410 research outputs found
Which Kind of Science Is Construction Management?
No full textIt is argued that the mainstream views on the nature of construction management are insufficient, and as one consequence of this, the relevance of construction management has been questioned. As a solution to this situation, construction management is suggested to be repositioned as a design science, rather than as an explanatory science. A historical consideration reveals that design science equals to one of the sciences proposed by Aristotle, however, the suggestion of Aristotle has been forgotten. Thus, there has been a long-standing neglect of the design science, which explains the present fragmentation of this field. It is argued that this redefinition of construction management will solve several problems plaguing this discipline, including the problem of relevance
Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete on the Example of the Company Betoonimeister AS
No full textBetoon ühe enimkasutatud ehitusmaterjalina omab suurt efekti kogu ehitussektori keskkonnamõjule.
Olelusringi hindamine on heaks tööriistaks erinevate komponentide mõjude hindamiseks nii
projekteerijatele, ehitajatele kui ka materjalitootjatele. Keskkonnasäästlik mõtteviis on juurdumas üle
terve maailma ja erandiks ei ole ka Eesti, kus erinevad keskkonnateemad äratavad üha enam avalikkuse
tähelepanu. Maailm on muutustes ja koos sellega peavad muutuma ka senised arusaamad ja
tõekspidamised ning fookus tuleb suunata teemadele, mis varasemalt pole justkui eriti tähtsad olnud.
Olelusringi hindamise abil on võimalik kujundada riigi keskkonnapoliitikat, hinnata materjalide sobivust
ja viia läbi toote arendustegevusi.
Käesoleva lõputöö raames seadis autor betooni olelusringi hindamiseks raamistiku ning valis hinnatavad
komponendid. Üheselt on selge, et suurim mõjur olelusringi hindamisel on tsement. Tsemendi suur
olulisus tuleneb tootmise väga suurest energiamahukusest. Betoonitootjal on siinkohal väga vähe
võimalusi tulemuste mõjutamiseks.
Lõputöö raames kaardistati erinevate tsementide mõju betoonisegule ja leiti, et kõige väiksema mõjuga
on AS Kunda Nordic Tsement toodetav komposiittsement CEM II 42,5A-M(T-L) 42,5R, mille
kasutamisel, võrreldes hariliku komposiittsemendiga, on võimalik vaadeldud betoonisegus vähendada
globaalse soojenemise potentsiaali kuni 12% ning fossiilsete ressursside vähenemise potentsiaali kuni
19%. Lisaks tsemendi mõjule tõi autor välja ka teiste komponentide ja nende transpordi mõju betooni
olelusringile.
Olelusringi hindamise käigus selgusid võimalikud parenduskohad ning autor koostas parendusettepanekud
ning katseplaani ettepanekute toimivuse tõestamiseks. Erinevate teooriate tõestuseks
koostati lisaks vaadeldud betoonile kaks uut retsepti ja toodeti katseseeria. Laboratoorsed katsed näitasid,
et lisaks mõistlikule tsemenditüübi valikule on võimalik betoonisegusid optimeerides ning taastatud
materjale kasutades vähendada täiendavalt globaalse soojenemise potentsiaali kuni 7 %, sealjuures
olulisel määral suurendamata fossiilsete ressursside vähenemise potentsiaali.
Käesoleva lõputöö tulemustest lähtuvalt on näha, et ettevõte on astunud juba varasemalt samme
keskkonnateadlikuma majandamise suunas, võttes kasutusele betoonijääkide käitlusseadmed. Sellel ei
ole täna küll olelusringi seisukohalt suurt mõju, kuid selle abil on võimalik vähendada survet
50
põhjaveevarudele ning vältida betoonitootmise jääkide sattumist ümbritsevasse keskkonda. Saadud
tulemuste baasilt on ka taastatud täitematerjale võimalik senisest mõistlikumalt majandada.
Lisaks annab lõputöö autor ettevõttele mõned soovitused: kasutada tootmises enam keskkonnasõbralikumaid komposiittsemente, mille toimivus käesolevas uurimistöös tõestatud sai; kasutada enam taastatud täitematerjale; teha teavitustööd tarbijate teadlikkuse tõstmiseks ja harjumuste muutmiseks; luua eraldi tootesari „Roheline betoon“ teadlikule tarbijale.The aim of this graduation thesis Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete on the Example of the Company
Betoonimeister AS is to examine concretes impact on the environment, using life cycle assessment
method.
In theoretical part author gives an overview of concrete, concrete aggregates, concrete properties and life
cycle assessment method. Concrete, as one of the most widely used building materials, has a major
influence on the environmental impact of the entire construction sector. Life cycle assessment is a good
tool to evaluate the impacts of different components for projectors, constructors and material
manufacturers. Environmentally friendly thinking, where various environmental issues are attracting
more and more public attention is spreading all over the world and Estonia is no exception. The world is
changing and the current perceptions and beliefs must change with it. The focus must be on topics that
have not seemed to be very important in the past. Life cycle assessment makes it possible to shape the
country's environmental policy, to evaluate the suitability of materials and carry out product development
activities.
In empirical part of this graduation thesis, the author set the framework for the assessment of the life
cycle of concrete and selected the components to be evaluated. It is clear, that the biggest factor in life
cycle assessment of concrete is cement. The great importance of cement is due to the very high energy
consumption of its production. The concrete manufacturer has very little opportunity to influence the
results here. As part of the thesis, the effect of different cements on the concrete mix was reviewed and
it was found that using composite cement CEM II 42.5A-M (TL) 42.5R, produced by AS Kunda Nordic
Tsement, instead of regular portland cement, can reduce the impact on global warming potential up to
12% and the potential for depletion of fossil resources up to 19%. In addition to the effect of cement, the
author also pointed out the effect of other components and their transport on the life cycle of concrete.
During the life cycle assessment, possible areas for improvement were identified. The author prepared
improvement recommendations and a test plan to prove the effectiveness of those recommendations. In
order to prove different theories, in addition to the observed concrete, two new recipes were composed
and a series of test specimen were produced. Laboratory tests have shown that, in addition to a reasonable choice of cement type, it is possible to further reduce the global warming potential up to 7% by
optimizing concrete mixes and using reclaimed materials, without significantly increasing the potential
for fossil resource depletion.
Based on the results of this graduation thesis, it can be seen that the company has already taken steps
towards more environmentally conscious management by setting up concrete waste recycling equipment.
It does not have a major impact on life-cycle, but it can reduce the pressure on mining mineral resources,
the pressure on groundwater resources and also prevent concrete production residues from entering the
environment. Based on the obtained results, it is also possible to manage the restored aggregates more
effectively than before.
In addition, author of this graduation thesis gives some recommendations to the company: to use more environmentally friendly composite cements, of which effectiveness was proved in
the present research; use more reclaimed aggregates; carry out outreach to raise consumer awareness and change their habits; to create a separate product line "Green Concrete" for the aware consumer
Textualising an Oral Epic – Mission Completed
No full textDr.Phil., docent Lauri Harvilahti is the director of the Folklore Archives of the Finnish Literature Society. His main fields of specialty are systems for the archiving of oral tradition materials, studies on oral and literary epics and questions of ethnic and national identity.In this article the author briefly examines three cases that represent Lauri Honko’s views on the textualisation of oral epics. Furthermore, these examples offer an insight into the concept of the paradigm, which was a key concept for Lauri Honko in the field of folkloristics and in the study of religion. The three case studies are as follows:
1. A literary folk epic based on an oral tradition: the ‘singing scribe’ Elias Lönnrot, who compiled a number of versions of his Kalevala on the basis of Kalevala-metric folk poems.
2. An epic based on multimedia documentation/ fieldwork: the Siri Epic, sung by Gopala Naika. He was an erudite singer, who used to perform the epic on ritual occasions or in the work-song context.
3. An epic based on an archived oral tradition: the long epic of the Setu female singer Anne Vabarna, who produced a twin epic with the encouragement of the collector Armas Otto Väisänen, who dreamt about writing down such an epic.
These three examples all belong to the ‘second life’ category of folklore in the sense that all of them have been produced outside the ‘system of communication’ which maintains an item of folklore in its original setting
Building of Reinforced Concrete Structural Framing, Comparison and Opportunities for Substitution on the Example of the Main Building of the Estonian National Museum
No full textKäesolevas lõputöös on vastavalt lähteülesandele uuritud Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone raudbetoonkarkassi konstruktsioone, toodud võrdlused teiste Eestis ehitatud hoonete analoogsete tehniliste lahendustega ja pakutud alternatiivsed võimalused, mis tagaksid ressursside efektiivsema ning ratsionaalsema kasutamise Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone ehitustegevusel. Erinevate konstruktsioonide võrdlusi koostades on selgunud, et Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone projekteerijate poolt paljud üledimensioneeritud raudbetoonkonstruktsioonid nõuavad ehitusprotsessis oluliselt suuremat materjali-, aja- ja tööjõukulu, mis muudavad ehituse maksumuse kallimaks. Samuti on loodud arhitektuurelemente, mis paiknevad piiratud juurdepääsuga ruumides ning on vaadeldavad vaid muuseumi töötajate ja ventilatsiooniseadmete hooldajate poolt, kuid ruumide kasutuse seisukohalt on tegemist ebaratsionaalsete lahendustega. Eestis varem ehitatud analoogseid hooneid uurides võib järeldada, et hoonele vajalik stabiilsus ja kandevõime on tagatav saledamate ning kergemate konstruktsioonidega. Saadud kogemuse põhjal saab järeldada, et ehitatava muuseumihoone vahelaed oleks mõistlik teostada monteeritavatest elementidest, mis säästaks aega ja muudaks ehituse tervikuna odavamaks. Ehitustegevuse ajal ilmastikust tingitud mõjutegureid on sel juhul samuti vähem. Lõputöös on ehitatava Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone raudbetoonkonstruktsioonidele kulutatavate ressursside maht arvutatud nii reaalsetes tingimustes ehitades kui konstruktsioonide alternatiivset lahendust kasutades ning toodud välja konkreetsed näitajad, mis tõestavad ressursside efektiivsemaid kasutusvõimalusi. Lõputöö koostamisega paralleelselt sama muuseumihoone projekti elluviimine ja igapäevaselt objektil selle hoone praktiline ehitamine on aidanud paremini mõista, kuidas ja kuhu konstruktsioonides koormused liiguvad. Kujunenud oskused võimaldavad tulevikus hoone projekti alusel paremini hinnata projekteeritud kandvate konstruktsioonide lahenduste ratsionaalsust vastavalt hoone otstarbele ja teha koostööd projekteerijatega optimaalsete lahenduste leidmisel. Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone keldri kandva konstruktsiooni näitel on käesolevas lõputöös pakutud alternatiivne konstruktsiooniline lahendus, mille kasutamine võimaldaks säästa materjale, rahalisi vahendeid ja lühendada ehituseks kuluvat aega. Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone ehitusel objektiinsenerina igapäevaste tööülesannete täitmise ning samaaegselt lõputöö kirjutamise tulemusena on saadud selgemad arusaamad projekteerimise efektiivsusest ja oskused projekteeritud kandvate konstruktsioonide lahenduste ratsionaalsuse hindamiseks. Ebamõistlikke ja kulurohkeid tegevusi ehitusobjektil saab vähendada ja vältida, kui projekteerimisfaasis toimub konstruktsiooniliste lahenduste leidmiseks edukas koostöö ehitajate, projekteerijate ja arhitektide vahel. Tulemuseks on ressursside optimaalne kasutamine, kus materjali-, aja- ja tööjõukulude säästmine võimaldab vähendada ehituse maksumust tervikuna. Ehitustegevusele kuluvat aega saab oluliselt lühendada, kui kasutada tehases toodetud elemente ja neid objektil kokku monteerida. Hoone konstruktsioonide kandevõime peab vastama hoone kasutamise otstarbele, kordades suurema kandevõimega konstruktsioonide projekteerimine ei ole põhjendatud. Efektiivne projekteerimine loob eeldused optimaalsete kuludega hoone ehitamiseks.According to a project specification, “Building of reinforced concrete structural framing, comparison and opportunities for substution on the example on the main building of the Estonian National Museum”, the author of this final paper, studies the structures of reinforced concrete framing of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum, gives examples of comparison with other built in Estonia buildings featuring the analogical technical solutions and provides the alternative solutions that would ensure more efficient and rational use of resources in building activity in regard with the Estonian National Museum. While making comparisons between different constructions, the author realized that a process of building too many over-dimensioned reinforced concrete structures of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum require significantly bigger material consumption, greater time and labour costs which will result in higher cost of construction. At the same time, some architectural elements were designed that locate in the rooms with restricted access and are only visited by the museum personnel and the ventilation equipment maintenance technicians, however, as far as the use of the rooms is concerned, we can talk of impractical solution. Studying some analogical constructions, built in Estonia earlier, one may come to a conclusion that the load bearing capacity and stability required for the building can be ensured by use of lighter and thinner structures. Based upon the acquired data, the author realized that floors of the museum building under construction should be made from assembled elements, which would save time and make the construction of the entire building cheaper. This solution will also result in fewer external weather factors that might affect the construction. The final paper contains a volume of resources going to be spent on construction of the reinforced concrete framing of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum, calculated both for construction in real conditions and adopting the alternative structural solution; the research also contains specific data which gives evidence of the more effective feasibility. Along with the compilation of the final paper the author spent every day on site implementing the design and erecting the museum building, and he began to better realize how and where structural loads spread. For the future the author would be able to better assess the practicability of bearing structure solutions on a basis of project according to the intended use of building and ensure cooperation with design engineers with the aim of finding optimal solutions. On the example of the basement bearing structure of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum the final paper provides the alternative structural solution, the implementation of which would help save materials and finance and reduce the construction time. While performing everyday job assignments on site in course of the construction of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum and writing the final paper at the same time, the author acquired better understanding of the design efficiency and skills of assessing rationality of bearing structures design. Unreasonable and costly activities in situ could be reduced and avoided if in the stage of design the effective cooperation between builders, designers and architects would be ensured with the aim of finding structural solutions. The cooperation might result in the optimal use of resources when saving material, time and labour costs result in reduction of total construction cost. The time spent on construction can be significantly reduced if prefabricated elements are used for assembling in situ. Bearing capacity of structures must correspond to the intended use; engineering design of structures with many-fold bearing capacity is unreasonable. The efficient design will predetermine construction at optimal cost
Veridicity
No full textThis paper addresses the problem of assessing the veridicity of textual content. Has an event mentioned in the text really occurred? Who is the source of the information? What is the stance of the author of the text? Does the author indicate whether he believes the source? We will survey some of linguistic conventions that indicate the author's commitment, or the lack thereof, to the propositions contained in her text. In particular we discuss phenomena that have been studied as presuppositions or conventional implicatures in previous literature. Some of those, such as factive and non-factive verbs, have received extensive attention in the past. Some others, such as supplemental expressions (e.g. appositives, parentheticals), have not received much previous attention, although they are very common and a rich source of textual inferences. A recent study by Christopher Potts classifies supplemental expressions as conventional implicatures. We agree with Potts on the label but not on what it means. In contrast to Potts, we claim that supplemental expressions cannot always be treated as the author's direct commitments and argue that they do not constitute a basis for a distinction between presuppositions and conventional implicatures. We illustrate some cases of conventional implicature and show how they indicate an author's commitment to the truth of his statements and briefly state the importance of these distinctions for Information Extraction (IE)
Christopher Bolton, Interpreting Anime; Thomas Lamarre, The Anime Ecology: A Genealogy of Television, Animation, and Game Media
No full textIt is the year 2019 and we now live in the present of the cataclysmic event credited for first introducing the world beyond Japan to anime. I am of course talking about Akira (1988), the seminal feature-length animated film, which, as the author of one of the books reviewed here puts it, took its contemporary audiences by wonder and surprise. In a way, then, what was once part of a distant and imaginary future has somehow already become our present. And while now effectively caught up with this post-apocalyptic fantasy, there still appears to be an ongoing and unresolved battle about whether anime can be taken and discussed seriously. Scholarship is still striving to come to terms with what anime is or could be used for. Interpreting Anime by Christopher Bolton and The Anime Ecology by Thomas Lamarre aim to advance the subfield and surpass previous work; despite differences in purpose and scope, both treat anime seriously and often playfully too. Inasmuch as these efforts come from the two editors of the long-running Mechademia series (since 2006 also published by University of Minnesota Press, arguably the pioneer in the field of anime studies), the establishment of authority is also at stake here. Arguably, contrasting these two major contributions to anime scholarship will help elucidate their respective ambitions and achievements, insights and blind spots
Stephensia staudingeri Nielsen & Traugott-Olsen 1981
No full text<i>Stephensia staudingeri</i> Nielsen & Traugott-Olsen, 1981 <p> <i>Stephensia staudingeri</i> Nielsen & Traugott-Olsen, 1981: 245. Type locality: Greece, Rhodos, Rodini. Holotype ♂, in ZMUC.</p> <p>Distribution: Palearctic. Greece (Rhodos).</p> <p> Larval host plant(s): <i>Origanum</i> sp. (Lamiaceae) (Nielsen & Traugott-Olsen (1981).</p> <p>Figs.: Nielsen & Traugott-Olsen (1981).</p> <p> Remarks: Specimens reported outside Rhodos and re-examined by the present author are all referable to <i>S. brunnichella</i>. Parenti & Pizzolato (2014) synonymized <i>S. staudingeri</i> with <i>S. brunnichella</i> without explanation. Examination of the holotype of <i>S. staudingeri</i> by the present author confirms the differences between these taxa given in the original description of <i>S. staudingeri.</i> Therefore this synonymy is not followed here.</p>Published as part of <i>Kaila, Lauri, 2019, An annotated catalogue of Elachistinae of the World (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Elachistidae), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4632 (1)</i> on page 153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4632.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3335414">http://zenodo.org/record/3335414</a>
Russia and International Law
No full textThe starting point of the article is Lauri Mälksoo’s recent book ‘Russian Approaches to International Law’. He focuses on Russia before and after the period of the Soviet Union. mälksoo knows his theme extremely well and discusses both the scholarship and State practice. Regarding the period of the Russian Federation, the Author of the article picks up his understanding of ‘progressive’ and ‘conservative’ in russian thinking – in human rights law, in economic law, and regarding the use of armed forces – and disagrees with him to some extent. Unlike mälksoo’s book, this article also comments on the position of international law in the foreign policy of the Soviet Union and divides its 70 years – together with the russian Federation’s 25 years – into six different periods. The Author then leaves Mälksoo and focuses on international law in the foreign policy of the Federation during this decade, including the full U-turn of the leading russian experts to support the illegal russian annexation of Crimea. The latest cause for concern comes from the russian-led international Collective Security Treaty organization (CSTo – having six members), where, according to the new Collective Security Strategy, the parties agree to take joint action to prevent any ‘color revolutions’ like the Maidan revolution in Ukraine, where the people challenged the corrupt President. None of the members of the CSTO are democratic
Recurrent digital fibromatosis of childhood
No full textThe Author report on a case of recurrent digital fibromatosis in a chil
Memorates and memory. Reevaluation of Lauri Honko’s theory.
No full textThis paper deals with the phenomena where culture and society influence the content of personal experiences. It confronts psychological knowledge about autobiographical memory and folkloristic theories associated with the concept of memorate – a personal experience narrative which is build upon a supernatural belief. Autobiographical memory is not a vessel in which static information is deposited and later recalled; rather it is a dynamic process of repeated construction and reconstruction of memories, which is subject to many internal and external influences. Ideas and concepts, widespread in society, dreams and beliefs, stories and experiences of others, can be, and often are incorporated into autobiographical memories. Similarly folklorists found out that memorates (personal experience narratives) often consist of traditional elements. The author of this paper argues that the theory of Lauri Honko regarding the formation and transmission of memorates (1964) largely coheres with psychological knowledge about autobiographical memory. This kind of social contagion of memory suggests a possibility for a specific form of cultural transmission of beliefs and concepts related to experiences
- …
