759 research outputs found
Síntese de Biodiesel a partir de óleos Vegetais Usados através de Catalise Enzimática
No full textSíntese de Biodiesel a partir de Óleos Vegetais Usados através de Catalise EnzimáticaCristiele C. Werkhauser (IC), Ivo M. B. Dias (IC), Pedro Hidalgo (IC) e Alexandre A. M. Lapis (PQO descarte de óleos utilizados em restaurantes e bares tem se constituído em um problema ambiental e resultado em um assunto polêmico quanto a melhor forma de descarte e reciclagem deste material. Em vista deste problema, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar formas de reaproveitamento deste material para a produção de biodiesel com qualidade para o consumo em postos de combustível. Este material após aquecimento durante tempo prolongado apresenta decomposição e oxidação o que altera totalmente a característica do óleo extraído do vegetal. Enzimas são excelentes catalisadores para a produção de biodiesel à temperatura ambiente e menos sensíveis a interferentes produzidos no processo de aquecimento do óleo. Portanto, neste trabalho vem sendo feito um estudo de reaproveitamento deste material na síntese de biodiesel via catálise enzimática. Para tanto o óleo vegetal é colocado em um balão e adicionados a enzima, butanol e etanol que é o agente esterificante. A reação é acompanhada por cromatografia em camada delgada e o tempo de reação depende da lipase utilizada. Neste trabalho foram investigadas 5 tipos de lipases comercias com resultados moderados a bons. O processo ainda encontra-se sob avaliação da quantidade ideal de catalisador bem como dos reagentes empregados.Agradecimentos: CNPq, UNIPAM
Gamma band plasticity in sensory cortex is a signature of the strongest memory rather than memory of the training stimulus
No full textGamma oscillations (∼30-120Hz) are considered to be a reflection of coordinated neuronal activity, linked to processes underlying synaptic integration and plasticity. Increases in gamma power within the cerebral cortex have been found during many cognitive processes such as attention, learning, memory and problem solving in both humans and animals. However, the specificity of gamma to the detailed contents of memory remains largely unknown. We investigated the relationship between learning-induced increased gamma power in the primary auditory cortex (A1) and the strength of memory for acoustic frequency. Adult male rats (n=16) received three days (200 trials each) of pairing a tone (3.66 kHz) with stimulation of the nucleus basalis, which implanted a memory for acoustic frequency as assessed by associatively-induced disruption of ongoing behavior, viz., respiration. Post-training frequency generalization gradients (FGGs) revealed peaks at non-CS frequencies in 11/16 cases, likely reflecting normal variation in pre-training acoustic experiences. A stronger relationship was found between increased gamma power and the frequency with the strongest memory (peak of the difference between individual post- and pre-training FGGs) vs. behavioral responses to the CS training frequency. No such relationship was found for the theta/alpha band (4-15 Hz). These findings indicate that the strength of specific increased neuronal synchronization within primary sensory cortical fields can determine the specific contents of memory.Peer reviewedAuthor's Manuscript is available open access in PubMed Central: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23669065
Síntese de Novos Catalisadores Heterogêneos Utilizando Metodologia de Sol-gel. Aplicação na Produção de Biodiesel
No full textSíntese de Novos Catalisadores Heterogêneos Utilizando Metodologia de Sol-gel. Aplicação na Produção de BiodieselMárcio F. Dutra (IC), Cristiane Bittencourt (IC), Josiel D. Froehlich (IC) e Alexandre A. M. Lapis (PQ) A busca por metodologias alternativas que tornem a síntese de biodiesel menos onerosa e mais eficiente é de grande interesse, tanto no meio industrial como acadêmico. Estas novas tecnologias se baseiam basicamente em duas estratégias: busca de matérias primas diversificadas (óleos vegetais, gorduras animais, entre outras) e novos catalisadores. A segunda opção é a mais viável e eficiente em termos práticos e com resultados promissores. Neste trabalho temos com objetivo desenvolver catalisadores de ácidos de Lewis suportados em sílica-gel utilizando a metodologia de sol-gel. Para tanto foram dissolvidos sais inorgânicos dos metais In, Sn e Ti em uma solução água/etanol, a esta solução foi adicionado o tetraetilortosilicato (TEOS) e ácido clorídrico como catalisador sob forte agitação magnética. Decorrido duas semanas o solvente foi totalmente evaporado levando a formação da sílica com o respectivo metal adsorvido. O catalisador foi aquecido a 120?C, durante 5 horas para total remoção dos voláteis.Estes catalisadores foram testados na síntese de biodiesel com resultados moderados a satisfatórios baseados na análise de cromatografia em camada delgada. Testes para a melhoria das condições reacionais, quantidade e reciclo do catalisador estão sobre investigação.Agradecimentos: UNIPAMPA e FAPEER
Remodeling sensory cortical maps implants specific behavioral memory
No full textNeural mechanisms underlying the capacity of memory to be rich in sensory detail are largely unknown. A candidate mechanism is learning-induced plasticity that remodels the adult sensory cortex. Here, expansion in the primary auditory cortical (A1) tonotopic map of rats was induced by pairing a 3.66-kHz tone with activation of the nucleus basalis, mimicking the effects of natural associative learning. Remodeling of A1 produced de novo specific behavioral memory, but neither memory nor plasticity was consistently at the frequency of the paired tone, which typically decreased in A1 representation. Rather, there was a specific match between individual subjects' area of expansion and the tone that was strongest in each animal's memory, as determined by post-training frequency generalization gradients. These findings provide the first demonstration of a match between the artificial induction of specific neural representational plasticity and artificial induction of behavioral memory. As such, together with prior and present findings for detection, correlation and mimicry of plasticity with the acquisition of memory, they satisfy a key criterion for neural substrates of memory. This demonstrates that directly remodeling sensory cortical maps is sufficient for the specificity of memory formation.Peer reviewedAuthor's Manuscript is also available open access in PubMed Central: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23639876
Edição anotada e estudo das narrativas históricas de Alexandre Herculano situadas entre 1367 a 1433.
No full textThis thesis proposes a annotated edition and a study of the historical narratives of
Alexandre Herculano located between 1367-1433, Arras forum for Spain, The vault,
and Castle of Faria in this period include the reign of Ferdinand and D . John I. Such
narratives were published at the beginning of the Portuguese Romanticism initially in
journals of Portuguese journals then were gathered in volumes with other historical
narratives of the author, and published under the title Legends and Lore. This research
was developed from concern over the lack of this material in our academic context, it is
noteworthy that other works of Herculaneum are much more affordable and therefore
more known and studied, for example, the novels The Fool ( 1843), Eurico the priest
(1844), and the Monk Cistercian (1848). This annotated edition proposal, we intend
school player, college player, even the lay reader in general. Therefore, we intend to put
the scope of this public an issue with notes to assist them while reading these stories, to
have an enriched text with relevant information to clarify and enable a better
understanding of it.
Keywords: Historical Narratives; Annotated Edition; Alexandre Herculano.Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de edição anotada e um estudo das narrativas
históricas de Alexandre Herculano situadas entre 1367 a 1433, Arras por Foro de
Espanha, A Abóbada, e O Castelo de Faria. A este período compreendem o reinado de
D. Fernando e D. João I. Tais narrativas foram publicadas no início do Romantismo
português, inicialmente, em periódicos de revistas portuguesas, em seguida, foram
reunidas em volumes com outras narrativas históricas deste autor, e publicadas sob o
título de Lendas e Narrativas. Esta pesquisa desenvolveu-se a partir da inquietação
suscitada pela carência deste material em nosso contexto acadêmico. Vale ressaltar, que
outras obras de Herculano são bem mais acessíveis, e por consequência mais conhecidas
e estudadas, como, por exemplo, os romances O Bobo (1843), Eurico o Presbítero
(1844), e O Monge de Cister (1848). Nesta proposta de edição anotada, temos em vista
o leitor escolar, o leitor universitário, até mesmo, o leitor leigo em geral. Por isso,
pretendemos colocar ao alcance deste público uma edição com anotações que os
auxiliem durante a leitura destas narrativas, ao terem um texto enriquecido com
informações pertinentes que esclareçam e possibilitem sua compreensão.
Palavras Chave: Narrativas históricas; Edição anotada; Alexandre Herculano
Emprisonnement, déchéance et abandon : Fort-de-France vue par Alfred Alexandre = Imprisonment, Degradation and Abandoning : Fort-de-France Seen by Alfred Alexandre
No full textThis article analyses Alfred Alexandre’s novel Bord de Canal (2004), in which the capital of Martinique turnes into a setting for human decay. The description of squalid environments,
populated by human debris, shows the lack of interest by the administration in taking responsibility for the lot of the most deprived inhabitants. They end up confined to working-class areas in inhuman living conditions. Through an analysis of places symbolising this degraded and degrading urban environment, which is transformed into a place of social exclusion and persecution, the study shows the renewal of the literary treatment of the city by Alexandre, an author of the post-creolité.Cet article propose une analyse du roman d’Alfred Alexandre
Bord de Canal (2004) où la capitale de la Martinique se révèle
un théâtre de déchéance humaine : l’évocation de milieux sor-
dides habités par des loques humaines montre le manque d’in-
térêt de la part de l’administration pour s’assumer le sort des
habitants les plus démunis qui se trouvent finalement confi-
nés dans les quartiers populaires dans des conditions de vie
inhumaines. À travers l’analyse de lieux symboles de ce cadre
urbain dégradé et dégradant, qui se transforme en lieu d’ex-
clusion et de persécution sociales, l’étude montre le renouveau
du traitement littéraire de la ville chez Alexandre, auteur de la
post-créolité
Cohomological analysis of partial differential equations and secondary calculus
No full textThis book is dedicated to fundamentals of a new theory, which is an analog of affine algebraic geometry for (nonlinear) partial differential equations. This theory grew up from the classical geometry of PDE's originated by S. Lie and his followers by incorporating some nonclassical ideas from the theory of integrable systems, the formal theory of PDE's in its modern cohomological form given by D. Spencer and H. Goldschmidt and differential calculus over commutative algebras (Primary Calculus). The main result of this synthesis is Secondary Calculus on diffieties, new geometrical objects which are analogs of algebraic varieties in the context of (nonlinear) PDE's. Secondary Calculus surprisingly reveals a deep cohomological nature of the general theory of PDE's and indicates new directions of its further progress. Recent developments in quantum field theory showed Secondary Calculus to be its natural language, promising a nonperturbative formulation of the theory. In addition to PDE's themselves, the author describes existing and potential applications of Secondary Calculus ranging from algebraic geometry to field theory, classical and quantum, including areas such as characteristic classes, differential invariants, theory of geometric structures, variational calculus, control theory, etc. This book, focused mainly on theoretical aspects, forms a natural dipole with Symmetries and Conservation Laws for Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics, Volume 182 in this same series, Translations of Mathematical Monographs, and shows the theory "in action"
Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Intercalators: Principles, Design, Synthesis, Applications and Trends
No full textIn the present overview, we describe the bases of intercalation of small molecules (cationic and polar neutral compounds) in DNA. We briefly describe the importance of DNA structure and principles of intercalation. Selected syntheses, possibilities and applications are shown to exemplify the importance, drawbacks and challenges in this pertinent, new, and exciting research area. Additionally, some clinical applications (molecular processes, cancer therapy and others) and trends are described
On div-curl for higher order
No full textLet d be an exterior derivative operator acting on differential forms on R
n, defined by
d: Λq(R
n
) 7→ Λq+1(R
n
), 0 ≤ q ≤ n.
In [Math. Res. Lett. 12 (2005), no. 1, 57–61; MR2122730], E. M. Stein and the first
author of the paper under review established the inequality
(LS) kukLn/(n−1)(Rn) ≤ C
kdukL1(Rn) + kd
∗ukL1(Rn)
,
which holds for any form u of degree q other than q = 1 (unless d
∗u = 0) and q = n − 1
(unless du = 0). Inequality (LS) connects the celebrated Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequality
kfkLn/(n−1)(Rn) ≤ Ck∇fkL1(Rn)
and the Bourgain-Brezis inequality
kZkLn/(n−1)(Rn) ≤ CkCurlZkL1(Rn)
for divergence-free vector fields.
In the present work, the authors prove an appropriate analogue of inequality (LS) for
a new class of differential operators of higher orders.
{For the collection containing this paper see MR3309083
Against Fraud For Fame Reflected In Alexandre Dumas’s Novel The Black Tulip (1850): A Sociological Approach
No full textThis study aims to determine the fraud for fame in the novel The Black Tulip by using sociological approach. That was done by setting three goals: the first is to identify the fraud indicator in the literary work, the second is to describe how fraud to fame in the literary work, and the last is to know the reason Alexandre Dumas raised the issue of fraud to fame in the literary work. This type of research is qualitative research. In this method, the author uses two data types namely primary data and secondary data. The primary data is the study of The Black Tulip novel, written by Alexandre Dumas. Secondary data is data taken from biographies of authors, articles, books electronically, books and other sources that support the analysis. The first result of this study is to know the fraud for fame that reflected in The Black Tulip novel based on the indicators, that is cunning, slander, trick and dishonesty. The second is how fraud for fame describing in the literary work through the character and characterization, events, setting of place, and style. The last, the reason of Alexandre Dumas addressed fraud in the literary work is to make the reader know that the act of fraud to success is an incorrect act. In gaining success and fame, the most important thing is an honesty
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