment given by Allah to those who violate His commands. With
this meaning, it can be found a comparison of the meanings of the
punishment of hell in the letter Al-Waqi'ah between the study group of
Al-Miftah Ahmad and M. Quraish Shihab, in his book of commentary
Quraish Shihab only explains the forms of the punishment of hell in
the letter Al-Waqi'ah not explained the meaning of the punishment of
hell while the study group Al-Miftah Ahmad explained in detail the
meaning and form of the punishment of hell. The response of the Al�Miftah Ahmad study group after hearing Ustadz Baha'udin Ahmad
explain about the punishment of hell varies, some are afraid, sad,
anxious, even cry because they remember the sins they have
committed. All jam'ah believe that the punishment of hell is true.
Keywords: Punishment, Meaning, Psychologica
Child Pedestrian Safety: Study of Street-Crossing Behaviour of Primary School Children with Adult Supervision
No full textRoad traffic accidents are the primary cause of injuries and fatalities among children. The current study focuses on children’s (un)safe crossing behaviour in a real traffic situation accompanied by an adult at a crosswalk in front of their school. The study aims to investigate if there are differences in crossing behaviour related to road infrastructure (i.e., one-way and two-way street, elevated and non-elevated street crossing), the gender of the child, and the effect of the accompanying adult’s behaviour on the child’s crossing behaviour. Primary school children from two urban schools in Flanders (Belgium) were observed for three days while crossing the street in front of their school in the morning and afternoon. A total of 241 child–adult pairs were observed. Descriptive analysis, Pearson chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression models were used to find differences between groups. More than half of the crossings exhibited two or more unsafe behaviours. Not stopping at the curb before crossing was the most unsafe behaviour, exhibited by 47.7% of children; not looking for oncoming traffic before and during the crossing was the second most unsafe behaviour, exhibited by 39.4% of the children. The only difference between boys’ and girls’ crossing behaviour was in stopping at the curb with girls 1.901 times more likely to stop before crossing as compared to boys. Adults holding hands of the child resulted in safer behaviours by children. The children not holding hands displayed significantly riskier behaviour in running or hopping while crossing the street and being distracted. The study reinforces the need to improve the transportation system through infrastructural interventions (elevated crosswalks), as well as educating and training children and the parents on safe crossing behaviour in traffic
Correction: El Azab, I.H., et al. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Novel 2H-Chromene Derivatives Bearing Phenylthiazolidinones and Their Biological Activity Assessment. Molecules 2014, 19, 19648-19664
No full textThe authors wish to revise the Author Affiliation section of the title paper, published in Molecules [1], (doi:10.3390/molecules191219648, website: http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/19/12/19648). To recognize the fact that the research described was performed in part at the facilities of Taif University and to acknowledge that institution’s generous financial support[...
Integrating GIS, remote sensing and mathematical modelling for surface water quality management in irrigated watersheds
No full textThe intensive uses of limited water resources, the growing population rates and the various increasing human activities put high and continuous stresses on these resources. Major problems affecting the water quality of rivers, streams and lakes may arise from inadequately treated sewage, poor land use practices, inadequate controls on the discharges of industrial waste waters, uncontrolled poor agricultural practices, excessive use of fertilizers, and a lack of integrated watershed management. This study explores the impact of these pollution problems and the water quality degradation of Irrigated agricultural watersheds When the watersheds have a complex physical basis of interacting water bodies such as canals, drains and coastal lagoons as in the case of irrigated watersheds in coastal river Deltas, and when these environments are ‘data scarce environments’, the problems of managing water quality becomes more obvious and the need for reliable solutions becomes an urgent requirement. This study focused on the management of surface water quality problems in such watersheds and the importance of taking into consideration all the watershed components and the effects of pollution from the upstream canals on the downstream coastal lakes. In this study a generic framework for a (Water Quality Management Information System) is developed depending on the integration of physically based hydrodynamic and water quality models with GIS capabilities and the spatial and temporal capabilities of remote sensing in water quality modeling. The application is developed and tested for the Edko drainage catchment and shallow lake system in the western part of the Nile Delta, Egypt. The developed framework includes a hierarchy of modeling tools: a 1D-2D basic hydrodynamic model for a combined shallow lake-drainage system, a detailed 2D hydrodynamic model of the shallow lake, and a 2D water quality and eutrophication screening models for the lake system. The basic water quality model for the lake system simulates the main water quality parameters including the oxygen compounds, nutrients compounds, temperature, salinity and the total suspended matter (TSM). The complexity of the physical and ecological properties of the lake system implied the use of different methodologies for models calibration using remote sensing. The combination of remote sensing with mathematical modelling, for the calibration and verification of TSM and chlorophyll-concentrations in the shallow lake system showed reliable and successful results.Hydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Characterization by digital image correlation and cohesive zone modeling of interfaces mechanics
No full textCe travail concerne l'étude de l'intégrité des matériaux ou des structures assemblées en s'intéressant à la modélisation du mécanisme de rupture à l'aide des modèles de zones cohésives (MZC). Cette approche présente l'avantage d'incorporer une longueur caractéristique dans la description de la rupture, ce qui permet notamment d'évaluer des effets de taille. Trois paramètres caractérisent ces MZC : la contrainte de traction Tmax à laquelle l'interface ou le matériau peut résister avant d'amorcer sa décohésion, l'ouverture critique à partir de laquelle une fissure est créée localement et finalement une loi traction-ouverture qui décrit la répartition des efforts cohésifs selon le mécanisme opérant.L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'identifier les paramètres cohésifs caractérisant la rupture interfaciale dans un joint de colle ou cohésif dans un matériau. Pour cela, une première étape était d'élaborer un modèle analytique, décrivant correctement la cinématique d'un essai DCB ou Wedge, pour caractériser la rupture mode I. Bien que le mode d'ouverture soit opérant, le champ de déplacement au voisinage de l'entaille n'est pas K-dominant pour ces essais, du moins pas toujours. Plusieurs lois de traction-ouverture ont été considérées afin d'étudier leur influence sur la réponse locale et globale de l'essai. Une méthodologie d'identification inverse a été proposée à partir d'un modèle analytique, qui consiste à extraire les paramètres cohésifs en minimisant l'erreur au sens des moindres carrés entre les déflections analytique et numérique. Une fois validée, elle a été par la suite appliquée à un cas réel, qui est l'essai d'insertion de lame. La mesure du champ de déplacement expérimental est possible grâce à une mesure du champ de déplacement par corrélation d'image.Une analyse approfondie a été aussi consacrée à l'étude de la "Process Zone" pour un essai DCB ou Wedge. Cette étude met en évidence la variation de Lcz en fonction de la géométrie des éprouvettes, des propriétés de la zone cohésive, des propriétés mécaniques du matériau ou encore la forme de la loi traction-ouverture utilisée. Une nouvelle expression pour estimer Lcz est établie pour les zones cohésives rectangulaires et triangulaires.Une deuxième approche d’identification locale, basée sur le travail de Réthoré et Estevez (2013), a été aussi proposée et discutée. Elle a été mise en oeuvre pour un essai d'insertion de lame, avant d'être appliquée à un essai de flexion 4 points entaillé. Un aller-retour entre simulation numérique et résultat expérimental permet d'identifier les propriétés cohésives du matériau ou de l'interfaceThis work concerns the study of materials and assemblies structures integrity using cohesive zone model (CZM) to analyze fracture. These models have the advantage to incorporate a characteristic length in the description of fracture initiation and propagation, which can lead to size effects studies. Three parameters characterize the CZM : the maximal cohesive traction Tmax to which the interface or the material can resist before the onset of debonding, the critical crack opening from which a crack is created locally and finally the traction-separation law which describe the cohesive traction distribution depending on fracture process.The main purpose of this thesis is to identify the cohesive zone parameters describing fracture at the interface or in the material. The first step was to elaborate an analytical model which can describe properly the DCB or Wedge Test kinematic, to characterize mode I fracture. Despite the fact of mode I fracture, the displacement field near the crack-tip is not K-dominant for these tests, at least not always. Various traction-separation laws were considered in order to study their influence on the local and global response of the test. An inverse identification methodology has been proposed from the analytical model, which can extract cohesive parameters through a least square error minimization between numerical and analytical deflection. Once validated, it was subsequently applied to a real Wedge test. The experimental displacement field measurement was done due to digital image correlation measurement.A deep analysis to evaluate the fracture process zone length has been also dedicated in the case of Wedge or DCB Tests. This analysis shows that Lcz is not an intrinsic interface or materials property and it can vary depending on the sample's geometry, the cohesive zone properties or the traction-separation law. A new expression to determine Lcz was established for rectangular and triangular cohesive zone.A second local identification approach, based on the work of Réhoré and Estevez (2013), has been also proposed. It was implemented to analyze the Wedge test, before applying it to a notched four points bending test. A round trip between numerical simulations and experimental results allow identifying the cohesive properties in the materiel or at the interface
Usefulness of red cell distribution width in predicting all-cause long-term mortality after non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
No full textBackground: Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a strong predictor of adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure, stable coronary artery disease, stroke and acute myocardial infarction. The aim of our study was to explore the predictive value of RDW on all-cause mortality in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Method: This observational study includes 619 NSTEMI patients, discharged from Staten Island University Hospital between September 2004 and December 2006. Patients were divided into equal RDW tertiles and survival was evaluated in each tertile. Result: Patients in the highest RDW tertile (RDW andgt;14) had higher in-patient (7 vs. 1percent) and 4-year (30 vs. 7percent) mortality rates compared to those in the lowest tertile (RDW andlt;13) (Wilcoxon χ 2 = 34.64, p andlt; 0.0001). After controlling for Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events risk profile scores and other confounding variables, the RDW adjusted hazard ratio for 4-year all-cause mortality increased by 1.10 for each one unit increase in RDW (confidence interval 1.004-1.213, p = 0.042). Conclusion: RDW is an independent predictor of all-cause long-term mortality in NSTEMI patients. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of this association between RDW and adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel.Allen LA, 2010, J CARD FAIL, V16, P230, DOI 10.1016-j.cardfail.2009.11.003; Ani C, 2009, J NEUROL SCI, V277, P103, DOI 10.1016-j.jns.2008.10.024; Anker SD, 2009, NEW ENGL J MED, V361, P2436, DOI 10.1056-NEJMoa0908355; [Anonymous], 1968, JAMA, V203, P407; Azab B, 2010, AM J CARDIOL, V106, P470, DOI 10.1016-j.amjcard.2010.03.062; BESSMAN JD, 1983, AM J CLIN PATHOL, V80, P322; Beutler E, 2006, BLOOD, V107, P1747, DOI 10.1182-blood-2005-07-3046; Cecchi E, 2009, INT J CARDIOL, V134, P189, DOI 10.1016-j.ijcard.2008.01.039; Dabbah S, 2010, AM J CARDIOL, V105, P312, DOI 10.1016-j.amjcard.2009.09.027; Felker GM, 2007, J AM COLL CARDIOL, V50, P40, DOI 10.1016-j.jacc.2007.02.067; Forhecz Z, 2009, AM HEART J, V158, P659, DOI 10.1016-j.ahj.2009.07.024; Granger CB, 2003, ARCH INTERN MED, V163, P2345, DOI 10.1001-archinte.163.19.2345; Halis H, 2009, PEDIATR HEMAT ONCOL, V26, P108, DOI 10.1080-08880010902754909; Lee WS, 2010, ARCH PATHOL LAB MED, V134, P505, DOI 10.1043-1543-2165-134.4.505.c; Libby P, 2001, AM J CARDIOL, V88, p3J; Lippi G, 2008, SCAND J CLIN LAB INV, V68, P745, DOI 10.1080-00365510802213550; Nemeth E, 2004, J CLIN INVEST, V113, P1271, DOI 10.1172-JCI200420945; Parsons R, 1996, J CHROMATOGR B, V686, P177, DOI 10.1016-S0378-4347(96)00186-7; Poludasu S, 2009, THROMB HAEMOSTASIS, V102, P581, DOI 10.1160-TH09-02-0127; Reggiori G, 2009, CRIT CARE MED, V37, P3041, DOI 10.1097-CCM.0b013e3181b02b3f; Rueda-Clausen CF, 2009, MEDIAT INFLAMM, DOI 10.1155-2009-469169; Savov Y, 2006, CLIN HEMORHEOL MICRO, V35, P129; Semba RD, 2010, CLIN NUTR, V29, P600, DOI 10.1016-j.clnu.2010.03.001; Tang EW, 2007, AM HEART J, V153, P29, DOI 10.1016-j.ahj.2006.10.004; Tonelli M, 2008, CIRCULATION, V117, P163, DOI 10.1161-CIRCULATIONAHA.107.727545; TRACEY KJ, 1988, J EXP MED, V167, P1211, DOI 10.1084-jem.167.3.1211; van Kimmenade RRJ, 2010, EUR J HEART FAIL, V12, P129, DOI 10.1093-eurjhf-hfp179; Wiwanitkit V, 2004, CLIN APPL THROMB-HEM, V10, P175, DOI 10.1177-107602960401000208; WOLTERS K, 2009, WINTROBES CLIN HEMAT, P323262
Humiliation as a Consequence of Human Offenses (A Study of the Interpretation of the Verses of Azabulkhizyi from the Perspective of Tafsir al-Maraghi)
No full textEvery human being has consequences for what they have done. Especially because of their lack of faith and trust in themselves. Allah has warned his servants about the consequences of doing things that Allah has forbidden. One of them is punishment. Although there have been several essays on doom, the author tries to convey how to avoid doom. The word doom means God\u27s punishment that is rewarded to humans who violate religious prohibitions. doom also means all kinds of suffering (misery). There are many assumptions about the cruelty of God about the punishment given but not realizing the mistakes that have been made. This study examines the interpretation of the word doom in Tafsir al-Maraghi by Sheikh Ahmad Mustafa al-Maraghi. This study focuses on two main things: first, the interpretation of Shaykh Ahmad Mustafa al-Maraghi on the verses related to punishment. Second, how efforts to avoid doom in Tafsir al-Maraghi. The research method used is library research with a thematic approach using the Qur\u27an and Tafsir al-Maraghi as the main source. The results and conclusions show that al-Maraghi\u27s interpretation of the verses of azabulkhizyi is interpreted as an act that causes Allah\u27s punishment to befall humans. These actions include disobeying and fighting Allah and His Messenger, showing hypocrisy, spreading false teachings, and doing vain deeds. This finding indicates that azabulkhizyi tells how the consequences of human beings about what they have violated from Allah\u27s provisions.Setiap manusia memiliki konsekuensi atas apa yang telah dilakukannya. Terlebih karena kurangnya iman dan kepercayaan pada diri mereka. Allah telah memperingatkan hambanya tentang konsekuensi melakukan hal yang sudah Allah larang. Salah satunya yaitu azab. Walaupun sudah ditemukan beberapa karangan mengenai azab, penulis berusaha menyampaikan bagaimana upaya menghindari azab. Kata azab bermakna siksa Tuhan yang diganjarkan kepada manusia yang melanggar larangan agama. azab juga diartikan segala macam penderitaan (kesengsaraan). Banyak anggapan tentang kejamnya Allah tentang hukuman yang diberikan tapi tidak menyadari kesalahan yang telah diperbuat. Penelitian ini mengkaji penafsiran lafadz azab dalam Tafsir al-Maraghi karya Syeikh Ahmad Mustafa Al-Maraghi. Penelitian ini memusatkan pada dua hal utama: pertama, penafsiran Syaikh Ahmad Mustafa Al-Maraghi pada terhadap ayat-ayat yang berkaitan dengan azab. Kedua, bagaimana upaya menghindari azab dalam Tafsir al-Maraghi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kajian kepustakaan (library research) dengan pendekatan tematik menggunakan Al-Qur’an dan Tafsir Al-Maraghi sebagai sumber utama. Hasil dan kesimpulan menunjukkan bahwa penafsiran al-Maraghi terhadap ayat-ayat azabulkhizyi dimaknai sebagai perbuatan yang menyebabkan azab Allah menimpa manusia. Perbuatan tersebut seperti memushui dan memerangi Allah dan Rasul-Nya, memperlihatkan kemunafikan, menyebarkan ajaran palsu, dan melakukan perbuatan yang sia-sia. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa azabulkhizyi menceritakan bagaimana konsekuensi manusia tentang apa yang telah mereka langgar dari ketentuan Allah
Waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking among university students in Jordan
No full textSETTING: While waterpipe and cigarette smoking have been well studied in Syria and Lebanon, data from Jordan are limited. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the relative prevalence of waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking among university students in Jordan, and to compare the demographic and environmental factors associated with each form of tobacco use. DESIGN: We surveyed 1845 students randomly recruited from four universities in Jordan. We used multivariable logistic regression controlling for clustering of individuals within universities to determine associations between demographic and environmental covariates and waterpipe tobacco and cigarette use. RESULTS: Waterpipe tobacco smoking rates were 30percent in the past 30 days and 56percent ever, while cigarette smoking rates were 29percent in the past 30 days and 57percent ever. Past 30-day waterpipe tobacco smoking rates were 59percent for males and 13percent for females. Females had substantially lower odds than males of being current waterpipe (OR 0.12, 95percentCI 0.10-0.15) or cigarette (OR 0.08, 95percentCI 0.05-0.14) smokers. Current cigarette smoking was more significantly associated with markers of high socioeconomic status (SES) than waterpipe tobacco smoking. CONCLUSION: Waterpipe tobacco smoking is as common as cigarette smoking among Jordanian university students. While cigarette smoking is consistently associated with high SES, waterpipe tobacco smoking is more evenly distributed across various populations. © 2012 The Union.Afifi RA, 2010, EUR J PUBLIC HEALTH, V20, P456, DOI 10.1093-eurpub-ckp173; Akl EA, 2010, INT J EPIDEMIOL, V39, P834, DOI 10.1093-ije-dyq002; Almerie MQ, 2008, INT J TUBERC LUNG D, V12, P1085; Al Rashidi M, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P3546, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2008.09.007; Azab M, 2010, NICOTINE TOB RES, V12, P606, DOI 10.1093-ntr-ntq055; Barnett TE, 2009, AM J PUBLIC HEALTH, V99, P2014, DOI 10.2105-AJPH.2008.151225; Cobb C, 2010, AM J HEALTH BEHAV, V34, P275; Dar-Odeh NS, 2010, HARM REDUCT J, V7, DOI 10.1186-1477-7517-7-10; Dugas E, 2010, PEDIATRICS, V125, P1184, DOI 10.1542-peds.2009-2335; Eissenberg T, 2009, AM J PREV MED, V37, P518, DOI 10.1016-j.amepre.2009.07.014; Eissenberg T, 2008, J ADOLESCENT HEALTH, V42, P526, DOI 10.1016-j.jadohealth.2007.10.004; Jensen PD, 2010, SUBST USE MISUSE, V45, P1245, DOI 10.3109-10826081003682909; Khabour OF, 2011, ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN, V52, DOI 10.1002-em.20601; Khader Y. S., 2008, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, V14, P897; Knishkowy B, 2005, PEDIATRICS, V116, pE113, DOI 10.1542-peds.2004-2173; Lee D, 2007, ADDICT BEHAV, V32, P332, DOI 10.1016-j.addbeh.2006.05.002; Mandil Ahmed, 2010, J Infect Public Health, V3, P179, DOI 10.1016-j.jiph.2010.10.003; Maziak W, 2009, NICOTINE TOB RES, V11, P806, DOI 10.1093-ntr-ntp066; Maziak W, 2004, INT J TUBERC LUNG D, V8, P882; Maziak W, 2004, TOB CONTROL, V13, P327, DOI 10.1136-tc.2004.008169; Memon A, 2000, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V78, P1306; Mohammed H. R., 2010, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, V16, P1115; Neergaard J, 2007, NICOTINE TOB RES, V9, P987, DOI 10.1080-14622200701591591; Noar SM, 2005, HEALTH EDUC RES, V20, P275, DOI 10.1093-her-cyg113; Parna K, 2008, BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, V8, DOI 10.1186-1471-2458-8-392; Primack BA, 2010, J ADOLESCENT HEALTH, V46, P45, DOI 10.1016-j.jadohealth.2009.05.004; Primack BA, 2009, PEDIATRICS, V123, pE282, DOI 10.1542-peds.2008-1663; Primack BA, 2008, ANN BEHAV MED, V36, P81, DOI 10.1007-s12160-008-9047-6; Saade Georges, 2009, J Med Liban, V57, P243; Sepetdjian E, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P1582, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2007.12.028; Shafagoj YA, 2002, INT J CLIN PHARM TH, V40, P249; Shihadeh A, 2005, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V43, P655, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2004.12.013; Smith-Simone S, 2008, NICOTINE TOB RES, V10, P393, DOI 10.1080-14622200701825023; Tamim H, 2003, ADDICTION, V98, P933, DOI 10.1046-j.1360-0443.2003.00413.x; Ward KD, 2006, TOB CONTROL, V15, pi248111
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