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Determinantes de la actividad exportadora de la empresa familiar : enfoque configuracional de la importación de mano de obra extranjera
Full text linkLa Tesis tiene como objetivo principal analizar los factores que influyen en la actividad exportadora de las empresas familiares (EFs), con un enfoque especial en la importación de mano de obra extranjera (IMOEX). Basándose en las teorías de Recursos y Capacidades y de Socio-emotional Endowment, se busca entender cómo la combinación de diferentes determinantes estratégicos y demográficos puede ayudar estas empresas a lograr una alta intensidad exportadora (IE), superando la limitación de recursos y la aversión al riesgo típica de las EFs.
Metodología
La investigación se basa en un análisis comparativo cualitativo de conjuntos difusos (fsQCA), que permite estudiar la complejidad causal y las combinaciones de condiciones que conducen a un mismo resultado. Para recopilar información, se emplearon cuestionarios enviados a directores y gerentes repartidos en tres envíos a 570 empresas. La muestra incluye 68 empresas agrícolas españolas, mayoritariamente familiares, con datos obtenidos del Ministerio de Agricultura, Comercio y Turismo de España y del Sistema de Análisis de Balances Ibéricos (SABI).
Resultados y Conclusiones
El efecto individual de los determinantes estratégicos seleccionados, reconocidos en la literatura como factores clave que impactan la actividad exportadora examinada en este estudio, puede no ser suficiente para mejorar la IE. De manera similar, la IMOEX, analizada de forma aislada, tampoco genera un impacto significativo en la mejora de la IE en las EFs. Esto se debe, principalmente, a las limitaciones de recursos y a la aversión al riesgo, que dificultan la adopción de decisiones estratégicas arriesgadas por parte de estas empresas.
Sin embargo, al considerar un enfoque configuracional, se observa que la combinación de varios determinantes estratégicos tiene un impacto positivo en la IE. Asimismo, integrar la IMOEX con otros factores, que facilitan el aprendizaje durante el proceso exportador y mejoran el conocimiento del personal, permite a las empresas abordar la IMOEX con mayor confianza y comodidad,lo que puede llevar a una alta IE. En este contexto, las empresas de mayor tamaño y madurez, con una trayectoria exportadora consolidada, logran superar las restricciones de recursos y la aversión al riesgo, fortaleciendo su actividad exportadora.
En cuanto a la implicación familiar (IF), ni el control familiar ni la participación de generaciones sucesoras, por sí solos, garantizan que la IMOEX conduzca a una alta IE. Sin embargo, cuando estos elementos se combinan con otros factores, como la edad, el tamaño y la experiencia exportadora, la IF adquiere un mayor peso. Esto aumenta el valor del capital familiar a proteger, lo que motiva a las empresas a esforzarse más en la toma de decisiones estratégicas que potencien su competitividad exportadora. Este esfuerzo adicional fomenta una implementación más efectiva de la IMOEX, impulsando de manera significativa la actividad exportadora de las empresas.
Implicaciones
El estudio destaca la importancia de considerar la combinación configuracional de recursos para que las EFs superen la falta de recursos y la aversión al riesgo y que la IF motivada por objetivos tanto económicos como no económicos lleva a las empresas a asumir mayores riesgos invirtiendo de manera efectiva y eficaz para así ganar en competitividad exportadora. Además, proporciona a los directivos de las EFs y a las instituciones gubernamentales información valiosa sobre cómo optimizar recursos y tomar decisiones estratégicas para mejorar la actividad exportadora mediante la implementación de políticas y programas que apoyen a las EFs en su inversión en estrategias esencialesThe main objective of the thesis is to analyse the factors influencing the export activity of family businesses (FBs), with a special focus on the importation of foreign labour (IMOEX). Based on the Resource-Based View and Socioemotional Wealth theories, the study seeks to understand how the combination of different strategic and demographic determinants can help these firms achieve high export intensity (EI), overcoming the resource constraints and risk aversion typical of FBs.
Methodology
The research is based on a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), which allows for the study of causal complexity and the combinations of conditions leading to the same outcome. To collect information, questionnaires were sent to directors and managers in three rounds, targeting 570 companies. The final sample consists of 68 Spanish agricultural companies, mostly family-owned, with data obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, and Tourism of Spain and the Iberian Balance Sheet Analysis System (SABI).
Results and Conclusions
The individual effect of the selected strategic determinants, recognized in the literature as key factors influencing export activity, may not be sufficient to improve EI. Similarly, IMOEX, when analysed in isolation, does not significantly enhance EI in FBs. This is mainly due to resource constraints and risk aversion, which hinder these firms from adopting risky strategic decisions.
However, when taking a configurational approach, the combination of various strategic determinants has a positive impact on EI. Furthermore, integrating IMOEX with other factors that facilitate learning during the export process and improve staff knowledge enables firms to approach IMOEX with greater confidence and ease, which can lead to higher EI. In this context, larger and more mature companies with an established export trajectory manage to overcome resource constraints and risk aversion, thereby strengthening their export activity.
Regarding family involvement (FI), neither family control nor the participation of successor generations alone guarantees that IMOEX will result in high EI. However, when these elements are combined with other factors such as age, size, and export experience, FI gains greater significance. This increases the value of the family capital to be protected, motivating firms to make greater efforts in strategic decision-making to enhance their export competitiveness. This additional effort fosters a more effective implementation of IMOEX, significantly boosting the firms' export activity.
Implications
The study highlights the importance of considering the configurational combination of resources for FBs to overcome resource scarcity and risk aversion. It also emphasizes that FI, driven by both economic and non-economic objectives, encourages firms to take greater risks by investing effectively and efficiently, thereby improving export competitiveness. Moreover, the findings provide valuable insights for FB managers and governmental institutions on how to optimize resources and make strategic decisions to enhance export activity. This includes the implementation of policies and programs that support FBs in investing in essential strategies
Determinantes de la actividad exportadora. Un análisis configuracional de las empresas familiares
Full text linkFamily firms are of great importance in the increasingly competitive and unstable environment in which they have to operate. Furthermore, they evidence a series of specific characteristics that make them behave differently –specifically, when having to export. Among these distinctive traits, their lack of resources and more conservative attitude towards risk may limit their international activity. Nevertheless, we show that these obstacles are minimized when considering certain determinants that have traditionally been seen as drivers of firms’ export competitiveness (i.e. innovation, collaboration, using own means, export promotion mechanisms, and exporting to developed markets) together as a set. We perform a Fuzzy-set Configurational analysis to study the configurational effect of the abovementioned determinants on a sample of 68 Spanish family firms in the agricultural sector.Las empresas familiares son de gran importancia en el entorno cada vez más competitivo e inestable en el que deben operar. Es más, éstas evidencian una serie de características específicas que hacen que éstas se comporten de forma diferente -específicamente cuando tienen que exportar. De entre estos rasgos distintivos, su falta de recursos y su actitud frente al riesgo más conservadora limitan su actividad internacional. Sin embargo, nosotros mostramos que estos obstáculos son minimizados cuando se consideran ciertos determinantes que han sido tradicionalmente vistos como directores de la competitividad exportadora de la empresa (i.e. innovación, colaboración, el uso de medios propios para exportar, mecanismos de promoción de las exportaciones y exportar a mercados desarrollados) de forma simultánea como un conjunto. Ejecutamos un análisis Configuracional de Conjuntos Difusos para estudiar el efecto configuracional de los determinantes anteriormente mencionados en una muestra de 68 empresas familiares españolas del sector agrícola
Determinants of the Export Activity. A Configurational Analysis of the Family Firm
No full textFamily firms are of great importance in the increasingly competitive and unstable environment in which they have to operate. Furthermore, they evidence a series of spe-cific characteristics that make them behave differently –specifically, when having to export. Among these distinctive traits, their lack of resources and more conservative attitude to-wards risk may limit their international activity. Nevertheless, we show that these obstacles are minimized when considering certain determinants that have traditionally been seen as drivers of firms’ export competitiveness (i.e. innovation, collaboration, using own means, export promotion mechanisms, and exporting to developed markets) together as a set. We perform a Fuzzy-set Configurational analysis to study the configurational effect of the abovementioned determinants on a sample of 68 Spanish family firms in the agricultural sector.Las empresas familiares son de gran importancia en el entorno cada vez más com-petitivo e inestable en el que deben operar. Es más, éstas evidencian una serie de caracte-rísticas específicas que hacen que éstas se comporten de forma diferente -específicamente cuando tienen que exportar. De entre estos rasgos distintivos, su falta de recursos y su actitud frente al riesgo más conservadora limitan su actividad internacional. Sin embargo, nosotros mostramos que estos obstáculos son minimizados cuando se consideran ciertos determinantes que han sido tradicionalmente vistos como directores de la competitividad exportadora de la empresa (i.e. innovación, colaboración, el uso de medios propios para exportar, mecanismos de promoción de las exportaciones y exportar a mercados desarrolla-dos) de forma simultánea como un conjunto. Ejecutamos un análisis Configuracional de Con-juntos Difusos para estudiar el efecto configuracional de los determinantes anteriormente mencionados en una muestra de 68 empresas familiares españolas del sector agrícola
Un enfoque configuracional de los factores determinantes de la actividad exportadora de las PYME
Full text linkWith a perspective rooted in the resource-based view (RBV), this study focuses on analysing the configurational interaction of various strategic determinants that influence the export activity intensity of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Spanish agricultural sector. Five key determinants are examined –innovation, collaboration, export promotional instruments, internal resources, and export destination– adopting a qualitative comparative analysis of fuzzy sets (fsQCA) to identify combinations of conditions that lead to higher SME export activity. Based on data from 68 agricultural SMEs in Spain, results show the importance of combined strategic adoptions vis-à-vis improving SMEs’ export activity. The study contributes to the literature by providing new insights into the impact of multiple resources on the export performance of SMEsCon una perspectiva enraizada en la visión basada en los recursos (RBV), este estudio se centra en analizar la interacción configuracional de diversos determinantes estratégicos que influyen en la intensidad de la actividad exportadora de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYME) del sector agrario español. Se examinan cinco determinantes clave -innovación, colaboración, instrumentos de promoción de las exportaciones, recursos internos y destino de las exportaciones- adoptando un análisis cualitativo comparativo de conjuntos difusos (fsQCA) para identificar las combinaciones de condiciones que conducen a una mayor actividad exportadora de las PYME. A partir de datos de 68 PYME agrícolas españolas, los resultados muestran la importancia de las adopciones estratégicas combinadas para mejorar la actividad exportadora de las PYME. El estudio contribuye a la literatura proporcionando nuevas perspectivas sobre el impacto de los recursos múltiples en los resultados de exportación de las PYM
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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