13 research outputs found
Structured ionospheric outflow during the Cassini T55–T59 Titan flybys
No full textDuring the final three of the five consecutive and similar Cassini Titan flybys T55–T59 we observe a region characterized by high plasma densities (electron densities of 1–8 cm3 ) in the tail/nightside of Titan. This region is observed progressively farther downtail from pass to pass and is interpreted as a plume of ionospheric plasma escaping Titan, which appears steady in both location and time. The ions
in this plasma plume are moving in the direction away from Titan and are a mixture of both light and heavy ions with composition revealing that their origin are in Titan’s ionosphere, while the electrons are more isotropically distributed. Magnetic field measurements indicate the presence of a current sheet at the inner edge of this region. We discuss the mechanisms behind this outflow, and suggest that it could be caused by ambipolar diffusion, magnetic moment pumping or dispersive Alfve´n waves.Fil: Edberg, N. J. T.. Swedish Institute of Space Physics; SueciaFil: Ågren, K.. Swedish Institute of Space Physics; SueciaFil: Wahlund, J. E.. Swedish Institute of Space Physics; SueciaFil: Morooka, M. W.. Swedish Institute of Space Physics; SueciaFil: Andrews, D. J.. University of Leicester; Reino UnidoFil: Cowley, S. W. H.. University of Leicester; Reino UnidoFil: Wellbrock, A.. University College London; Estados UnidosFil: Coates, A. J.. University College London; Estados UnidosFil: Bertucci, Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Dougherty, M. K.. Imperial College London; Reino Unid
Proposal and Application of a New Theoretical Framework of Uncertainty Estimation in Rainfall Runoff Process Based on the Theory of Stochastic Process
No full textAbstractThe aim of this study is to clarify the effect of the uncertainty of inputs in respect of output by rainfall-runoff process. In Japan, we have performed runoff analysis using deterministic model such as storage function model in the past. However, natural phenomena have various uncertainties. For example, rainfall-runoff analysis includes uncertainties of parameters or structure of model, and observed value of rainfall and water level. In this study, we attend the uncertainty of rainfall which is input data of runoff analysis and introduce the theory of stochastic process to runoff analysis due to quantify the uncertainties stochastically. We indicate the theoretical framework to evaluate the uncertainties using the relationship among stochastic differential equation (SDE) and Fokker-Planck equation (FPE), because the lumped rainfall-runoff model is described by ordinary differential equation.As a result, we introduce the theory of stochastic process to runoff analysis. And we make a suggestion of a new theoretical framework of uncertainty estimation regarding reliability analysis with the distribution of water level as external force and the failure probability of levee as resistance
Characteristics of the dust–plasma interaction near Enceladus’ South Pole
No full textWe present RPWS Langmuir probe data from the third Enceladus flyby (E3) showing the presence of dusty plasma near Enceladus' South Pole. There is a sharp rise in both the electron and ion number densities when the spacecraft traverses through Enceladus plume. The ion density near Enceladus is found to increase abruptly from about 10(2) cm(-3) before the closest approach to 10(5) cm(-3) just 30 s after the closest approach, an amount two orders of magnitude higher than the electron density. Assuming that the inconsistency between the electron and ion number densities is due to the presence of dust particles that are collecting the missing electron charges, we present dusty plasma characteristics down to sub-micron particle sizes. By assuming a differential dust number density for a range in dust sizes and by making use of Langmuir probe data, the dust densities for certain lower limits in dust size distribution were estimated. In order to achieve the dust densities of micrometer and larger sized grains comparable to the ones reported in the literature, we show that the power law size distribution must hold down to at least 0.03 mu m such that the total differential number density is dominated by the smallest sub-micron sized grains. The total dust number density in Enceladus' plume is of the order of 10(2) cm(-3) reducing to 1 cm(-3) in the E-ring. The dust density for micrometer and larger sized grains is estimated to be about 10(-4) cm(-3) in the plume while it is about 10(-6)-10(-7) cm(-3) in the E-ring. Dust charge for micron sized grains is estimated to be about eight thousand electron charges reducing to below one hundred electron charges for 0.03 mu m sized grains. The effective dusty plasma Debye length is estimated and compared with intergrain distance as well as the electron Debye length. The maximum dust charging time of 1.4 h is found for 0.03 mu m sized grains just 1 min before the closest approach. The charging time decreases substantially in the plume where it is only a fraction of a second for 1 mu m sized grains, 1 s for 0.1 mu m sized grains and about 10 s for 0.03 mu m sized grains.</p
Magnetotail dipolarization and associated current systems observed by Cluster and Double Star
No full textA dipolarization and its associated current systems are studied using Cluster, Double Star TC1, and ground-based observations. The Cluster spacecraft are located approximately 16 RE downtail near 0030 LT. The Double Star TC1 spacecraft is located more earthward at approximately 7 RE just before local midnight. Auroral observations by the Wideband Imaging Camera on the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration spacecraft are used to determine the onset times of substorms. It is shown that the magnetic phenomena at the earthward site of a magnetic reconfiguration region are governed by field-aligned currents, which in their turn generate auroral brightenings near the foot points of the spacecraft. It is also shown that the inward and outward motion of the dipolarization front near Cluster has a direct influence on the parallel plasma flow at TC1, indicating a piston mechanism. Just like a piston, the inward moving dipolarization at Cluster pushes in plasma along with the flux transport, which turns to parallel plasma flow at TC1. When the flow reverses at Cluster, i.e., outgoing flux transport, the plasma gets “sucked out” again, which is directly reflected in the plasma data from TC1
The electron density of Saturn's magnetosphere
No full textInternational audienceWe have investigated statistically the electron density below 5 cm−3 in the magnetosphere of Saturn (7–80 RS, Saturn radii) using 44 orbits of the floating potential data from the RPWS Langmuir probe (LP) onboard Cassini. The density distribution shows a clear dependence on the distance from the Saturnian rotation axis (√X2+Y2) as well as on the distance from the equatorial plane (|Z|), indicating a disc-like structure. From the characteristics of the density distribution, we have identified three regions: the extension of the plasma disc, the magnetodisc region, and the lobe regions. The plasma disc region is at LS. The magnetodisc is located beyond L=15, and its density has a large variability. The variability has quasi-periodic characteristics with a periodicity corresponding to the planetary rotation. For Z>15 RS, the magnetospheric density distribution becomes constant in Z. However, the density still varies quasi-periodically with the planetary rotation also in this region. In fact, the quasi-periodic variation has been observed all over the magnetosphere beyond L=15. The region above Z=15 RS is identified as the lobe region. We also found that the magnetosphere can occasionally move latitudinally under the control of the density in the magnetosphere and the solar wind. From the empirical distributions of the electron densities obtained in this study, we have constructed an electron density model of the Saturnian nightside magnetosphere beyond 7 RS. The obtained model can well reproduce the observed density distribution, and can thus be useful for magnetospheric modelling studies
The inner magnetosphere of Saturn: Cassini RPWS cold plasmaresults from the first encounter
No full textWe present new results from the inner magnetosphereof Saturn obtained by the Radio and Plasma Wave Science(RPWS) investigation onboard Cassini around the period ofthe Saturn orbit injection (July 1, 2004). Plasma waveelectric field emissions, voltage sweeps by the Langmuirprobe (LP) and radio sounder data were used to infer thecold plasma (<100 eV) characteristics within 20 RSofSaturn. A dense (<150 cm3) and cold (<7 eV) plasma toruswas found just outside the visible F-ring. This torus ofpartly dusty plasma does not perfectly co-rotate with Saturn,which suggests the cold plasma is electro-dynamicallycoupled to the charged ring-dust particles. The spacecraftpotential was a few volts negative above the E- and G-rings,indicating the dust-particles were likewise negativelycharged. The cold ion characteristics changed near themagnetically conjugate position of Dione, indicating releaseof volatile material from this icy moon
Optimizing many-body atomic descriptors for enhanced computational performance of machine learning based interatomic potentials
No full textWe explore different ways to simplify the evaluation of the smooth overlap of atomic positions (SOAP) many-body atomic descriptor [Bartok et al., Phys. Rev. B 87, 184115 (2013).]. Our aim is to improve the computational efficiency of SOAP-based similarity kernel construction. While these improved atomic descriptors can be used for general characterization and interpolation of atomic properties, their main target application is accelerated evaluation of machine-learning-based interatomic potentials within the Gaussian approximation potential (GAP) framework [Bartok et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 136403 (2010)]. We achieve this objective by expressing the atomic densities in an approximate separable form, which decouples the radial and angular channels. We then express the elements of the SOAP descriptor (i.e., the expansion coefficients for the atomic densities) in analytical form given a particular choice of radial basis set. Finally, we derive recursion formulas for the expansion coefficients. This new SOAP-based descriptor allows for tenfold speedups compared to previous implementations, while improving the stability of the radial expansion for distant atomic neighbors, without degradation of the interpolation power of GAP models.Peer reviewe
Cassini Cold Plasma Measurements of the Ionosphere of Titan.
No full textInternational audienceThe Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) Langmuir probe (LP) sensor observed the cold plasma environment around Titan during the first two flybys. The data show that conditions in Saturn's magnetosphere affect the structure and dynamics deep in the ionosphere of Titan. The maximum measured ionospheric electron number density reached 3800 per cubic centimeter near closest approach, and a complex chemistry was indicated. The electron temperature profiles are consistent with electron heat conduction from the hotter Titan wake. The ionospheric escape flux was estimated to be 1025 ions per second
Solar Orbiter’s first Venus flyby: Observations from the Radio and Plasma Wave instrument
No full textContext. On December 27, 2020, Solar Orbiter completed its first gravity assist manoeuvre of Venus (VGAM1). While this flyby was performed to provide the spacecraft with sufficient velocity to get closer to the Sun and observe its poles from progressively higher inclinations, the Radio and Plasma Wave (RPW) consortium, along with other operational in situ instruments, had the opportunity to perform high cadence measurements and study the plasma properties in the induced magnetosphere of Venus.
Aims. In this paper, we review the main observations of the RPW instrument during VGAM1. They include the identification of a number of magnetospheric plasma wave modes, measurements of the electron number densities computed using the quasi-thermal noise spectroscopy technique and inferred from the probe-to-spacecraft potential, the observation of dust impact signatures, kinetic solitary structures, and localized structures at the bow shock, in addition to the validation of the wave normal analysis on-board from the Low Frequency Receiver.
Methods. We used the data products provided by the different subsystems of RPW to study Venus’ induced magnetosphere.
Results. The results include the observations of various electromagnetic and electrostatic wave modes in the induced magnetosphere of Venus: strong emissions of ∼100 Hz whistler waves are observed in addition to electrostatic ion acoustic waves, solitary structures and Langmuir waves in the magnetosheath of Venus. Moreover, based on the different levels of the wave amplitudes and the large-scale variations of the electron number densities, we could identify different regions and boundary layers at Venus.
Conclusions. The RPW instrument provided unprecedented AC magnetic and electric field measurements in Venus’ induced magnetosphere for continuous frequency ranges and with high time resolution. These data allow for the conclusive identification of various plasma waves at higher frequencies than previously observed and a detailed investigation regarding the structure of the induced magnetosphere of Venus. Furthermore, noting that prior studies were mainly focused on the magnetosheath region and could only reach 10–12 Venus radii (RV) down the tail, the particular orbit geometry of Solar Orbiter’s VGAM1, allowed the first investigation of the nature of the plasma waves continuously from the bow shock to the magnetosheath, extending to ∼70RV in the far distant tail region
The Hydroclimatic And Ecophysiological Basis Of Cloud Forest Distributions Under Current And Projected Climates
No full textBackground Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) are characterized by a unique set of biological and hydroclimatic features, including frequent and/or persistent fog, cool temperatures, and high biodiversity and endemism. These forests are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to climate change given their small geographic range, high endemism and dependence on a rare microclimatic envelope. The frequency of atmospheric water deficits for some TMCFs is likely to increase in the future, but the consequences for the integrity and distribution of these ecosystems are uncertain. In order to investigate plant and ecosystem responses to climate change, we need to know how TMCF species function in response to current climate, which factors shape function and ecology most and how these will change into the future. Scope This review focuses on recent advances in ecophysiological research of TMCF plants to establish a link between TMCF hydrometeorological conditions and vegetation distribution, functioning and survival. The hydraulic characteristics of TMCF trees are discussed, together with the prevalence and ecological consequences of foliar uptake of fog water (FWU) in TMCFs, a key process that allows efficient acquisition of water during cloud immersion periods, minimizing water deficits and favouring survival of species prone to drought-induced hydraulic failure. Conclusions Fog occurrence is the single most important microclimatic feature affecting the distribution and function of TMCF plants. Plants in TMCFs are very vulnerable to drought (possessing a small hydraulic safety margin), and the presence of fog and FWU minimizes the occurrence of tree water deficits and thus favours the survival of TMCF trees where such deficits may occur. 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