2,440 research outputs found
Industrial practitioners' mental models of adversarial machine learning
No full textAlthough machine learning is widely used in practice, little is known about practitioners' understanding of potential security challenges. In this work, we close this substantial gap and contribute a qualitative study focusing on developers' mental models of the machine learning pipeline and potentially vulnerable components. Similar studies have helped in other security fields to discover root causes or improve risk communication. Our study reveals two facets of practitioners' mental models of machine learning security. Firstly, practitioners often confuse machine learning security with threats and defences that are not directly related to machine learning. Secondly, in contrast to most academic research, our participants perceive security of machine learning as not solely related to individual models, but rather in the context of entire workflows that consist of multiple components. Jointly with our additional findings, these two facets provide a foundation to substantiate mental models for machine learning security and have implications for the integration of adversarial machine learning into corporate workflows, decreasing practitioners' reported uncertainty, and appropriate regulatory frameworks for machine learning security
Avoidance Orientation and the Escalation of Negative Communication in Intimate Relationships.
No full textKuster M, Bernecker K, Backes S, et al. Avoidance Orientation and the Escalation of Negative Communication in Intimate Relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2015;109(2):262-275
The Effect of Domestication and Experience on the Social Interaction of Dogs and Wolves With a Human Companion
No full textThe results of current wolf-dog studies on human-directed behaviors seem to suggest that domestication has acted on dogs’ general attitudes and not on specific socio-cognitive skills. A recent hypothesis suggests that domestication may have increased dogs’ overall sociability (hypersociability hypothesis). The aim of the present study was to test one aspect of the hypersociability hypothesis, whereby dogs should be more interested in social human contact compared to wolves, and to investigate the relative roles of both domestication and experience on the value that dogs attribute to human social contact. We compared equally raised wolves and dogs kept at the Wolf Science Center (WSCw, WSCd) but also dogs with different human socialization experiences i.e., pet dogs and free-ranging dogs. We presented subjects with a simple test, divided in two phases: in the Pre-test phase animals were exposed to two people in succession. One person invited the animal for a social/cuddle session (contact provider) and the other fed the animal (food provider). In the Test phase, animals could choose which of the two persons to approach, when both stood in a neutral posture. We directly compared WSCd with WSCw and free-ranging dogs with pet dogs. We found that in the Pre-test, WSCd and free-ranging dogs spent more time with the contact provider than WSCw and pet dogs, respectively. The results regarding the free-ranging dog and pet dog comparison were surprising, hence we conducted a follow-up testing pet dogs in a familiar, distraction-free area. Free-ranging dogs and this group of pet dogs did not differ in the time spent cuddling. In the test phase, WSCd were more likely than WSCw to approach the two experimenters. However, neither for the WSCd-WSCw comparison nor for the free-ranging dogs-pet dogs comparison, we could find a clear preference for one person over the other. Our findings support the idea that domestication has affected dogs’ behavior in terms of their overall interest in being in proximity with a human partner also in case of dogs with a relatively sparse socialization experience (free-ranging dogs). However, it remains unclear what the driving motivation to interact with the human may be
Drought responses at leaf, stem and fine root levels of competitive Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. trees in dry and wet years
No full textThe inter-annual variability of four growth-related parameters (light-saturated photosynthesis A,,, leaf area index L, annual stem diameter growth S, and fine root production P) was investigated together with various leaf water status parameters in adult Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea trees during five summers with weak, moderate or severe soil water deficit. Study aims were (i) to identify differences in drought sensitivity among the tree organs (leaf, stem or root) and between the tree species, and (ii) to test the hypothesis that differences in whole-tree drought response are relevant for competition between Fagus and Quercus in Central European mixed stands. Drought had only weak or no influence on A,, and L of the two species during the 5 years; the only exception being a severe drought in 1990 with an A,,, reduction of Fagus by 30%. Stem diameter growth of Fagus was significantly smaller in dry than in wet summers; in contrast, no clear stem growth/moisture relationship was detected for Quercus during the study period. Soil water deficits apparently stimulated fine-root,growth of Fagus during the dry mid-summer 1995, thus compensating for root biomass losses due to high root mortalities in this period. Quercus fine-root biomass and productivity were not significantly influenced by this drought. A higher drought sensitivity of stem diameter growth, fine-root production and photosynthesis in Fagus corresponded to a larger inter-annual variability of the predawn leaf water potential between wet and dry summers and generally smaller leaf conductances of this species compared to Quercus. Quercus was less sensitive to drought in its growth processes, but showed larger inter-annual variabilities of the osmotic potentials of the leaf symplasm and of the seasonal minima of bulk leaf turgor compared to Fagus. Thus, Fagus is competitively superior in mixture with Quercus despite its higher sensitivity to soil water deficits. It is concluded that a whole-plant perspective rather than a leaf-centred view of drought response is needed to predict the consequences of water shortage for ecosystem-level processes, such as tree competition and succession driven by climate change. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Contribuições da Estratégia Mãe-Bebê São-Borjense para a qualificação da rede de atenção à saúde materno-infantil
No full textMalgarin C, Malgarin M, Naujorks AA, Sousa FGM, Hämel K, Backes DS. Contribuições da Estratégia Mãe-Bebê São-Borjense para a qualificação da rede de atenção à saúde materno-infantil. Revista de Enfermagem da UFSM. 2020;10(e94):1-19
Backdoor smoothing: Demystifying backdoor attacks on deep neural networks
No full textBackdoor attacks mislead machine-learning models to output an attacker-specified class when presented a specific trigger at test time. These attacks require poisoning the training data to compromise the learning algorithm, e.g., by injecting poisoning samples containing the trigger into the training set, along with the desired class label. Despite the increasing number of studies on backdoor attacks and defenses, the underlying factors affecting the success of backdoor attacks, along with their impact on the learning algorithm, are not yet well understood. In this work, we aim to shed light on this issue by unveiling that backdoor attacks induce a smoother decision function around the triggered samples - a phenomenon which we refer to as backdoor smoothing . To quantify backdoor smoothing, we define a measure that evaluates the uncertainty associated to the predictions of a classifier around the input samples. Our experiments show that smoothness increases when the trigger is added to the input samples, and that this phenomenon is more pronounced for more successful attacks. We also provide preliminary evidence that backdoor triggers are not the only smoothing-inducing patterns, but that also other artificial patterns can be detected by our approach, paving the way towards understanding the limitations of current defenses and designing novel ones
Avoidance orientation and the escalation of negative communication in intimate relationships
No full textAvoidance goals heighten the salience of negative social experiences, and in intimate relationships such an orientation may contribute to communication difficulties and the perpetuation of avoidance. We therefore hypothesized that individuals with stronger avoidance goals would be particularly prone to engage in escalating levels of negative communication with their intimate partner, and we tested this prediction by conducting sequential analyses on videotaped observational data (28,470 observations) collected from 365 heterosexual couples engaging in a relationship-related conflict. While less avoidance-oriented spouses showed a decline in their likelihood of negative communication over the course of the 8-min conflict discussion, the likelihood that more avoidance-oriented spouses would display negative communication behaviors remained at a high level. The likelihood of negative communication even increased when avoidance-oriented spouses were confronted with negative communication behavior of their partners. The effects of avoidance orientation were independent of relationship satisfaction and neuroticism. These findings demonstrate that avoidance goals underlie individuals’ heightened reactivity to the partner’s negative behavior, while also clarifying 1 possible reason why some individuals engage in communication behaviors that may prove maladaptive to their relationship
Liderança dialógica: perspectivas na formação dos enfermeiros-líderes
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem.O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral compreender o exercício da liderança como competência profissional na prática desenvolvida pelo enfermeiro em hospitais gerais de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. E como objetivos específicos: conhecer a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da liderança, identificar os desafios vivenciados na prática da liderança, por enfermeiros que foram técnicos de enfermagem, compreender os principais conflitos vivenciados pelos enfermeiros-líderes no ambiente hospitalar, bem como as estratégias adotadas para seu enfrentamento e analisar as estratégias utilizadas pelos enfermeiros que facilitam a adoção da liderança dialógica no ambiente hospitalar. Com o intuito de fundamentar o estudo, utilizou-se o referencial teórico de Paulo Freire, o qual permitiu a reflexão e tessitura de novas perspectivas frente à formação do enfermeiro-líder. A pesquisa retrata uma abordagem qualitativa do tipo descritiva, na qual foi usado o estudo de caso como estratégia de investigação. Participaram do estudo 25 enfermeiros que trabalham em três hospitais da cidade de Florianópolis, destes 10 trabalham no Hospital Imperial de Caridade, 10 no Hospital Universitário Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago e cinco no Hospital Governador Celso Ramos. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, sob o número do Processo 658/10. As informações foram obtidas de maio a dezembro de 2010. Para coleta dos dados realizou-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas, observação não-participante, totalizando 100 horas de observação e oficinas dialógicas, sendo realizadas três oficinas, uma em cada hospital. Os dados foram analisados por meio da proposta operativa de Minayo, emergindo três temas: Formação do enfermeiro-líder, Exercício da Liderança na prática profissional e Estratégias que facilitam o exercício da liderança, os quais foram desdobrados em categorias e subcategorias, destacando-se quatro categorias: Processo de ensino aprendizagem da liderança, Ascensão profissional, Gerenciamento de conflitos e Liderança dialógica. A partir dos resultados, salienta-se a ênfase do tecnicismo na formação e a adesão dos docentes a práticas pedagógicas que se aproximam da transmissão do conhecimento e a escassa abertura para o diálogo, características da educação tradicional, também denominada de educação bancária. Sobre a ascensão profissional, evidenciou-se que Ser enfermeiro e atender as responsabilidades que lhe são atribuídas, bem como a liderança da equipe de enfermagem consistem nos principais desafios vivenciados na prática da liderança por enfermeiros que foram técnicos de enfermagem. Também foi possível identificar o predomínio de conflitos de origem interpessoal envolvendo a equipe multiprofissional e de enfermagem. Os primeiros ocorrem devido a relações de poder e de dificuldades em limitar as ações de cada profissional em seu campo de atuação, já os conflitos entre o enfermeiro e a equipe de enfermagem estão relacionados principalmente a falta de continuidade no trabalho. Ao analisar as estratégias utilizadas pelos enfermeiros que facilitam a inserção da liderança dialógica no ambiente hospitalar, destacaram-se: o diálogo, humildade, dar o exemplo, resolutividade, reuniões e trabalho em equipe. O reconhecimento destas estratégias permite que os enfermeiros possam colocá-las em prática, a fim de potencializar o gerenciamento do cuidado e da equipe de enfermagem, colaborando para a melhor qualidade da assistência. Defende-se que a Liderança dialógica, quando inserida ao longo do processo ensino-aprendizagem do enfermeiro, poderá contribuir para a formação de profissionais politizados, críticos e reflexivos, além de auxiliar na construção de relações horizontais no ambiente de trabalho, que permitem trocas de conhecimentos e aprimoramento coletivo, o gerenciamento de situações conflitantes e a fomentação de espaços que possibilitem a participação ativa dos enfermeiros, equipe e usuários, enquanto atores sociaisThe present study has as objective to understand the exercise of leadership and professional competence in the practice developed by the nurse in the general hospitals in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. And as specific objectives: identify the challenges experienced in daily work, by nurses who were nursing technicians, understand the main conflicts experienced by nurses-leaders in the practice of leadership, as well as the strategies adopted to confront and analyze the strategies used by nurses to facilitate the insertion of dialogic leadership in the hospital. For support, we used the theoretical framework of Paulo Freire, which allow the fabric of thought and new perspectives facing the education of the nurse- leader. The study reflects a qualitative descriptive type, which was used in the case study as research strategy. 25 nurses that work in three hospitals in the city of Florianopolis participated in the study, out of these 10 works in the Imperial Charity Hospital, 10 in the University Hospital Polydoro Ernani of St. James and 05 in the Governor Celso Ramos Hospital. The study was approved by the Ethics and Human Research Committee of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, under the Case Number 658/10. The information where obtained from May to December of 2010. The data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews, non participant observation, totaling 100 hours of observation and dialogical workshops, in which three workshops were held, one in each hospital. The data were analyzed using the proposed Minayo operative, three themes emerged: the nurse-leader training, Exercise Leadership in professional practice and strategies that facilitate the exercise of leadership, professional Ascension, Conflict Management and Leadership dialogue. From the results, highlight the emphasis of technicality in the formation and support of teachers to teaching practices that are close to the transmission of scarce knowledge and openness to dialogue, characteristics of traditional education, also called banking education. On career advancement, it became clear that being a nurse and meeting the responsibilities assigned to it, as well as the leadership of the nursing team consists of the main challenges experienced in daily work, by nurses who were nursing technicians. It was also possible to identify the predominant source of interpersonal conflicts involving the multidisciplinary team and nursing. The first occurs due to relationships of power and difficulties in limiting the actions of each professional their field, since conflicts between the nurse and the nursing staff are primarily related to lack of continuity at work. By analyzing the strategies used by nurses to facilitate the insertion of dialogic leadership in the hospital, stood out: dialogue, humility, lead by example, solving of problem, and team meetings. The recognition of these strategies allow the nurses to put them into practice in order to enhance the management of care and nursing staff, contributing to a better quality of care. It is argued that dialogical leadership, when inserted along the teaching-learning process of the nurse, could contribute to the formation of politicized professionals, critical and reflective, apart from helping in the construction of horizontal relationship in the work environment, that allows the exchanges of collective knowledge and collective improvement, the management of conflict situations and nurturing spaces that allow the active participation of nurses, staff and users as social actor
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