72 research outputs found
Explaining the Relationship between Social Trust and Value Similarity: The Case of Estonia
Get PDFThe article is dedicated to explaining why value similarity fosters generalised social trust in high-trust societies. Previous findings by Beilmann and Lilleoja suggest that value similarity is more important in generating individual-level social trust in countries where the overall levels of social trust are higher, while in countries with a low level of social trust, congruity of the personal value structure with the country-level value structure tends to be coupled with lower trustfulness on the part of individuals. The article explores the meso-level indicators that could explain this relationship. The relationship between social trust and human values was examined in a sample of 2,051 people in Estonia, using data from the European Social Survey, round 7. The results suggest that when differences in socio-economic factors are controlled for, value similarity remains a significant factor in fostering generalised social trust in Estonian society. However, its direct effect is relatively low when compared with predictors such as trust in certain institutions, economic well-being, and ethnicity. Trust in the legal system and the police plays a particularly important role in fostering generalised social trust in a high-trust society wherein people believe that other people in general treat them honestly and kindly.</jats:p
The relationship between adolescents’ social capital and individualism-collectivism in Estonia, Germany, and Russia
No full textThe present study examines the relationship between adolescents’ social capital and individualism-collectivism using data from the Value of Children Study (Trommsdorff and Nauck, 2005) from Estonia (N=228), Germany (N=278), and Russia (N=280). Two social capital indexes for adolescents (measuring parental social capital and peer-group social capital) were developed for the analysis. The COLINDEX Scale (Chan 1994) was used to measure individualistic and collectivistic values. In all three countries collectivistic values predicted parental social capital whereas individualistic values predicted peer-group social capital. There were also a few country-specific relationships between the constructs, with collectivism and peer-group social capital being positively related in Estonia and individualism and parental social capital signif- icantly negatively correlated in Russia. The current analysis suggests that during the adolescence, collectivistic values are more likely to be related to higher levels of parental social capital and individualistic values to higher levels of peer-group social capital. Therefore, it seems that at the individual level and for adolescents the individualism and collectivism are related to different forms of social capital in the different manner
Designing a System of Time Allowances for the Nurme Production OÜ
No full textAntud uurimistöö kujunes välja ettevõtte Nurme Production OÜ soovist parendada normeerimissüsteemi. Ettevõttes oli normeermisprotsessis kasutusel üks abiajakoefitsient, milletõttu ei võimaldanud see täpsete standardaegade väljatöötamist. Sellest tulenevalt kujunes lõputöö eesmärgiks abiaegade süsteemi väljatöötamine ettevõttele Nurme Production OÜ.
Lõputöö I osas anti ülevaade ettevõttest, ettevõtte toodangust, selle struktuurist ja töökorraldusest.
Lõputöö II osas keskendus autor tööuuringute ettevalmistamisele, läbiviimise kirjeldamisele ja vaatlustulemuste analüüsile. Ettevalmistuste käigus kaardistas autor ettevõttes olevad seadmed ja liigitas need erinevateks uurimisrühmadeks: süstikpiste-, äärelõikusega süstikpiste-, äärestusühendus-, teipimismasinad, pressimisseadmed, pool-automaadid ja kattemasinad.
Autor kogus andmeid tööajakulutuste uuringute ehk päevapildistamiste näol, kus märkis vaatluslehele minuti täpsusega ülesse vaadeldava isiku poolt tehtavad tegevused tööpäeva jooksul ning seejärel arvutas abiaja kestuse, koefitsiendi ja analüüsis tulemusi.
Päevapildistamisi viidi läbi perioodil 9.02.2021 – 30.04.2021, kus vaadeldi 23 tööpäeva jooksul 24 töötajat ja viidi läbi 50 päevavaatlust. Päevavaatluste käigus uuriti 15x süstikpiste-, 7x äärestusühendus-, 10x teipimis-, 8x pressimis-, 6x äärelõikuriga süstikspiste- ja 4x pool-automaatide masinate tööd. Vaatlusperioodi hulka jäi 5 nädala pikkune vahemik, kus koroonaviiruse leviku tõttu ei olnud tootmises võimalik päevavaatlusi läbi viia.
Lõputöö III osas keskendus autor töö järeldustele ja ettepanekutele. Arvutuste ja analüüsi tulemusena selgus keskmine abiaja koefitsiendi tulemus järgnevatele seadmetele: teipimisseadmetele 1,10, süstikpistemasinatele ja pool-automaatidele 1,11 ning pressimis- ja äärestusühendusseadmetele 1,12.
Abiaja koefitsiendi täpsustamine erinevatele seadmetele on üks osa normeerimissüsteemi parendamisest ettevõttes, mistõttu tegi autor ettepaneku edaspidi uurida laialdasemalt eksperimentaal- ja õmblusliinide tööoperatsioonide aegu ning luua ja võtta kasutusele töötajate jõudlustabel. Lisaks tuleb täpsustada pool-automaatide abiajakoefitsienti lisavaatluste näol ja uurida kattemasinate tööpäevajaotust, kuna uuritud perioodil ei olnud vastvad seadmed piisavalt tööga koormatud. Lisaks tegi autor ettepaneku rohkem tähelepanu pöörata taastusaja sihipärasele kasutamisele ja töövõimlemise olulisusele.
Lõputöö valmis koostöös Nurme Production OÜ-ga. Autor tänab Nurme Production OÜ tootmisjuhti ja ühtlasi ka selle lõputöö ühte juhendajatest Kristi Sildet võimaluse eest teostada ja läbi viia uuringuid ning tänab ettevõtte tehnolooge ja töötajaid koostöö eest. Ühtlasi tänab autor põhjaliku juhendamise eest koolipoolset juhendajat Merje Beilmanni.The aim of the thesis was to develop a system of assistance times for Nurme Production OÜ. This thesis resulted from the desire of the company Nurme Production OÜ to improve the standardization system. The company used an equivalent coefficient of assistance time in the standardization process, which did not allow the development of precise standard times.
Part I of the thesis gave an overview of the company, the company's production, its structure and work organization.
In Part II of the thesis, the author focused on the preparation of the research, the description of the conduct and the analysis of the observation results. In the course of the preparations, the author mapped the sewing machinery in the company and classified it into different research groups: single needle lock stitch, single needle lockstitch with edge cutter, overlock, taping machines, pressing machines, semi-automatic machines and flatlock machines.
The author collected data while observing workers use of time which she recorded on the observation sheets and therefore calculated the duration, coefficient and analyzed the results.
Daily observings were taken in the period 9.02.2021 - 30.04.2021, where 24 employees were observed during 23 workdays which resulted in 50 observations altogether. The author of this research observed 15 times single-needle lock stitch, 7 times overlock, 10 times taping, 8 times pressing, 6 times single-needle lock stitch machines with edge cutter and 4 times semi-automatic machines. The observation stage included a 5-week period during which it was not possible to perform daily observations due to the spread of the coronavirus in production.
In Part III, the author focused on the conclusions and suggestions of the thesis. As a result of the calculations and analysis, the average result of the coefficient of the assistance time was found for the following machines: taping machine 1.10, single needle lockstitch and semi-automatic machines 1.11, and pressing and overlock machines 1.12.
The coefficient of the assistance time for different machines is a small part of improving the standardization system, which is why the author proposed to study standard times of experimental and sewing lines in more detail and to create a workers rating factor table. In addition, it is necessary to specify the assistance time coefficient of the semi-automatic machines in the form of additional observations and also to research flatlock machines, as the corresponding machines were not in use during the studied period. In addition, the author suggested paying more attention to the purposeful use of recovery time and the importance of physical exercise.
The thesis was completed in cooperation with Nurme Production OÜ. The author acknowledges Kristi Silde, the production manager of Nurme Production OÜ, for the opportunity to conduct research, and thanks the company's technologists and employees for their cooperation. The author also acknowledges the supervisor of this thesis, Merje Beilmann, for the thorough guidance
Sotsiaalne kapital ja individualism–kollektivism indiviidi tasandil
Get PDFVäitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneSotsiaalne kapital – usaldusel ja normidel põhinevad inimestevahelised sidemed ja sotsiaalsed võrgustikud – on kasulik ressurss nii üksikisikutele, kogukondadele kui ka riikidele, kuid on kardetud, et Lääne maailmas leviv individualism viib inimestevaheliste suhete nõrgenemiseni ja vähendab ühiskonna sidusust. Individualismi on seejuures tihtipeale nähtud kui äärmuslikku omakasupüüdlikkust, unustades, et individualismil võib olla ka kasulikumaid väljundeid, nagu iseenda ja oma tegude eest vastutuse võtmine. Individualismi ja omakasupüüdlikkuse või egoismi vahele võrdusmärki tõmmates võivad tulla üllatusena uuringud, mis näitavad, et individualistlikes ühiskondades on inimestel tegelikult rohkem sotsiaalset kapitali, see tähendab, et nad on üksteise suhtes usaldavamad ja erinevate vabatahtlike võrgustike kaudu üksteisega tihedamalt seotud kui kollektivistlikes ühiskondades. Väitekirja aluseks olevate uuringute tulemused näitavad, et ühiskonna tasandil leitud seosed kehtivad ka indiviidi tasandil ning individualistlikud inimesed kalduvad omama rohkem sotsiaalset kapitali. Nii näiteks on eestlaste puhul indiviidi tasandil sotsiaalse kapitaliga positiivselt seotud üks individualismi võtmekomponente – küps vastutustunne ehk oma tegude eest vastutuse võtmine. Kõigis Euroopa riikides kalduvad individualistlikumad inimesed väljapoole oma pereringi jäävaid inimesi rohkem usaldama ning olema seotud rohkemate sotsiaalsete võrgustikega. Samas seletavad individualism–kollektivism ja sotsio-demograafilised tunnused (nt vanus, sugu, haridus ja elukoht) üksnes väga väikese osa inimestevahelistest erinevustest sotsiaalse kapitali määras. See on kooskõlas varasemate uuringute tulemustega, mis viitavad, et indiviidi tasandi sotsiaalse kapitali allikaid ei tuleks otsida mitte inimese enda omadustest, vaid pigem teda ümbritsevast vahetust keskkonnast.Social capital – ties and social networks that are based on trust and mutual norms – has proven to be an extremely useful resource for individuals, groups, and countries, but there have been concerns that growing individualism in Western countries is weakening relationships between people and decreasing social cohesion in society. Individualism is often seen in a very negative light, as extreme egoism, and it is often forgotten that individualism may have more useful features, such as taking responsibility for one’s own actions. When equating individualism with egoism and simple self-interest, it may come as a surprise that several studies have shown that people in countries that emphasise individualistic strivings are also more likely to trust other people and to be more engaged in different social networks. The results of this dissertation provide some support for the assumption that the relationship between social capital and individualism–collectivism also follows similar patterns at the individual level of analysis, and that more individualistically minded individuals have more social capital. For instance, mature self-responsibility, which is one of the essential components of individualism, was found to be positively associated with social capital in an Estonian sample. Furthermore, more individualistic people tend to trust more people outside of their immediate family and belong to more social networks in all European countries studied. However, individualism–collectivism together with sociodemographic variables (e.g., age, gender, education, and domicile) explain only a small fraction of individual differences in social capital. This is in accord with established theories and previous empirical findings that suggest that the sources of individual-level social capital are located not so much in the characteristics of the individual, but rather in his/her social surroundings
Apathy or Alienation? : Political passivity among youths across eight European Union Countries
No full textPolitical participation is one of the most studied aspects of the contemporary development of western democracies. A recent trend focuses the lack of political participation among younger generations. At the same time, the last decades have also witnessed a growth in the share of young European Union (EU) citizens who express alienation, and distrust toward social and political institutions at the national as well as the European level. By studying young people across different countries of the EU, the current study aims to examine if youths’ political passivity is better explained by political apathy or alienation. Our analyses are based on a comparative survey data collected by the Catch-EyoU project comprising approximately 4 454 late adolescents assembled from eight member countries of the EU. Results from logistic regressions predicting non-voting from apathy and alienation support the idea that political passivity is best understood as the result of political apathy. Moreover, it seems that the underlying separator of apathetic and alienated youths is cognitive awareness of political life. These results are discussed in relation to potentially built-in paradoxes of apathy present in efficient and well-functional welfare-state democracies.The research reported in this paper was funded by European Union, Horizon 2020 Programme, Constructing AcTiveCitizensHip with European Youth: Policies, Practices, Challenges and Solutions (www.catcheyou.eu) Grant Agreement No 649538. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. The author(s) would like to thank Erik Amnå, Shakuntala Banaji, Elvira Cicognani, Veronika Kalmus, Petr Macek, Isabel Menezes, Frosso Motti-Stefanidi, and Peter Noack, for the data which were collected by their team to be used in this paper. Data used in this study are publicly available from the Digital Scientific Archive (Det vetenskapliga arkivet, DiVA) – Örebro University at http://oru.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1139877/DATASET02.csvConstructing active citizenship with European youth: Policies, Practices, Challenges and Solutions (Catch-EyoU
Social trust and value similarity: the relationship between social trust and human values in Europe
Get PDFThe purpose of the current paper is to test whether value similarity may foster social trust in society and whether people have higher levels of social trust when they emphasise the same values that prevail in their country. The relationship between social trust and human values was examined in a sample of 51,308 people across 29 European countries using data from the European Social Survey round 6. Results suggest that value similarity is more important in generating individual level social trust in countries where the overall levels of social trust are higher. There is a stronger positive relationship between value similarity and social trust in Scandinavian countries, which have high social trust levels, while in countries with a low level of social trust, congruity of the personal value structure with the country level value structure tends to decrease the individuals trustfulness
Realo A. Individualism-collectivism and social capital at the individual level. Trames
No full textAbstract. Contrary to a widely held belief, a strong positive association between individualism and social capital can be observed at the cross-national level of analysi
State level agreed-upon factors contributing more effective policymaking for public sector services for effective local-level work with NEETs
Get PDFSupporting young people who are not in education, employment or training (NEET) represents a new global policy challenge. There is a need to increase knowledge about policymaking connected to multidisciplinary approaches in order to provide better services for NEET youth. This study focuses on interpretations by specialists in the youth field in Estonia regarding the current public policy support system for NEETs and the associated factors affecting the achievement of policy goals. Based on document analysis and semi-structured interviews with specialists from all levels of the national NEET support system, this study demonstrates that the cross-sectoral and multi-level public policy system for NEETs lacks sufficient understanding of the central aims. The support strategy is, rather, created for use within a single structure and does not have a common meaning from a system-wide perspective. State-level coordinating parties need a common understanding at the beginning of policy creation concerning the system’s long-term aims, information flow and performance, agreed-upon roles transcending sectors, and process management across structures. This change would enable better outreach and integrated services at the local level and be accurately based on the needs of youth with heterogeneous backgrounds whilst avoiding barriers at the individual case level
The Organisation of the Lining of Furniture in Borg OÜ
No full textKäesoleva lõputöö eesmärgiks oli kahe pehme mööbli kattele õmblusprotsessi korraldamine ettevõttes Borg OÜ. Töös on analüüsitud ettevõtte töömeetodeid ning tehtud omapoolseid ettepanekuid ning lahendusi, kuidas saaks toimida paremini ning ettevõttele kasu toovamalt. Töö struktuur on ära jagatud kolmeks peatükiks. Esimeses peatükis, ehk tehnoloogilises osas on iseloomustatud töös olevaid mudeleid ning nende kangavalikuid. Kuna ettevõttes on tegemist kangastega, mille metraaži hinnad on küllaltki kõrged, on teostatud antud mudelite kangastele kolm eri laiusega paigutust. Toodete kangakulu arvestamine on äärmiselt tähtis toote hinna kujundamisel, kui ka kanga tellimise seisukohalt. Antud paigutusefektiivsustest sai ettevõte ülevaate, milliseid kangalaiuseid tuleks eelistada sisse tellimisel, et pärast juurdelõikust oleks kanga kasutuspind võimalikult efektiivne. Töö teises peatükis, ehk korralduslikus osas räägitakse töö korraldamisest tsehhis. Kuna tootmisprotsessi üheks tähtsaimaks lüliks on õmbleja, on koostatud õmblejatele nende vajadustele vastavad töökohaplaanid. Uute planeeringute kohaselt on õmblejatele planeeritud suuremad õmblusmasinad, kuhu alla oleks lihtsam ning mugavam suuri detaile asetada. Lisaks on suurendatud õmbluslauda, abilauda ning töösse võetud käru, mida vajadusel saab pooltoodangute transportimiseks kasutada. Muutus ka valmis detailide hoiustamise koht, et õmblejad ei peaks liigselt energiat ja operatsiooni aega kulutama raskete detailide tõstmiseks ning ümber paigutamiseks. Mudelitele on koostatud ka jagumatute operatsioonide tehnoloogilised järjestused ning võrdluseks teostatud SSD5 süsteemis tööaja uuringud. Uuringus selgus, et õmblejate ajad on võrreldes SSD5 süsteemi poolt võrreldud aegadega märkimisväärselt kõrged, mis tulenevad valest õmblusmasinast ning kindlate tööopertasiooni järjekordade puudumise tõttu. Majanduslikus osas on koostatud juhtimisstruktuur, kus on täpselt ära määratletud iga töötaja tööülesanded. Antud peatükis on toodetele välja arvutatud ka töötlemise maht naturaalses ja rahalises väljenduses, kus on arvestatud toote töötlemise tasusid, põhi – ja abimaterjalide kulusid ning muid näitajad, mis mõjutavad toote hinna kujunemist. Lõputöö autorina sooviksin tänada ettevõtte poolset juhendajat Marju Lillmaad jagatud teadmiste ja abi eest ning Tallinna Tehnikakõrgkooli poolset juhendajat Anu Tšistovat ning konsultant Merje Beilmanni.The purpose of this thesis was to organize the sewing process of lining in Borg OÜ. In this thesis has beed analysed the company’s working methods and made my own suggestions and solutions for better and more beneficial working methods. The structure of the work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter – technological part, describes the models and theirs fabric choices. Due to the fact, that the company has very high fabric metric prices, there is made three different width layouts for the fabrics. Considering the cost of the fabric of the products is extremely important in making the price of the product as well as in terms of ordering the fabric. Due to three three different layout method, the company got an overview of which fabric widths should be preferred to order so that the area of use of the fabric is as effective as possible after the cut. The second chapter of the work - the organizational part, is talking about the organization of work in the manufactory. As the seamstress in one of the most important part in the production process, there is composed new workstations for the seamstresses corresponding to their needs. Due to that, there is constructed new workstations to the seamstresses, that meet these conditions. According to the new workstation plans, there is planned bigger sewing machines for the seamstresses, where they can easily place their large details under the sewing machine. In addition, there is enlarged the sewing and details table and added a trolley that can be used to transport large details, if necessary. Also the storage place has changed for finished goods, so that the seamstresses do not have to spend too much energy and time to lift and reposit heavy details. For all the models are made technological sequences of the inseparable operations and the working time surveys are carried out for comparison in the SSD5 system. The study revealed that seamstress times are markedly high, compared to the SSD5 system times, due to the wrong sewing machine and particular work queue. In the economic part, there is composed management structure, where the work duties of employees are defined. In this chapter has also been calculated the volume of processing of products on natural and financial terms, taking into account the processing fees, the cost of main and additional materials and other indicators that influence the pricing of the products. As the author of the thesis, I would like to thank the companys’ supervisor Marju Lillmaa, for sharing her knowledge and assistance with me, and University of Applied Sciences supervisior Anu Tšistova and consultant Merje Beilmann
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