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El dilema de Gelio en Noctes Atticae XIV 2: enfoques legales y éticos en los procesos judiciales
No full textAt Noctes Atticae XIV 2, Aulus Gellius describes a case over which he presided and in which he was unable to reach a final verdict. His indecision revolves around the mismatch between the moral characters of the litigants and the state of evidence (or lack thereof). This paper takes a close look at the role of Favorinus, who quotes Cato the Elder in an attempt to help Gellius make a decision. Linking the anecdote to larger debates about character-based argumentation in the court, the present paper argues that Gellius is not exactly confused by a contradiction in the evidence, but rather that he cannot decide between two different evaluative frameworks that could be used for resolving the problem: ethics and the law.En sus Noctes Atticae XIV 2, Aulo Gelio describe un caso que presidió como juez, y en el que fue incapaz de pronunciar un veredicto. Su indecisión está relacionada con el desequilibrio entre las características éticas de los litigantes y las pruebas (o la falta de ellas). Este trabajo examina el papel desempeñado por Favorino, que cita a Catón el Viejo con la intención de influir sobre Gelio para que, como juez, tomase su decisión. Enlazando esta anécdota con los debates modernos en torno a los argumenta ex persona en los juicios, este artículo defiende que Gelio no estaba confundido por una contradicción entre las pruebas, sino que, simplemente, no podía escoger entre ética y ley, los dos marcos de evaluación que podía haber utilizado para resolver el problema
Biasmos em Dionísio de Halicarnasso: A violação de Ília nas Antiquitates Romanae
Get PDFThis article examines the use of the word biasmos in Dionysius of Halicarnassus’ Antiquitates Romanae. This word, which has been seen as the closest equivalent to modern conceptions of rape, is quite rare in Greek literature; however, it is attested in several times in Dionysius’ history, always in relation to the rape of Ilia/Rhea Silvia. Analyzing the attestations of this lexeme in Dionysius and beyond, this paper asks why the Greek historian opted for this rare word, which he eschews when narrating other acts of sexual violence, in this particular case. Analyzing the contexts in which the word appears as well as the connotations with which the cognate bia in the Antiquitates Romanae, the paper argues that the lexical choice helps highlight important themes for this section of the Antiquitates Romanae, including Ilia’s status as a victim of a violent act and the characterization of this rape as the inappropriate use of force.Neste artigo analisa-se o uso da palavra biasmos na obra Antiquitates Romanae de Dionísio de Halicarnasso. Tal palavra, considerada por vários estudiosos como estando próxima das noções contemporâneas de violação, raramente aparece na literatura grega. Todavia, Dionísio usa-a várias vezes, relacionando-a sempre com a violação de Ília/Reia Sílvia. Analisando as atestações do lexema neste autor, em particular, e na tradição sucedânea, a presente reflexão procura indagar o motivo pelo qual o historiador grego optou pelo uso de uma palavra pouco empregada, que evita quando fala de outros atos de violência sexual na sua obra historiográfica. Ao interpreter os contextos em que o termo aparece, assim como as conotações associadas ao nome bia no Antiquitates Romanae, o artigo sustenta que tal escolha lexical ajuda a esclarecer temas importantes desta parte da obra, nomeadamente o estatuto de Ília enquanto vítima e o uso inapropriado da força
Callidus and Comedy: a New Argument for an Old Etymology
No full textIn the corpora of republican authors and the glosses of late antique grammarians, the lexemes callidus and calliditas are used to describe a certain variety of intelligence, which is often translated into English as “cleverness” or “cunning.” This paper looks more closely at these lexemes in order to explain how the root call- (“hard”) came to be associated with mental capacity and acuity. In short, I argue that the type of intelligence that callidus originally denoted ought to be linked to the brutal treatment of slaves and the coping mechanisms that they had to develop in light of their condition as chattel. Not only is this violent form of education depicted in Plautus’ comedies, but its implications and logic can also be found in later authors such as Cicero
Biasmos em Dionísio de Halicarnasso A violação de Ília nas Antiquitates Romanae
Get PDFThis article examines the use of the word biasmos in Dionysius of Halicarnassus’ Antiquitates Romanae. The word, which several scholars have seen as a rough equivalent to contemporary conceptions of rape, is quite rare in Greek literature; however, it is found several times in Dionysius’ history, always in relation to the rape of Ilia/Rhea Silvia. Analyzing the attestations of this lexeme in Dionysius and beyond, this paper asks why the Greek historian opted for this rare word, which he avoids when narrating other acts of sexual violence in his history. Interpreting the contexts in which the word appears as well as the connotations associated with the noun bia in the Antiquitates Romanae, the paper argues that the lexical choice helps highlight important themes in this section of the Antiquitates Romanae, including Ilia’s status as a victim and the inappropriate use of force.Neste artigo analisa-se o uso da palavra biasmos na obra Antiquitates Romanae de Dionísio de Halicarnasso. Tal palavra, considerada por vários estudiosos como estando próxima das noções contemporâneas de violação, raramente aparece na literatura grega. Todavia, Dionísio usa-a várias vezes, relacionando-a sempre com a violação de Ília/Reia Sílvia. Analisando as atestações do lexema neste autor, em particular, e na tradição sucedânea, a presente reflexão procura indagar o motivo pelo qual o historiador grego optou pelo uso de uma palavra pouco empregada,
que evita quando fala de outros atos de violência sexual na sua obra historiográfica.
Ao interpreter os contextos em que o termo aparece, assim como as conotações associadas ao nome bia no Antiquitates Romanae, o artigo sustenta que tal escolha lexical ajuda a esclarecer temas importantes desta parte da obra, nomeadamente o estatuto de Ília enquanto vítima e o uso inapropriado da força
Is There Anything Purus about Horace’s Sermo Merus? Everyday Language in Satire, Rhetoric and New Comedy
No full textIn Satires 1.4, Horace makes the disingenuous claim that his poems are not really poetry, but rather what he calls sermo merus. Previous scholars have correctly linked this collocation to Cicero’s sermo cotidianus and larger debates about style and everyday language. However, there is more lurking behind the Horatian collocation. This article reads Horace’s sermo merus against sermo purus, a common descriptor of the so-called plain style of oratory. Far from being synonymous, these adjectives point towards different kinds of purity. An analysis of their use in rhetorical manuals and Plautine comedy reveals that Horace is toying with the different ways that everyday speech could be appropriated and represented in Roman literature. Whereas an orator’s artful words can at times masquerade as plain, everyday language, we find a highly aestheticized representation of that same linguistic register in new comedy. The collocation sermo merus gestures towards these ways of using language and helps Horace stake a place for his Satires
Cicero, Zeuxis and Aristotle: Bolstering Auctoritas in De inventione Book 2
Get PDFIn the preface to book 2 of De inventione, Cicero narrates how Zeuxis painted his renowned Helen at Croton before explaining the working methods of Aristotle. These stories serve as analogues for the Roman’s own process of researching and composing De inventione. This article examines the argumentative purpose and form of the preface in order to address the longstanding debate over whether the preface truly belongs to the treatise or was appended somewhat haphazardly. Given Cicero’s standing as a young homo novus at the time of composition, the preface, despite being rather misleading, was useful for increasing his own authority. Additionally, the argumentative strategy of the preface harks back to several of the praecepta laid out in book 1. Accordingly, the paper argues that the preface should be seen as integral to the larger De inventione and that it can be analyzed as a useful — albeit complex — example of the importance of inventio for making a compelling argument. Dans la préface du livre 2 de De inuentione, Cicéron raconte comment Zeuxis peignit sa célèbre Hélène à Crotone avant d’expliquer les méthodes de travail d’Aristote. Ces récits servent d’analogues au propre processus de recherche et de composition du De inuentione par le Romain. Cet article examine le but argumentatif et la forme de la préface afin de répondre au débat de longue date sur la question de savoir si la préface appartient réellement au traité ou si elle y a été ajoutée de manière quelque peu hasardeuse. Étant donné la position de Cicéron en tant que jeune homo nouus au moment de la composition, la préface, bien qu’assez trompeuse, fut utile pour accroître sa propre autorité. De plus, la stratégie argumentative de la préface renvoie à plusieurs des praecepta exposés dans le livre 1. En conséquence, l’article soutient que la préface doit être considérée comme faisant partie intégrante du De inuentione dans son ensemble et qu’elle peut être analysée comme un exemple utile — bien que complexe — del’importance de l’inuentio pour construire un argument convaincant.Nella prefazione al libro 2 del De inventione, Cicerone narra come Zeusi dipinse la sua celebre Elena a Crotone prima di spiegare i metodi di lavoro di Aristotele. Questi racconti servono da analoghi per il processo stesso di ricerca e composizione del De inventione da parte del Romano. Questo articolo esamina lo scopo argomentativo e la forma della prefazione al fine di affrontare il dibattito di lunga data sulla questione se la prefazione appartenga realmente al trattato o se vi sia stata aggiunta in modo alquanto casuale. Data la posizione di Cicerone come giovane homo novus al momento della composizione, la prefazione, sebbene piuttosto fuorviante, fu utile per accrescere la sua autorità. Inoltre, la strategia argomentativa della prefazione richiama diversi dei praecepta delineati nel libro 1. Di conseguenza, l’articolo sostiene che la prefazione debba essere considerata parte integrante del più ampio De inventione e che possa essere analizzata come un esempio utile — seppur complesso — di come l’inventio sia cruciale per costruire un argomento convincente. 
Using ancient myth to address sexual violence in the 21st-century classroom: An analysis of two Spanish textbooks
Get PDFAssimilating Foreigners into Nascent Rome’s Imperium: Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Livy on Rome’s First Expansion
Get PDFThrough a comparison of how Dionysius and Livy depict the rape of the Sabine women and Rome’s subsequent wars with her Latin neighbors and Titus Tatius’ Sabines, this paper analyzes how these two historians understand the early expansion of Roman imperium. While previous scholarship has argued that Livy presents a rather sanitized version of the integration of the Sabine women into Roman society, less attention has been paid to Dionysius’ depiction of this process. A comparison with Livy shows how instead of conceiving of the process as easy or seamless, Dionysius includes a steady stream of details that point to the difficulty and messiness of this process. Particular attention is paid to the depiction of violence, childbirth and political integration to highlight the meaningful differences between the each historian’s telling of Rome’s nascent empire.Esta contribución analiza el modo en que Dionisio y Tito Livio entienden la temprana expansión del imperium romano a través del estudio de los pasajes relativos al rapto de las Sabinas y a las consiguientes guerras con los pueblos vecinos, tanto los latinos como los sabinos de Tito Tacio. Si bien es cierto que la historiografía tradicional ha defendido que Livio ofrece una versión edulcorada de la integración de las sabinas en la sociedad romana, también lo es que menos atención ha recibido el relato de Dionisio de Halicarnaso, quien presenta un panorama más complejo. Así, al compararlo con Livio, se demuestra cómo el heleno está lejos de concebir este proceso como fácil o ininterrumpido, incluyendo un flujo continuo de detalles que apuntan a la gran dificultad y al caos imperante en el mismo. Especial atención se presta al modo en que cada historiador representa la violencia sexual, el alumbramiento y la integración política, para así subrayar las diferencias entre los relatos de estos dos autores sobre el naciente imperium romano
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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