1,721,019 research outputs found
Condition-Optimized AC-HRTEM Characterization of Beam-Sensitive 2D Organic Frameworks
No full textIn this thesis, the pristine and defect structures of electron beam-sensitive 2D organic frameworks were identified and analyzed with the aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope (AC-HRTEM). The high image resolution of 2D polymer (1.9 Å) and 2D metal-organic framework (0.9 Å) were achieved through systematic condition optimization. This work lays a foundation for atomic-resolution structure characterization of 2D organic frameworks.
The thesis starts with an introduction of the important theoretical background for this work. Followed by an overview of the investigated materials and their synthesis methods. Experimental methods and set-ups are summarized. The results and discussions are structured as follows. First, 300 kV AC-HRTEM imaging of 2D polyimine (2D-PI) applying the low-dose technique combing with optimized ‘in-focus’ image condition. The morphology and non-periodic structural details were identified. Second, the optimal voltage is determined for the 2D-PI samples through quantitative analysis of dose efficiency. Under the optimal condition, new defect structures and structural details of the pore channels in 2D-PIs were observed. Third, 0.9 Å image resolution was achieved for a hydrogen-free 2D metal-organic framework with the Sub-Ångström Low-Voltage Electron Microscopy (SALVE) instrument at 80 kV. The results revealed new phases
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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Three-Dimensional Composition and Electric Potential Mapping of III–V Core–Multishell Nanowires by Correlative STEM and Holographic Tomography
Full text linkThe
nondestructive characterization of nanoscale devices, such as those
based on semiconductor nanowires, in terms of functional potentials
is crucial for correlating device properties with their morphological/materials
features, as well as for precisely tuning and optimizing their growth
process. Electron holographic tomography (EHT) has been used in the
past to reconstruct the total potential distribution in three-dimension
but hitherto lacked a quantitative approach to separate potential
variations due to chemical composition changes (mean inner potential,
MIP) and space charges. In this Letter, we combine and correlate EHT
and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy
(HAADF-STEM) tomography on an individual ⟨111⟩ oriented
GaAs–AlGaAs core–multishell nanowire (NW). We obtain
excellent agreement between both methods in terms of the determined
Al concentration within the AlGaAs shell, as well as thickness variations
of the few nanometer thin GaAs shell acting as quantum well tube.
Subtracting the MIP determined from the STEM tomogram, enables us
to observe functional potentials at the NW surfaces and at the Au–NW
interface, both ascribed to surface/interface pinning of the semiconductor
Fermi level
Bridging nano-optics and condensed matter formalisms in a unified description of inelastic scattering of relativistic electron beams
Full text linkSubmission to SciPost. Updated version: corrected typos, add acknowledgementsInternational audienceIn the last decades, the blossoming of experimental breakthroughs in the domain of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) has triggered a variety of theoretical developments. Those have to deal with completely different situations, from atomically resolved phonon mapping to electron circular dichroism passing by surface plasmon mapping. All of them rely on very different physical approximations and have not yet been reconciled, despite early attempts to do so. As an effort in that direction, we report on the development of a scalar relativistic quantum electrodynamic (QED) approach of the inelastic scattering of fast electrons. This theory can be adapted to describe all modern EELS experiments, and under the relevant approximations, can be reduced to any of the last EELS theories. In that aim, we present in this paper the state of the art and the basics of scalar relativistic QED relevant to the electron inelastic scattering. We then give a clear relation between the two once antagonist descriptions of the EELS, the retarded green Dyadic, usually applied to describe photonic excitations and the quasi-static mixed dynamic form factor (MDFF), more adapted to describe core electronic excitations of material. We then use this theory to establish two important EELS-related equations. The first one relates the spatially resolved EELS to the imaginary part of the photon propagator and the incoming and outgoing electron beam wavefunction, synthesizing the most common theories developed for analyzing spatially resolved EELS experiments. The second one shows that the evolution of the electron beam density matrix is proportional to the mutual coherence tensor, proving that quite universally, the electromagnetic correlations in the target are imprinted in the coherence properties of the probing electron beam
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Quantitative off-axis Electron Holography and (multi-)ferroic interfaces
Full text linkA particularly interesting class of modern materials is ferroic ceramics. Their characteristic order parameter is a result of quantum chemistry taking place on a sub-Å length scale and long-range couplings, e.g. mediated by electrostatic or stress fields. Furthermore, the particular subclass of multiferroics possesses more than one order parameter and exhibits an intriguing coupling between them, which is interesting both from the fundamental physics point of view as well as from a technological vantage point. While on a more fundamental level it is desirable to elucidate the physical details of the coupling mechanism, this knowledge could subsequently lead to new and technologically interesting multiferroic materials, which overcome their current drawback that only one of the multiple order parameters is appreciably large while the others stay small. Due to the short and long range nature of the driving forces, one challenge for thoroughly understanding ferroic ceramics is the characterization of material properties within a large interval of length scales from several tens of µm to sub-Å. To that end, it is useful to exploit that all order parameters can be described as macroscopic fields, e.g. electric polarization or strain, which, in turn, can be either directly or indirectly probed with an electron beam such as used in Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Consequently, TEM is excellently suited for investigating ferroic materials, i.e., state-of-the-art instruments facilitate aberration corrected imaging within a large magnification interval covering the length scales of interest, in particular the atomic regime. A general drawback of conventional TEM techniques is the loss of phase information originally contained in the scattered electron wave introduced by recording only the electron density. Electron Holography is an advanced TEM technique that facilitates the complete evaluation of the complex electron wave, which, in combination with the manifold possibilities of TEM, provides rather straightforward access to static electromagnetic fields within the ceramic. Nevertheless, quantification of order parameters such as the electric polarization or minute details in electromagnetic fields still require to correlate the experimentally gained observations to physical models, which combine the details of the microscopic imaging process, the electron-specimen scattering, and solid state physics of the specimen. The goal of this work is to investigate and advance the limits of Electron Holography as a truly quantitative TEM technique and apply the findings in, e.g., the investigation of ferroic ceramics. In the light of the previously mentioned difficulties, the problem has to be tackled from different directions:
Firstly, the whole holographic imaging process is reviewed and extended, if necessary, in order to provide quantitative measures for systematic and statistical errors inherent to reconstructed waves. In the course of that process, two previously not recognized holography-specific aberrations are identified, firstly, a resolution limiting spatial envelope and secondly, a spatial distortion to the reconstructed wave. Furthermore, several correction strategies have been developed, in order to correct the aforementioned two and other well-known disturbances, e.g. Fresnel fringes from the biprism filament. The previous holographic noise model has been extended to incorporate the important contribution from the detector and consequently to provide realistic statistic error bars of the holographically reconstructed amplitude and phase.
Secondly, an investigation of the electron-specimen scattering process itself is conducted, leading to a density matrix description of the holographic measurement. The general laws of quantum electrodynamics provide the framework of that description. Relativistic phenomena such as retardation of electromagnetic fields exchanged between beam electron and specimen and spin-orbit coupling of the beam electron are quantified, where the latter is found to be negligible within TEM. The decoherence of the electron wave by statistical coupling to the thermally moving crystal lattice of ceramics is treated by a newly developed algorithm facilitating in particular the accurate quantification of elastic scattering on heavy elements. Inelastic excitations in the ceramic, e.g. bulk plasmons or core electrons, are treated in combination with elastic scattering to identify their role in the holographic reconstruction process and to develop methods for an accurate calculation. A new scattering algorithm combining elastic and inelastic scattering is developed and applied to predict peculiar scattering contrasts of dipole transitions and to discuss the long-standing problem of contrast mismatch between scattering simulations and conventional imaging. To provide a user-friendly and continuing use of the findings, a software package SEMI (Simulation of Electron Microscopy Imaging) has been written, which facilitates the simulation of elastic and inelastic scattering processes and the subsequent imaging within different approximations, incorporating the newly developed algorithms.
Thirdly, Density Function Theory (DFT) solid state calculations have been employed to identify and quantify structural modifications and characteristic electromagnetic fields, such as occurring at domain boundaries, within typical ferroic ceramics like BaTiO3 or BiFeO3, and concomitantly provide models correlating observables of the (holographic) experiment to characteristics of the materials, e.g. the order parameters. This is particularly important when static electromagnetic fields provide no direct information about the order parameter, e.g. the electric polarization, i.e., it is possible to correlate the measurable atomic positions to the electric polarization within linear response theory. A software package ATA (AuTomated Atomic contrast fitting) has been developed facilitating an automated fitting of atomic positions and a subsequent determination of local polarization.
In a fourth step, electron holographic experiments analyzed with the help of the revised imaging process in combination with the knowledge gained from scattering theory are used as an input to the models established from solid state physics to yield quantitative information about bulk ferroelectric materials such as BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 and more complicated configurations such as domain walls in BiFeO3 and KnbO3. It is found that particular atomic shifts characteristic for ferroelectrics provide the most reliable quantitative information about the polarization down to nm length scales, whereas minute wave modification due to characteristic electron distributions within the ceramic are currently insufficiently quantitatively interpretable within Electron Holography. The linear response program, correlating atomic positions to ferroelectric polarization with the help of ab-initio calculated Born effective charges, has been successfully applied to determine finite size effects, screening layer widths and polarization charges in non-ferroelectric/ferroelectric layered systems.
Finally, a special section considers the evaluation of 3D electromagnetic fields by Electron Holographic Tomography, which provides the means to characterize even more complex 3D domain wall configurations. As the capabilities of the technique are still limited by holographic reconstruction errors and particular tomographic issues such as incomplete projection data, the main focus of that section is put on the characterization and improvement of the tomographic reconstruction process. A Singular Value based reconstruction method is developed, which facilitates a quantification and control of the tomographic reconstruction error. Furthermore, vector field reconstruction is extended in order to treat magnetic vector fields leaking out from the reconstruction volume.Ferroische Keramiken bilden eine besonders interessante Klasse moderner funktionaler Werkstoffe. Ihr charakteristischer Ordnungsparameter ist das Ergebnis quantenchemischer Prozesse innerhalb einer sub- Å Längenskala und spezifischer langreichweitiger Kopplungen, welche beispielsweise durch elektromagnetische oder Spannungsfelder vermittelt werden. Des Weiteren besitzt die besondere Unterklasse der Multiferroika mehr als einen Ordnungsparameter und zeigt eine faszinierende Kopplung zwischen ihnen, was sowohl vom Standpunkt physikalischer Grundlagenforschung als auch aus technologischer Sicht von Interesse ist. Während es vom fundamentalen Standpunkt erstrebenswert ist, die physikalischen Details des Kopplungsmechanismus aufzuklären, könnte in der Folge dieses Wissen zu neuen und technologisch interessanten multiferroischen Materialien führen, welche den derzeit bestehenden Nachteil, dass nur ein Ordnungsparameter genügend groß ist, während die jeweils anderen klein bleiben, hinter sich lassen. Aufgrund der kurz- und langreichweitigen Natur der Antriebskräfte besteht eine Herausforderung für das umfassende Verständnis ferroischer Keramiken aus der Charakterisierung von Materialeigenschaften innerhalb eines breiten Intervalls von Längenskalen, welches von einigen 10 µm bis unterhalb eines Å reicht. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen ist es zweckmäßig auszunutzen, dass alle Ordnungsparameter als makroskopische, beispielsweise elektrostatische oder Verzerrungs-, Felder beschrieben werden können, welche wiederum direkt oder indirekt mit einem Elektronenstrahl, wie er im Transmissionselektronenmikrokop (TEM) zur Anwendung kommt, gemessen werden können. Folglich ist die Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie hervorragend geeignet um ferroische Materialien zu untersuchen, das heißt, modernste Geräte ermöglichen aberrationskorrigierte Aufnahmen innerhalb eines großen Vergrößerungsbereiches, welche die interessanten Längenskalen und insbesondere den atomaren Bereich abdecken. Ein allgemeiner Nachteil der konventionellen TEM Techniken ist der Verlust der Phaseninformationen, welche ursprünglich in der Elektronenwelle vorhanden sind und durch die Aufzeichnung der Elektronenintensität zerstört werden. Elektronenholographie ist eine weiterentwickelte TEM Technik, welche die vollständige Auswertung der komplexen Elektronenwelle ermöglicht, was wiederum in Verbindung mit den vielfältigen Möglichkeiten der TEM einen vergleichsweise direkten Zugang zu elektromagnetischen Feldern in der Keramik ermöglicht. Nichtsdestotrotz erfordert die Quantifizierung von Ordnungsparametern, wie der elektrische Polarisierung, oder von kleinsten Details elektromagnetischer Felder die Korrelation experimenteller Daten mit physikalischen Modellen, welche die Details des mikroskopischen Bildgebungsprozesses mit der Elektronen-Objekt Streuung und der Festkörperphysik des Objektes kombinieren. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht aus der Untersuchung und Erweiterung der Möglichkeiten von Elektronenholographie als quantitative TEM Messmethode und der Anwendung dieser Ergebnisse bei der Untersuchung ferroischer Keramiken. Im Lichte der eben erwähnten Schwierigkeiten muss das Problem von verschiedenen Richtungen bearbeitet werden:
Erstens wird der komplette holographische Bildgebungsprozess mit dem Ziel einer quantitativen Bewertung systematischer und statistischer Fehler der rekonstruierten Welle analysiert und gegebenenfalls erweitert. Im diesem Zuge wurden zwei bisher nicht erkannte holographiespezifische Fehler identifiziert, erstens eine auflösungsbegrenzende räumliche Enveloppe und zweitens eine räumliche Verzerrung der rekonstruierten Welle. Außerdem wurden verschiedene Korrekturmöglichkeiten entwickelt, um die zwei eben genannten und andere wohlbekannte Störungen, wie zum Beispiel die Fresnelstreifen des Biprismafadens, zu korrigieren. Das bisherige holographische Rauschmodel wurde erweitert um den beträchtlichen Einfluss des Detektors zu berücksichtigen und damit realistische Fehlerbalken für die holographisch rekonstruierte Amplitude und Phase zu erhalten.
Zum Zweiten wird der Streuprozess selber untersucht, was zu einer Dichtematrixbeschreibung der holographischen Messung führt. Den Rahmen dieser Untersuchungen liefern die Gesetze der Quantenelektrodynamik. Relativistische Phänomene wie die Retardierung elektromagnetischer Felder, welche zwischen Strahlelektron und Objekt ausgetauscht werden, oder Spin-Bahn Kopplung des Strahlelektrons werden quantifiziert, wobei letzteres als unwichtig für TEM eingestuft werden konnte. Die Dekohärenz der Elektronenwelle durch die statistische Kopplung an das thermisch bewegte Kristallgitter der Keramik wird mit einem neu entwickelten Algorithmus beschrieben, welcher insbesondere die genaue Quantifizierung der elastischen Streuung an schweren Elementen erlaubt. Ein weiterer neuer Streualgorithmus, welcher elastische und inelastische Streuung kombiniert, wird entwickelt und angewendet, um spezifische Streukontraste von Dipolübergängen vorauszusagen und das altbekannte Problem der Kontrastdiskrepanz zwischen simulierten und experimentellen Bildkontrasten zu diskutieren. Um eine anwenderfreundliche und fortdauernde Anwendung der Erkenntnisse zu ermöglichen, wurde das Softwarepaket SEMI geschrieben, welches die Simulation elastischer und inelastischer Streuprozesse und des nachfolgenden Bildgebungsprozesses innerhalb verschiedener Näherungen ermöglicht und die neu entwickelten Algorithmen beinhaltet.
Zum Dritten kommen dichtefunktionalbasierte Festkörperrechenmethoden zur Anwendung um charakteristische elektromagnetische Felder, wie sie beispielsweise an Domänengrenzen entstehen, innerhalb typischer ferroischer Keramiken wie BaTiO3 oder BiFeO3 zu identifizieren und zu quantifizieren und gleichzeitig Modelle zu entwickeln, welche Observablen des (holographischen) Experiments mit Charakteristika des Materials, beispielsweise den Ordnungsparamtern, korrelieren. Dies ist besonders wichtig, wenn statische elektromagnetische Felder keinen direkten Zugang zu den Ordnungsparametern, wie zum Beispiel die ferroelektrische Polarisation, liefern; beispielsweise besteht innerhalb linearer Antworttheorie die Möglichkeit, atomare Positionen mit der elektrischen Polarisation zu korrelieren. Ein Softwarepaket wurde entwickelt, welches die automatische Bestimmung der Atompositionen und der daraus resultierenden lokalen Polarisation ermöglicht.
In einem vierten Schritt wurden mit Hilfe des überarbeiteten holographischen Bildgebungsprozesses in Kombination mit den aus der Streutheorie gewonnenen Erkenntnissen holographische Experimente analysiert und als Input für die mit Hilfe der Festkörpertheorie entwickelten Modelle genutzt, um quantitative Informationen über raumferroische Materialien wie BaTiO3 und PbTiO3 und kompliziertere Anordnungen wie Domänengrenzen in BiFeO3 und KnbO3 zu gewinnen. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass spezifische atomare Verschiebungen, welche charakteristisch für Ferroelektrika sind, die zuverlässigste quantitative Information über die Polarisation bis in den Längenbereich einiger nm liefern, wogegen kleinste Wellenmodifikationen aufgrund charakteristischer Elektronenverteilungen innerhalb der Keramik mit Hilfe von Elektronenholographie nur unzureichend interpretierbar sind. Das lineare Antwortprogramm, welches die Atompositionen über Bornsche effektive Ladungen mit ferroelektrischer Polarisation korreliert, wurde erfolgreich angewendet, um Größeneffekte und Ausdehnungen von Abschirmschichten und Polarisationladungen in nichtferroelektrisch/ferroelektrischen Schichtsystemen zu bestimmen.
Abschließend widmet sich ein spezieller Abschnitt der Auswertung 3D elektromagnetischer Felder mit Hilfe der elektronenholographischen Tomographie, was die Voraussetzung für die Charakterisierung von noch komplizierteren 3D Domänenwandanordnungen liefert. Da die Möglichkeiten dieser Technik durch den holographischen Rekonstruktionsfehler und spezifisch tomographische Probleme noch beschränkt sind, liegt der Schwerpunkt dieses Abschnitts in der Charakterisierung und Verbesserung des tomographischen Rekonstruktionsprozesses. Es wird eine singulärwertbasierte Rekonstruktionsmethode entwickelt, welche die Quantifizierung und Kontrolle des Rekonstruktionsfehlers ermöglicht. Außerdem wird die Vektorfeldrekonstruktion erweitert, um magnetische Vektorfelder, welche über das Rekonstruktionsvolumen hinausragen, zu behandeln
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