2,180 research outputs found
Garra Hamilton 1822
No full text<i>GARRA</i> HAMILTON, 1822 <p> <i>Type species:</i> <i>Cyprinus (Garra) lamta</i> Hamilton, 1822 by subsequent designation of Bleeker (1863: 192).</p> <p> <i>Type locality:</i> Behar Province and Rapti River, Gorakhpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India.</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis:</i> Among cyprinids <i>Garra</i> is phylogenetically diagnosed by the following combination of apomorphic features: lower lip expanded posteriorly to form either an ovoid or circular callous pad or suctorial disc; vomero-palatine organ either vestigial or fully regressed; pectoral fins with the first two or more rays prominent and often unbranched; supraethmoid wider than long in dorsal aspect; cleithrum narrow and anteriorly elongate.</p> <p> In addition, the following combination of features distinguish <i>Garra</i> from other members of the labeonin subtribe Garraina: pharyngeal teeth in three rows, 2,4,5–5,4,2; dorsal fin with either ten or 11 rays, inserted slightly in advance of pelvic fins; anal fin with either eight or nine rays, situated well behind pelvic fins; diploid chromosome number 50.</p> <p> <i>Remarks: Garra</i> are generally benthic omnivores, feeding on attached algae, phytoplankton, and small invertebrates. Food is typically scraped off the substrate with sharp, keratinized jaw margins, and then sucked into the mouth by alternating dilation and con- traction of the buccopharynx. <i>Garra</i> have no stomach and the oesophagus leads directly to the intestine, from which it is separated by a sphincter. The length of the intestine varies according to dominant food type, being longer in those species feeding predominantly on plant material. The intestinal length (Int.L) shows marked variation between species and is a useful feature for species identification. Little confirmed sexual dimorphism or dichromatism has been reported. When ripe, more than 75% of the body cavity may be occupied by the gonads. Ripe females carry between 400 and 1000 ovarian eggs (average diameter 1.77 mm; Getahun, 2000). Breeding behaviour is poorly known but spawning migration of lacustrine species to rivers is presumed to occur.</p> <p> Although African species were poorly represented in Menon’s (1964) revision of <i>Garra</i>, that study provides a useful comparative taxonomic framework and a starting point for further investigation of the genus. Probably in reflection of limited sampling, Menon (1964) recognized only eight species of <i>Garra</i> from the African continent. Not included in that study, or described since, are <i>Garra allostoma</i> Roberts, 1990, <i>Garra congoensis</i> Poll, 1959, and <i>Garra lancrenonensis</i> Blache & Miton, 1960. Getahun (2000), in a taxonomic review of African <i>Garra</i>, resurrected <i>G. aethiopica</i> (Pellegrin, 1927), <i>Garra blanfordii</i> (Boulenger, 1901), and <i>Garra hindii</i> (Boulenger, 1905), and synonomized <i>Garra trewavasae</i> Monod, 1950, and <i>Garra tibanica</i> Trewavas, 1941, with <i>Garra ornata</i> (Nichols & Griscom, 1917) and <i>Garra quadrimaculata</i> (Ruppell, 1931), respectively. Including the five new species described herein, we recognize a total of 17 valid African species and an artificial key for their identification is provided here.</p>Published as part of <i>Stiassny, Melanie L. J. & Getahun, Abebe, 2007, An overview of labeonin relationships and the phylogenetic placement of the Afro-Asian genus Garra Hamilton, 1922 (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), with the description of five new species of Garra from Ethiopia, and a key to all African species, pp. 41-83 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1)</i> on pages 51-52, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00281.x, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5429392">http://zenodo.org/record/5429392</a>
Figure 5 in An overview of labeonin relationships and the phylogenetic placement of the Afro-Asian genus Garra Hamilton, 1922 (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), with the description of five new species of Garra from Ethiopia, and a key to all African species
No full textFigure 5. Anterior anal fin elements of (A) Barbus radiatus, (B) Garra dembeensis, and (C) Gobio gobio.Published as part of Stiassny, Melanie L. J. & Getahun, Abebe, 2007, An overview of labeonin relationships and the phylogenetic placement of the Afro-Asian genus Garra Hamilton, 1922 (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), with the description of five new species of Garra from Ethiopia, and a key to all African species, pp. 41-83 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00281.x, http://zenodo.org/record/542939
Garra regressus Stiassny & Getahun 2007, SP. NOV.
No full textGARRA REGRESSUS SP. NOV. (FIG. 11; TABLE 2) <p> <i>Garra microstoma</i> Getahun, 2000, <i>nomen nudum</i> [p. 92, unpubl. PhD thesis, preoccupied by <i>Garra microstoma</i> Mai (1978) and valid as <i>Discogobio microstoma</i> (Mai, 1978) (Kottelat, 2001)]</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis:</i> Unique among African <i>Garra</i> in possession of a small, acutely pointed head, narrow mouth, regressed rostral cap, and a fully exposed upper jaw.</p> <p> <i>Description:</i> Morphometric and meristic data for holotype and two paratypes given in Table 2. Maximum size: 121.8 mm SL (holotype, AMNH 228487). Currently known only from type series. All specimens relatively slender (body depth 19.8–20.6, m. 20.1% SL) and elongate, greatest body depth located at level of dorsal-fin origin. Head relatively short (19.7–21.0, m. 20.5% SL), snout acutely pointed and often studded with small tubercles, mouth narrow. Eye positioned a little posterior on head. Dorsal head profile rising steeply over snout, dorsum of head more-orless flattened, dorsal body profile smoothly convex to dorsal-fin origin. Disc type A, weakly developed and inconspicuous, without free posterior margin. Rostral cap thin and regressed leaving upper jaw exposed. Two pairs of small barbels, maxillary pair usually longest. Thirty-nine pored scales along lateral line; either eight or nine predorsal scales anterior to dorsal fin; either three or four scales from lateral line to origin of pelvic fin; either four or five scales from lateral line to origin of dorsal fin. Chest asquamate, belly with a few deeply embedded scales, and postpelvic region fully scaled. Dorsal-fin rays iii, seven, inserted well anterior to pelvic fin, with short subacuminate tip, first and second branched rays longest, extending slightly beyond last ray; posterior margin straight, posteriormost ray not extending to tip of pelvic fin. Predorsal length (distance between dorsal-fin origin and tip of snout) 44.0–46.3% SL. Anal-fin rays iii, five, with short subacuminate tip; posterior margin straight. Pectoral-fin rays iv, 11; pectoral length 17.5–21.0% SL. Vent located relatively close to anal fin (vent distance 19.3–23.8, mean 21.9%). Intestine very short (SL 108–116% Int.L). Gas bladder well developed and large (posterior chamber 21.7–24.9% SL).</p> ARTIFICIAL KEY TO <i>GARRA</i> OF THE AFRICAN CONTINENT 1. Two pairs of barbels (maxillary and rostral).................................................................................................................. 2 Single pair of (maxillary) barbels......................................................................................... <i>Garra duobarbis</i> (Ethiopia) 2. Rostral fold ventrally expanded and covering upper jaw; mouth broad.......................................................................3 Rostral fold not ventrally expanded and upper jaw exposed; mouth narrow.............................................................................................................................................................................................. <i>Garra regressus</i> (Ethiopia, Lake Tana) 3. Mental disc moderately to very well developed, with free lateral and posterior margins (Fig. 1B, C)......................4 Mental disc reduced to a central callus, sometimes with a narrow free posterior margin, but entirely lacking free lateral margins and papillate periphery (Fig. 1A)........................................................................................................ 144. Chest with either many, or some scattered scales..........................................................................................................5 Chest asquamate............................................................................................................................................................... 6 5. Lateral line scales 34–35; vent located close to anal fin (vent distance 8.6–19.1% of distance between anterior end of anal- and pelvic-fin insertions); eye median............................... <i>Garra quadrimaculata</i> (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia) Lateral line scales 40–42; vent located relatively far from anal fin (vent distance 29.3–30.2% of distance between anterior end of anal- and pelvic-fin insertions); eye posterior.... <i>Garra hindii</i> (Cameroon, Congo *, Kenya, Uganda) 6. Post-pelvic region asquamate........................................................................................................................................... 7 Post-pelvic region scaled................................................................................................................................................... 9 7. Body either with distinct midlateral band, or darker dorsally than ventrally; black spots in basal membrane of dorsal fin; predorsal region only partially scaled; region between vent and anal fin scaled............................................8 Uniformly pale body coloration; no markings in dorsal fin; fully scaled predorsal region; no scales between vent and anal fin........................................................................................................ <i>Garra blanfordii</i> (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan) 8. Between five and nine scales in predorsal region; body depth 14.9–16.8, m. 16.0% SL; intestine short (SL 95.0– 102.0% Int.L).................................................................................................................................. <i>Garra geba</i> (Ethiopia) Between zero and three scales in predorsal region; body depth 15.6–23.9, m. 20.4% SL; intestine moderately long (SL 39.0–42.0% Int.L)......................... <i>Garra dembeensis</i> (Cameroon, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania) 9. Predorsal region either naked or only partially scaled................................................................................................ 10 Predorsal region fully scaled.......................................................................................................................................... 11 10. Body and head markedly dorso-ventrally flattened (body depth 10.6–15.0, m. 11.9% SL); gas bladder extremely reduced, posterior chamber 3.1–3.8% SL................................................................. <i>Garra congoensis</i> (Angola, Congo *) Body depth 15.8–22.3, m. 17.8% SL; posterior chamber of gas bladder 6.2–10.0% SL................................................................................................ <i>Garra ornata</i> (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo *, Gabon, Guinea, Nigeria) 11. Either 29 or 30 scales on the lateral line; body depth 29.1–30.9, m. 30.0% SL; 27–28 vertebrae.............................................................................................................................................................................. <i>Garra ethelwynnae</i> (Eritrea) More than 34 scales on the lateral line; body depth less than 28.0% SL; more than 30 vertebrae......................... 12 12. Disc moderately developed (type B); dark ash-grey midlateral band to base of caudal peduncle; belly scaled; no tubercles on snout.............................................................................................................. <i>Garra aethiopica</i> (Ethiopia) Disc well developed (type C); body more-or-less uniformly dark on flanks; belly either asquamate or with only a few embedded scales; tubercles on snout............................................................................................................................. 13 13. Some scales on belly; distance from vent to anal fin 10.3–16.9, m. 13.6% of distance between anal- and pelvic-fin insertions; eye either median, or posterior in large specimens......................................... <i>Garra makiensis</i> (Ethiopia) Belly asquamate; distance from vent to anal fin 19.2–29.5, m. 18.2% of distance of anal- and pelvic-fin insertions; eye median........................................................................................................................................ <i>Garra ignestii</i> (Ethiopia) 14. Post-pelvic region asquamate, Ethiopian distribution.................................................................................................. 15 Post-pelvic region scaled, found in Cameroon and Tchad............................................................................................ 16 15. Length of caudal peduncle 20.4–22.3, m. 20.2% SL; either 39 or 40 scales in lateral line; intestine short (SL 62.7–79% Int.L); spots in basal membrane of dorsal fin either absent or small and faint................................................................................................................................................................................ <i>Garra tana</i> (Ethiopia, Lake Tana) Length of caudal peduncle 13.3–20.7, m. 16.8% SL; 37–38 scales in lateral line; intestine longer (SL 40–56% Int.L); either four or five elongate black spots in basal membrane of dorsal fin.......................................................................................................................................................................... <i>Garra dembecha</i> (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Tanzania) 16. Vent close to anal fin (vent distance 13.3–17.4% of distance between pelvic- and anal-fin insertions)................................................................................................................................................................... <i>Garra lancrenonensis</i> (Tchad) Vent situated relatively far from anal fin (vent distance 28.5–30.6% of distance between pelvic- and anal-fin insertions)............................................................................................................................ <i>Garra allostoma</i> (Cameroon) *Congo River basin. <p> <i>Colour in preservation:</i> Body dark brown dorsally, somewhat lighter brown below lateral line but not markedly so. In largest specimen (Fig. 11) traces of a dark midlateral band evident. Head, snout, cheek, and opercle: dark brown. Lips, lower cheek, gular region, and branchiostegal membranes: pale yellow brown. Dorsal and anal fins dark brown distally, paler proximally, with pale, creamy subacuminate tips. Either four or five discrete black spots between rays in basal membrane of dorsal fin. Caudal fin uniformly dark brown. Pelvic and pectoral fins light brown with pale leading edges.</p> <p> <i>Distribution and habitat:</i> Currently known from region of Gerima in southern part of Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Specimens were collected by trawl in papyrus beds close to shore (25–30 m) in water <i>c</i>. 2.5 m in depth.</p> <p> <i>Etymology: Regressus</i>, from the Latin regress, meaning to go back, in reference to the regressed rostral cap characteristic of the species.</p> <p> <i>Material examined – type material:</i> Holotype of <i>G. regressus,</i> AMNH 228487, 121.8 mm SL, Lake Tana, Gerima, <i>c</i>. 30 m off shore (11°35′N, 37°24′E); paratypes of <i>G. regressus,</i> AMNH 228487, two ex., one ex. C & S, 94.7–115.6 mm SL, same data as holotype.</p>Published as part of <i>Stiassny, Melanie L. J. & Getahun, Abebe, 2007, An overview of labeonin relationships and the phylogenetic placement of the Afro-Asian genus Garra Hamilton, 1922 (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), with the description of five new species of Garra from Ethiopia, and a key to all African species, pp. 41-83 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (1)</i> on pages 53-55, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00281.x, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5429392">http://zenodo.org/record/5429392</a>
Garra birostris Nebeshwar & Vishwanath 2014
No full textGarra birostris Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2014 (Fig. 6) Garra birostris Nebeshwar & Vishwanath 2014: 104, fig. 5. Type locality: Dikrong River and Doimukh, Papum Pare district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Holotype: MUMF 4302. Material examined. 1 Specimen, 88.7 mm SL, CNR 13037; Bhutan: Samdrup Jongkhar: Tikrikhola, D.B. Gurung & R.J. Thoni, October 20, 2013. Remarks. This species was encountered in a stream in southeastern Bhutan. It was identified by its prominent bi-lobed proboscis, tubercle pattern on the rostral lobe and depressed rostral surface, caudal-fin pigmentation, and overall body shape. There is a slight difference in snout shape when viewed ventrally compared to Nebeshwar & Vishwanath’s specimen, however, based on only one specimen, we cannot definitively separate it from G. birostris. It was collected in close proximity to localities in Arunachal Pradesh where Nebeshwar & Vishwanath collected G. birostris. It is possible that this species, and others described by Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2014), have already been described by early ichthyologists who’s descriptions remain vague, and without holotypes. We therefore gave priority to those species names available with ample and precise diagnostic traits.Published as part of Thoni, R. J., Gurung, D. B. & Mayden, R. L., 2016, A review of the genus Garra Hamilton 1822 of Bhutan, including the descriptions of two new species and three additional records (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), pp. 115-132 in Zootaxa 4169 (1) on page 122, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4169.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/26516
Garra sindhae Lyon, Geiger & Freyhof 2016
No full text9. Garra sindhae Lyon, Geiger & Freyhof, 2016, Endemic Fig. 26 Etymology: Garra: named based on a vernacular Indian name, a fish living in mud; sindhae: named after Cynthia “Sindhi” Diane Powell for her support to the first author (Robert Gary Lyon). Common name: Wadi Andhur Garra. Taxonomy: Garra sindhi was described by Lyon [R. G.], Geiger [M. F.] & Freyhof [J.] 2016:80, figs. 2-5 [Zootaxa 4154 (no. 1] from Wadi Andhur, Dhofar province, Oman, 17°34’6.956”N, 54°42’17.518”E. The species name was dedicated to a woman, so there is a mandatory change to Garra sindhae (Fricke et al. 2022). Holotype: ONHM 4196. Paratypes: FSJF, ONHM. Short description: Dorsal fin with I, 7½ rays, last simple ray slightly shorter than or equally long as head length; distal margin concave; origin at middle between snout tip and last scale on caudal-fin base; inserted anterior to vertical from pelvic-fin origin; first branched ray longest, tip of last branched ray reaching vertical of anus. Pectoral fin with I, 12 rays, reaching midway or slightly beyond distance between pectoral- and pelvic-fin origin, length shorter than head length. Pelvic fin with I, 7–8 rays, reaching to, or slightly in front of anus, origin closer to anal-fin origin than to pectoral-fin origin, inserted below second or fourth branched dorsal-fin ray. Anal fin short, with III, 5½ rays; first branched ray longest, reaching to dark grey or black blotch on posterior caudal peduncle or slightly anterior to it; distal margin concave; origin almost in middle between caudal-fin base and pelvic-fin origin. Two scales between anus and anal-fin origin. Caudal fin forked; with 9+8 branched rays; tip of lobes pointed; upper lobe longer than lower lobe. Garra sindhae is differentiated from other Garra species in the region by mental disc wider then long, 7½ branched dorsal-fin rays, dorsal fin hyaline or pale brown with black spots at bases of branched rays, 36 total lateral scales, 14–16 circumpeduncular scales, breast and belly behind pectoral-fin origin fully covered by deeply embedded scales, 8–12 gill rakers on lower limp of first gill arch. Distribution: Wadi Andhur, Dhofar region, Oman (Fig. 27). Examined material: Based on holotype and paratypes (see Lyon et al. 2016).Published as part of Esmaeili, Hamid Reza, Jufaili, Saud Al, Masoumi, Amir Hassan & Zarei, Fatah, 2022, Ichthyodiversity in southeastern Arabian Peninsula: Annotated checklist taxonomy, short description and distribution of Inland fishes of Oman, pp. 451-503 in Zootaxa 5134 (4) on pages 473-475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5134.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/654156
Garra robertsi, a new cyprinid (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) fish species from Borneo
No full textThoni, Ryan J., Mayden, Richard L. (2015): Garra robertsi, a new cyprinid (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) fish species from Borneo. Zootaxa 3985 (2): 284-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3985.2.
Garra gotyla Gray 1830
No full textGarra gotyla (Gray, 1830) Cyprinus gotlya Gray 1830. Type locality: Mountain stream in Northern India. No Holotype. Neotype: MUMF4300; Neotype locality: India: Sikkim: Tista River and Rangpo. Materials examined. 2 Specimens, CNR 15023, 15026; Bhutan: Samtse Dzongkhag: 6 km west of Damdum, D.B. Gurung & R.J. Thoni, August 9, 2013. 3 Specimens, CNR 13012-13014; Bhutan: Samtse Dzongkhag: Damdum, D.B. Gurung & R.J. Thoni, August 9, 2013. 1 Specimen, CNR 15052; Bhutan: Chukkha Dzongkhag: Above Pasakha, D.B. Gurung & R.J. Thoni, August 2013. 1 Specimen, CNR 15029; Bhutan: Samtse Dzongkhag, R.J. Thoni & D.B. Gurung, October 9, 2013. 1 Specimen, CNR 15015; Bhutan: Samtse Dzongkhag: Chungpatang, D.B. Gurung & R.J. Thoni, September 2013. Remarks. For a full discussion on the taxonomy of G. gotyla see Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2013). This species was encountered in Southwestern Bhutan, in the rivers of Samtse, Chukkha, Dagana, Tsirang, and Sarpang Dzongkhags (vouchers not collected from all locations). This species was identified by the diagnostic criteria provided in Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2013).Published as part of Thoni, R. J., Gurung, D. B. & Mayden, R. L., 2016, A review of the genus Garra Hamilton 1822 of Bhutan, including the descriptions of two new species and three additional records (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), pp. 115-132 in Zootaxa 4169 (1) on page 123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4169.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/26516
FIGURE 3 in Garra robertsi, a new cyprinid (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) fish species from Borneo
No full textFIGURE 3. Structural comparisons of mouth and disc of Garra borneensis and G robertsi. a) G. borneensis FMNH 94199, 81.9 mm SL; b) G. ro b e r t s i holotype, 70.4 mm SL.Published as part of Thoni, Ryan J. & Mayden, Richard L., 2015, Garra robertsi, a new cyprinid (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) fish species from Borneo, pp. 284-290 in Zootaxa 3985 (2) on page 287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3985.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/23491
Island colonization by a ‘rheophilic’ fish: the phylogeography of Garra ceylonensis (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Sri Lanka
No full textDespite exhibiting multiple morphological adaptations to living in swiftly flowing water (rheophily), Garra ceylonensis is one of the most widely distributed freshwater fish in Sri Lanka. It is thus an ideal organism to reconstruct the evolutionary history of a widespread, yet morphologically specialized, freshwater fish in a tropical-island setting. We analysed the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships of G. ceylonensis based on two mitochondrial and one nuclear genes. G. ceylonensis is shown to be monophyletic, with a sister-group relationship to the Indian species Garra mullya. Our results suggest a single colonization of Sri Lanka by ancestral Garra, in the late Pliocene. This suggests that the Palk Isthmus, which was exposed for most of the Pleistocene, had a hydroclimate unsuited to the dispersal of fishes such as Garra. G. ceylonensis exhibits strong phylogeographic structure: six subclades are distributed as genetically distinct populations in clusters of contiguous river basins, albeit with two exceptions. Our data reveal one or more Pleistocene extirpation events, evidently driven by aridification, with relict populations
subsequently re-colonizing the island. The phylogeographic structure of G. ceylonensis suggests inter-basin dispersal largely through headwater capture, likely facilitated by free-swimming post-larvae. The Peninsular-Indian species G. mullya comprises two genetically distinct parapatric clades, which may represent distinct species
Evidence for the decay B0→J/ψω and measurement of the relative branching fractions of meson decays to J/ψη and J/ψη′
Full text linkFirst evidence of the B 0 → J / ψ ω decay is found and the B s 0 → J / ψ η and B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ decays are studied using a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb -1 collected by the LHCb experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV. The branching fractions of these decays are measured relative to that of the B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0 decay:frac(B (B 0 → J / ψ ω), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 0.89 ± 0.19 (stat) - 0.13 + 0.07 (syst),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 14.0 ± 1.2 (stat) - 1.5 + 1.1 (syst) - 1.0 + 1.1 (frac(f d, f s)),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 12.7 ± 1.1 (stat) - 1.3 + 0.5 (syst) - 0.9 + 1.0 (frac(f d, f s)), where the last uncertainty is due to the knowledge of f d / f s, the ratio of b-quark hadronization factors that accounts for the different production rate of B 0 and B s 0 mesons. The ratio of the branching fractions of B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ and B s 0 → J / ψ η decays is measured to befrac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B s 0 → J / ψ η)) = 0.90 ± 0.09 (stat) - 0.02 + 0.06 (syst)
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