31 research outputs found
Misclassification of smoking status among women in relation to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
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Oriental enlightenment: the problematic military experiences and cultural claims of Count Maurice Auguste comte de Benyowsky in Formosa during 1771
No full textMaurice Benyowsky's colourful version of his global adventures during the heady, expansive days of the late-Enlightenment remains still as an historical account, and is perhaps destined for reification at a time of romantic, postmodernist cultural affirmation. Yet this paper argues that within it there lies a virile and possibly dangerous Orientalism, one at least partially based upon a lurid, opportunistic and self-seeking fabrication of his visit to Taiwan (Formosa) in the year 1771. This paper examines the veracity, provenance and historiography of the Benyowsky account of late-eighteenth century Formosa, both as an exercise in one facet of Taiwanese history and as some exploration of the origin and maintenance of European views of the "other" and of the "orient" as they were transforming during the late-Enlightenment period. Furthermore a principal task is to provide an historiographical analysis that illustrates both the initial reasons for the acceptance of Benyowsky's lurid account as well as the wider contexts of its long life as a seemingly reliable and authentic tale. Questions remain as to the cultural contexts of any general acceptance of otherwise doubtful stories, experiments, claims and "adventures". Here there is little doubt that the original Memoirs were given greater credence by Benyowsky's talent in self-fashioning his character and status as those of a reliable gentleman
Aikidō and spirituality: Japanese religious influences in a martial art
Get PDFThis thesis examines spirituality in the Japanese martial art aikidō, which was created in the 1940s in Japan by Ueshiba Morihei. He described aikidō entirely in spiritual terms and claimed that it is an art of peace which leads religion to completion. The study has two aims: first, to show how spirituality, defined as ultimate concern and action directed towards it, is possible in the context of a martial art; second, to gain an overview of the original teaching of Ueshiba Morihei which has been fragmented and often misunderstood since his death. After considering some conceptual hindrances to appreciation of spirituality in the martial arts, the main themes of Japanese spirituality are identified in order to provide context for spirituality in aikidō. An analysis of Ueshiba's life and the evolution of aikidō is then given. Spirituality in this martial art is then evaluated by comparing the aikidō world view and method of practice with those of four religious belief systems influential in Japan: Daoism, Zen Buddhism, Shingon Mikkyō and Shinto. The research entailed reading and analysing primary and secondary documents concerning aikidō in several languages scattered in private archives and libraries, as well as discussion with a member of the Omoto organisation, consultation of library resources and quality internet sites. By positioning aikidō within a religious context, this work aims to provide a clearer understanding of the origins of aikidō in Japanese spirituality and the intent of its founder. In so doing, it hopes to contribute to removing some of the confusion which has surrounded this art's role as spiritual technique since it spread outside Japan
Do the nonsmoking daughters of smokers tend to marry smokers? Implications for epidemiological research on environmental tobacco smoke: the IARC collaborative study
No full textThe IARC collaborative study on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) involved collecting interview data and biochemical indicators of exposure from 1369 nonsmoking women in 13 centers in 10 countries. Information on childhood and adulthood exposure to other people's smoke and duration of this exposure from both parents and spouse was gathered at the interview. Of the 900 women whose husbands smoked (current or exsmokers), 71.3% had one or both parents who smoked (predominantly the father), whereas among the 277 women married to never-smokers, only 60.3% had at least one parent who smoked. The odds ratio for the daughter of a smoker to marry a smoker was, therefore, 1.64 (95% confidence interval = 1.24-2.17; P > 0.001), and there was an exposure-response relation between the number of years of childhood exposure to ETS from the parents and the likelihood of being married to a smoker. These results show that nonsmoking women married to smokers are more likely to have been exposed to tobacco pollution during their whole life. Because the duration of exposure is known to be important in the genesis of lung cancer, some of the excess risk of lung cancer in nonsmoking women married to smokers may be due exposure to ETS from parents during childhood.published_or_final_versio
The histories and cultures of evidence utilisation: The cases of medical oncology and haematology
No full textAs outlined in our introduction to this book, the idea of EBM or EBP, for biomedical clinicians, is to apply the best evidence to the clinical condition they are presented with. However, while EBM may seem to be mere commonsense, in actuality, and particularly in the context of specialties like medical oncology and haematology, it presents a plethora of ideological, epistemological and practical issues. We argue here that for oncology clinicians operating at a grassroots level there is often a disconnection between EBM (and processes of standardisation) and the actual character of contemporary oncological work (De Vries and Lemmens 2006). Furthermore, the very value judgements and subjectivities that often go unrecognised in an EBM framework are actually critically important skills in oncology and haematology practice (Tredaniel et at. 2005). In oncology such disjunctions are accentuated with the constant development of new interventions (Joannidis, Schmid and Lau 2(00) combined with the omnipresent need to 'try new things' with potentially terminal patients where standard treatments do not work. As outlined in Chapter I, increased standardisation can produce a conflict between res ipsa loquitur ('the thing speaks for itself') and objective scientific evidence in any given medical context. This tension between what is happening and what should be happening is greatly enhanced in oncology as the reality of the patient dying while receiving chemotherapy (which was statistically likely to cure them) can be hard to reconcile with the clinical evidence available (Cox 2000). The focus on evidence and standardisation is ultimately partnered with a diminishment in acceptance (or allowance of) the diagnostic art or clinical judgement, thus silencing the individual clinician and the patient by simultaneously suppressing the role of illness narratives and the 'expert eye' in medical work (Greenhalgh 1999). As Goldenberg (2006) suggests, an EBM framework tends to ignore the phenomenology of illness; the embodied, experiential facets of being treated (the patient experience) and treating (the doctor's experience). Given these issues it is perhaps unsurprising that EBM is not atways well received and can be difficult to actuahse in oncology contexts (De Vries and Lemmens 2006, Lambert 2006). Exactly how differently positioned oncologyl clinicians manage the practice of EBM; how they utilise forms of expertise in clinical practice; and, how they augment this with clinical intuition is largely unknown. As such, in this chapter we focus on how EBM is shaping experiences of medical work more broadly in oncology, its impacts on organisational hierarchies and expertise, and the experiences of different sub-specialities within oncology
Cisplatin increases PD-L1 expression and optimizes immune check-point blockade in non-small cell lung cancer
No full textThe number of clinical protocols testing combined therapies including immune check-point inhibitors and platinum salts is currently increasing in lung cancer treatment, however preclinical studies and rationale are often lacking. Here, we evaluated the impact of cisplatin treatment on PD-L1 expression analyzing the clinicopathological characteristics of patients who received cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and showed that cisplatin-based induction treatment significantly increased PD-L1 staining in both tumor and immune cells from the microenvironment. Twenty-two patients exhibited positive PD-L1 staining variation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy; including 9 (23.1%) patients switching from <50% to ≥50% of stained tumor-cells. We also confirmed the up-regulation of PD-L1 by cisplatin, at both RNA and protein levels, in nude and immunocompetent mice bearing tumors grafted with A549, LNM-R, or LLC1 lung cancer cell lines. The combined administration of anti-PD-L1 antibodies (3 mg/kg) and cisplatin (1 mg/kg) to mice harboring lung carcinoma significantly reduced tumor growth compared to single agent treatments and controls. Overall, these results suggest that cisplatin treatment could synergize with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade to increase the clinical response, in particular through early and sustainable enhancement of PD-L1 expression
Tendencias de mortalidade por câncer de estômago no Brasil entre 1996 e 2006
Get PDFTrabalho de Conclusão de Curso - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Curso de Medicina. Departamento de Saúde Pública
Cardiopulmonary toxicity after three courses of ABVD and mediastinal irradiation in favorable Hodgkin’s disease
No full textDose repartition in alveoli, alveolar ducts and bronchi of rats exposed to radon and its progeny, preliminary results
No full textRecently, micronuclei scoring has been performed to estimate doses delivered to the lungs after heterogenous irradiation induced after inhalation of radon and its progeny. These studies were limited to the deep lung after either extraction of alveolar macrophages (AM) by lavage (Taya et al., 1994, Johnson and Newton, 1994) or enzymatic dissociation of lung cells to initiate fibroblast cultures (Khan et al., 1994). Dose estimates were performed after comparison with micronuclei formation induced in vitro by irradiation with alpha particles
