40 research outputs found
Multi-Scale Mechanical Behavior of Liquid Elium® Based Thermoplastic Matrix Composites Reinforced with Different Fiber Types: Insights from Fiber–Matrix Adhesion Interactions
No full textKorean Fiber SocietyElium® liquid thermoplastic resin, with room-temperature curing and recyclability, enables large-scale production. However, limited research exists on the fiber–matrix interface, and understanding micro-scale interactions is key to influencing the composite’s macro-scale mechanical properties. This study investigates the interfacial adhesion of glass, carbon, basalt, and aramid fibers-reinforced liquid Elium® thermoplastic matrix composites at micro-, meso-, and macro-scales. Contact angle measurements show 53-56º for glass fibers, indicating superior wettability with the Elium® matrix, while carbon, aramid, and basalt fibers exhibit 58-62º, 73-74º, and 79-86º, respectively. Micro-bond tests demonstrate the highest load-carrying capacity in the interface between glass fibers and the matrix, with glass fibers carrying 11.4 more load than carbon fibers and 25.8 more than basalt fibers. Fiber bundle tests, including transverse and 45° fiber bundle tests, highlight the superior load-carrying performance of glass fibers, with all fiber types showing increased load-carrying capacities in the 45° tests. The micro-scale and meso-scale data obtained from micro-bond and fiber bundle tests corroborated the results of the macro-scale interlaminar shear stress (ILSS) tests, confirming the significant influence of the fiber–matrix interface on the mechanical integrity of the composites. The shear strength at the glass/Elium® interface was 47.54MPa, which was 8.5 higher than carbon, 20.3 higher than aramid, and 25.9 higher than basalt interfaces. These findings advance our understanding of the mechanical behavior and interfacial adhesion in thermoplastic matrix composites. They underscore the crucial role of the fiber/matrix interface in determining the mechanical properties of composites and offer insights into the compatibility of diverse fiber reinforcements with the innovative Elium® matrix. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the Korean Fiber Society 2024
Evaluation of boron nitride nanoparticles on delamination in drilling carbon fiber epoxy nanocomposite materials
No full textWOS: 000478849600001The reinforcements of nanoparticles have an important role in improving the machinability of nanocomposite materials. Except for the known nanoparticles such as carbon nanotube, graphene, nanoclay, etc., the effect of boron nitride reinforcement on the machinability of composite materials are a recent research topic. In this study, boron nitride nanoparticle was introduced to the matrix resin that brings about additional strength and enhancement in thermal and mechanical properties of the composite. Though it was confirmed that this composition enhances the focused properties, it is necessary to investigate drilling performance of these composite and identify the effects of this boron nitride nanoparticle on machinability of carbon fiber epoxy nanocomposite considering thrust force, delamination factor, etc. Accordingly, while the thrust force is increased by reinforcement of the boron nitride nanoparticles, on the contrary of literature, delamination factor is tend to reduce as compared with reference composite. This experimental study shows the addition of boron nitride nanoparticles help to reduce delamination factor of carbon fiber epoxy nanocomposite. In addition, hole surfaces and drilling mechanism analyzed with optical and scanning electron microscope about damage estimation
Quasi-Static tensile loading performance of Bonded, Bolted, and hybrid Bonded-Bolted Carbon-to-Carbon composite Joints: Effect of recycled polystyrene nanofiber interleaving
No full textClick on the DOI link to access this article (may not be free).Although hybrid bolted/bonded (HBB) joints possess each joint technique's benefits, the adhesive layer performance significantly affects the load-carrying capacity of hybrid joints. Nanofiber interleaving has become an efficient solution to improve the adhesion performance of bonded and HBB joints. This paper reveals the effectiveness of polystyrene (PS) nanofibers interleaving on the mechanical properties of adhesively bonded and HBB single lap joints (SLJs). For this purpose, PS nanofibers are produced via electrospinning from wasted polymers as a nature-friendly implementation. The PS nanofiber mats were interleaved between adherends as a reinforcement layer, and specimens were tested under quasi-static tensile loading. A significant improvement was seen in the peak load value of 10% for the HBB joint, and the fracture energy of the bonded joint increased by 15% with PS nanofiber modification. The failure modes of PS-reinforced specimens developed as more gradually progressive compared to neat specimens thanks to the compatibility of the recycled PS nanofiber with the epoxy and improved adhesive layer performance with PS modification. Furthermore, the morphological analyses of post-fracture specimens were monitored to realize the damage and nano-toughness mechanisms
A novelty optimization approach for drilling of CFRP nanocomposite laminates
No full textNumerous problems are encountered in drilling of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials (CFRP) such as delamination, tool wear etc. Delamination has been recognized as a major damage encountered when drilling composite laminates. In the present study, machinability and the effects of cutting speed and feed rate upon thrust force and delamination formation in carbon nano tube (CNT)-added carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) and CFRP were investigated. With this purpose, the experiments were planned. The response surface analysis has been carried out to study the main and the interaction effects of the machining parameters. By using the Taguchi method, cutting parameters' degrees of influence were determined. A new multi-objective optimization for the appropriate drilling process of these composite materials was proposed and an analytical optimization technique was applied. Appropriate cutting parameters of thrust force and delamination factor were found and the optimization results showed that the combination of low feed rate with high cutting speed is necessary to minimize delamination in drilling of CFRP.The machinability refers to the relative ease or difficulty under certain cutting conditions. So, it is very important to understand the factors that affect the machinability and to evaluate their effects. Machinability of Epoxy/CF and CNT-Epoxy/CF was investigated. It was aimed to evaluate the machinability of these materials. A new machinability index has been developed in current study. It was found out that machinability of Epoxy/CF is better than CNT-Epoxy/CF.Selcuk University Manufacturing System Automation and Computer Aid Design and Production Research and Application Center; BAP Office; Turkish Scientific Research InstitutionThe authors wish to acknowledge Selcuk University Manufacturing System Automation and Computer Aid Design and Production Research and Application Center and BAP Office with the Turkish Scientific Research Institution for the support and contribution
Evaluation of boron nitride nanoparticles on delamination in drilling carbon fiber epoxy nanocomposite materials
No full textThe reinforcements of nanoparticles have an important role in improving the machinability of nanocomposite materials. Except for the known nanoparticles such as carbon nanotube, graphene, nanoclay, etc., the effect of boron nitride reinforcement on the machinability of composite materials are a recent research topic. In this study, boron nitride nanoparticle was introduced to the matrix resin that brings about additional strength and enhancement in thermal and mechanical properties of the composite. Though it was confirmed that this composition enhances the focused properties, it is necessary to investigate drilling performance of these composite and identify the effects of this boron nitride nanoparticle on machinability of carbon fiber epoxy nanocomposite considering thrust force, delamination factor, etc. Accordingly, while the thrust force is increased by reinforcement of the boron nitride nanoparticles, on the contrary of literature, delamination factor is tend to reduce as compared with reference composite. This experimental study shows the addition of boron nitride nanoparticles help to reduce delamination factor of carbon fiber epoxy nanocomposite. In addition, hole surfaces and drilling mechanism analyzed with optical and scanning electron microscope about damage estimation
The effect of nanoclay particles on the incubation period in solid particle erosion of glass fibre/epoxy nanocomposites
No full textDuring erosion tests of glass fibre/epoxy nanocomposites, an incubation period emerged because of the embedding of abrasive particles into the target material. In this study, the effect of this period on solid particle erosion behaviour was investigated for glass fibre/epoxy composites with the addition of nanoclay. The surface erosion characteristics of the composites were obtained by solid particle erosion tests using angular alumina particles with a size on the order of 400 μm as the erodent. The tests were conducted using impact velocities of ~23 or ~34 m/s and impingement angles of 30°, 60° or 90° as operating conditions. The eroded surfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope to characterise the incubation mechanisms taking place in the nanocomposites. The glass fibre/epoxy composite without nanoclay (the pure test specimen) had the highest erosion resistance when compared to the composites with a nanoclay additive in ratios between 1% and 3% by weight. The findings of this study indicate that the agglomeration and weak compatibility of nanoclay, glass fibre and epoxy affected the results
Production of CNT added carbon fiber reinforced epoxy nanocomposites and examination of drilling parameters
No full textKompozit malzemeler uzay, havacılık, taşımacılık ve inşaat gibi birçok alanda üstün özelliklerinden dolayı önem arz etmektedir. Delme işlemi kompozit malzemelerin montajında en önemli son işleme prosesi olarak kullanılmakta ve savunma, havacılık ve otomobil endüstrilerinde oldukça yaygındır. Bu çalışma, karbon elyaf kompozit malzemelerin delme performansı ve delik kalitesini belirlemek için farklı kesme parametrelerinde, kaplamasız sinterlenmiş karbür uç kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Delme işlemi 50 m/dk, 67 m/dk ve 90 m/dk kesme hızlarında ve 0.005 mm/dev, 0.05 mm/dev, 0.1 mm/dev, 0.2 mm/dev ve 0.4 mm/dev ilerleme oranlarında yapılan kuru delme deneyinde, iş parçası olarak saf ve nanopartikül katkılı nanokompozit malzeme kullanılmıştır. Kesme parametreleri itme kuvveti, deformasyon faktörü ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Nanopartikül katkılı kompozit malzemelerde deformasyon faktörü ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü açısından daha iyi sonuçlar alınmıştır. Ayrıca delik yüzeyleri Elektron Taramalı Mikroskop ile görüntülenmiş ve yüzey morfolojileri incelenmiştir.Composite materials are attractive for many applications (such as aerospace and aircaft structural components, transporting and structure areas) due to their superior properties. Mechanical drilling operation is an important final machining process for components made of composite materials. The drilling proccess has generally been used in defending, aeronautic and automotive industry. In this study, drilling performance and hole quality were investigated in drilling cutting parameters which contains cutting speed and feed rate by using uncoated cemented carbide drill bit on the machining of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. The drilling process was performed in 50, 57, 90 m/min cutting speeds, and 0.005, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mm/rev feed rates. The pure and nanoparticles added nanocomposite materials were used as work piece material in the experiments. Effect of cutting parameters are associated thrust force, deformation factor and surface roughness. The results taken from view of deformation factor and surface roughness by nanoparticles added nanocomposite materials were higher efficent. In addition, the photographs of hole surfaces were taken under the Scaning Electron Microscope (SEM) and surface morphology were examined on these photograps
Low‐velocity impact response of halloysite nanotube reinforced glass/epoxy multi‐scale composite. Part 1: Dynamic loading performance
No full textOne of the biggest obstacles to fiber-reinforced composite laminates is out-of-plane dynamic loading. Specifically, low-velocity impact loading in an out-of-plane direction leads to matrix cracking, delamination, and fiber breakage damages due to weak fiber-matrix interactions. This paper aims to examine the dynamic loading behavior of nano reinforced glass/epoxy composite laminates under various impact energies. Moreover, to enhance fiber-matrix interaction, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) with lower cost among the nanotube morphologies such as carbon and TiO2 were introduced to the epoxy matrix. The impact performance and the damage propagation were also investigated. As a result, the HNT-reinforced multiscale composite sample had 28% more impact load carrying capacity and absorbed 18% less energy than its unmodified counterpart. Image processing was utilized to determine the damage evaluation by analyzing both front and back surfaces. The improvement of the fiber-matrix interface with HNTs reinforcement resulted 59% and 46% less damage to the front and back damage surfaces, respectively. The acquired results were supported by macro-size examination and micro-size analyzing via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These results pave the way towards designing fiber reinforced composites to be utilized for the transportation of dangerous liquids such as acids or solvents.Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship of Amasya University [FMB-BAP 20-0441]The Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship of Amasya University, Grant/Award Number: FMB-BAP 20-044
Comparative analysis of thermoplastic and thermoset adhesives performance and the influence on failure analysis in jointed elium-based composite structures
No full textClick on the DOI link to access this article (may not be free).The preference for thermoplastic composites over thermoset ones is steadily growing, especially in constructing resilient, lightweight, and fuel-efficient structures in industrial settings due to their recyclability and superior energy absorption. Elium®, an acrylic-based thermoplastic resin, offers enhanced stiffness and improved toughness at room temperature. Investigation into elium-based composites with diverse fiber reinforcements has revealed elium's potential as an alternative to traditional thermoset epoxy resins. This study explores recyclable elium resin as an adhesive for creating curable and non-permanent joints in various elium-based composites. Various joining techniques, including adhesive bonding, mechanical joints, and hybrid bolted/bonded connections, were assessed, with hybrid bonded/bolted (HBB) joints emerging as a preferred solution for structures requiring higher load-carrying capacity. The study's results indicate that, when using elium adhesive, elium-hybrid bolted/bonded (HBB) joints demonstrate superior mechanical strength compared to their epoxy counterparts, resulting in improved toughness and stiffness values for each type of composite material. In addition, the research demonstrates superior load-bearing strengths in bonded glass/elium composite joints using elium adhesive compared to bolted joints, with HBB joints featuring elium adhesive displaying even higher load-bearing strengths. This research highlights the potential of elium-based composites and adhesives in various industrial applications, enabling the production of lightweight, robust structures with exceptional damage tolerance.This project was financed by the Scientific & Technological Research Council of Turkey (Grant No: TUBITAK 1002?221M699)
Out-of-plane static loading performance of lightweight aluminum/composite FML structures for retrofitting applications: Effectiveness of bonded, bolted and hybrid bonded/bolted joining techniques under hydrothermal aging environment
No full textClick on the DOI link to access this article (may not be free).This study evaluates the mechanical response for different flexural loading direction scenarios of the fiber metal laminates (FMLs), an aluminum structure retrofitted with basalt fiber-reinforced epoxy-based composites for aircraft applications. The static bending load-carrying effectiveness under hydrothermal aging of FMLs joining with bolted, bonded, and hybrid bolted/bonded (HBB) techniques were investigated, and damage formations were discussed through post-fracture morphological analyses. Besides, the adhesive was modified by adding halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) to increase the bond durability, especially against the aging environment. Test results showed that HBB structures generally provided superior aging durability compared to other connection types. It was also concluded that the basalt/aluminum FMLs exhibit a more effective load-carrying performance when the aluminum component is positioned under the neutral axis, preventing abrupt load drops. For untreated, wet, and dried conditions, the load-carrying capacities of HBB (nano-adhesive and four bolts) specimens exhibited enhanced load-bearing performance by 24-34%, 25-42%, and 29-30% compared to neat-adhesively bonded samples. Moreover, HBB structures improved performance for the same conditions by 114-141%, 127-155%, and 102-146%, respectively, compared to only-bolted (two bolts) specimens. This study provides insights into the potential use of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer composites BFRPCs in retrofitting aluminum for aerospace applications
