86 research outputs found
The development of the Chinese legal profession since 1978
No full textThis thesis focuses on introducing the development of, and changes in, the Chinese legal profession over this past twenty years, analysing the reasons that led to these changes, and considering both theoretical and practical problems. The Chinese legal profession has developed considerably since 1978 when the reform and opening up movement was begun. Major changes have taken place in the lawyer’s social status, business, work institutions and in the supervision system. Compared with the end of the 1970s, the legal profession nowadays is much more commercialised and professional. The changes have a symbiotic relationship with the changes in Chinese society: economic and ideological changes have transformed the role of lawyers and the law, which have in turn led to changes in society. The transformation of the Chinese society is still going on, and corresponding future changes are expected in the legal profession
Hinn týndi hópur: Að lifa með HIV
No full textFáar rannsóknir sem kanna líðan og stöðu eldri HIV-smitaðra einstaklinga hafa verið gerðar hér á landi. Þessi rannsókn er eigindleg og snýst um upplifun einstaklinga sem hafa smitast af HIV-sjúkdómnum. Kannað var hvaða áhrif HIV hefur haft á líf þeirra og á samband þeirra við fjölskyldu og vini og hvernig HIV-jákvæðir upplifa viðhorf almennings í samfélaginu til sjúkdómsins. Markmið rannsóknarinnar var að skyggnast inn í huglægan veruleika eldra HIV-smitaðs fólks og skoða persónulega og félagslega upplifun þess af að lifa og eldast með sjúkdóminn (ótímabær öldrun) ásamt framtíðarsýn. Mikilvægt var að skoða hvort fordómar birtast í lífi þeirra og á hvaða hátt væri hægt að koma í veg fyrir feluleikinn sem virðist einkenna þenna hóp. Tekin voru hálfstöðluð viðtöl við átta einstaklinga, fjóra karla og fjórar konur, sem áttu það sameiginlegt að hafa greinst með HIV-veiruna. Niðurstöður sýndu að tengslanet og sjálfsmynd höfðu mikil áhrif á persónulega upplifun viðmælenda við greiningu sjúkdómsins. Meira en helmingur þátttakenda ræddu ekki opinskátt um sjúkdóminn og út frá því má álykta að fordómar og stimplun séu enn ríkjandi í íslensku samfélagi gagnvart HIV. Það er von rannsakanda að með rannsókninni öðlist HIV-jákvæðir hugrekki til að stíga fram úr skugga sjúkdómsins. Fram kom að tengsl þátttakenda við fjölskyldu og vini voru jákvæð en erfiðast í lífi þeirra reyndist myndun náinna tengsla (rómantískra tengsla) og ótti við höfnun vegna sjúkdómsins. Allir viðmælendur upplifðu gott viðmót frá fagfólki með fáeinum undantekningum. Fáir viðmælenda fundu fyrir ótímabærri öldrun sem er ólíkt því sem fyrri rannsóknir sýna. Niðurstöður þessarar rannsóknar eru á margan hátt jákvæðar og framtíðarsýn eldri HIV-jákvæðra einstaklinga virðist björt og heilt yfir er staða flestra góð í íslensku samfélagi.
Efnisorð: HIV, alnæmi, fordómar, stimplun, félagsráðgjöf, tengsl, öldrun (ótímabær öldrun).There have not been many studies conducted here in Iceland which explore the well-being and status of older HIV-positive individuals. This study is qualitative and focuses on the personal experience of individuals that have been diagnosed with the disease. The study looks at what effect HIV has had on their lives and on their relationships with family and friends, and how HIV-positive individuals perceive society’s acceptance of the disease. The aim of this study was to examine the personal and social status of older individuals living with HIV and how they have felt about ageing with the disease (premature ageing) and to find out about their vision for their future. It is important to look at whether and how prejudice manifests in the lives of HIV-positive individuals and in what way it would be possible to prevent this particular group from having to hide themselves away from society. Eight individuals came for semi-structured interviews, four men and four women, all of whom have been diagnosed with the HIV-virus. The results showed that self-identity and personal networks were significant factors when it came to the interviewees’ experience of being diagnosed. Over half of the participants generally did not disclose their condition and it can thus be assumed that prejudice and stigma are still predominant in Icelandic society. It is the hope of the author of this study that the results may give courage to individuals living with HIV to step out of the shadow of their disease. It came to light that participants’ relationships with friends and family were positive but the forming of intimate relationships (romantic relationships) and consequent fear of rejection because of the disease turned out to be the most difficult hindrance to overcome. Most participants had had favourable experience of relevant professional staff. Most interviewees did not experience premature ageing, unlike what has been seen in previous studies. The results of this study are in many ways encouraging and the vision of HIV-positive individuals for their future seems bright and on the whole, their status in Icelandic society is good.
Key words: HIV, AIDS, prejudice, stigma, social work, relationships, ageing (premature ageing)
Kontribusi Pancasila di Kancah Internasional: Eksplorasi Nilai-Nilai Perdamaian Qur’ani dari Bingkai Keindonesiaan
No full textIssues regarding peace issues and conflicts are always heavily discussed. Not surprisingly, there are many events that are oriented to re-establishing peace and harmony. Indonesia with the largest Muslim population, remains known as a peaceful residence and can manage diversity. The proof, it is not Islam that is used as an ideology, but Pancasila. But this ideology is rich in noble values that strengthen the solidarity of Indonesian people. In this article, the author tries to explore the values of peace and harmony that read the verses of the Qur'an from the life of the Indonesian people. The trident ethos in Pancasila is the focus of the review of this article. Besides Pancasila is Indonesia's ideology, a country that has an important role in peace in the international world, another reason for the author is that Pancasila is inseparable from the spirit of Islam, a religion of moderate character. Keywords: Peace, Pancasila, Interpretation, and Qur’an
Angular Momentum of Phonons and the Einstein-de Haas Effect
No full textWe study the angular momentum of phonons in a magnetic crystal. In the presence of a spin-phonon interaction, we obtain a nonzero angular momentum of phonons, which is an odd function of magnetization. At zero temperature, a phonon has a zero-point angular momentum in addition to a zero-point energy. With increasing temperature, the total phonon angular momentum diminishes and approaches zero in the classical limit. The nonzero phonon angular momentum can have a significant impact on the Einstein-de Haas effect. To obtain the change of angular momentum of electrons, the change of the phonon angular momentum needs to be subtracted from the opposite change of the lattice angular momentum. Furthermore, the finding of the phonon angular momentum gives a potential method to study the spin-phonon interaction. Possible experiments on phonon angular momentum are also discussed.Physics, MultidisciplinarySCI(E)EI3ARTICLE8null11
Menjamak Sholat Bagi Pengantin yang Melaksanakan Walimah Al ’Urs Perspektif Syekh Alwi Ahmad Saqqaf dan Imam Asy-Syaukani
No full textIn the current era of progress, the wedding party (walimah al 'urs) is considered by some people as something that must be fulfilled when someone is married. Its raelitas can be seen when there is a wedding party (walimah al 'urs), some of the bride and groom will leave the prayer, some of them do their obligations after the prayer time is over and some of them choose plural. In this case the author takes the strongest opinion after munaqasyah al-adillah, namely the opinion of Sheikh Alwi Ahmad Saqqaf. The aim of this study is to examine further the Multiple Prayers for Wedding Brides When Carrying Out Walimah Al'urs from the Perspective of Sheikh Alwi Ahmad Saqqaf and Imam Asy-Syaukani. The research method used is normative sociological research method, which is comparative. The results of the study show that there are multiple prayers for the bride and groom when carrying out a wedding party (walimah al 'urs), so some scholars allow it and some do not. Among these opinions is the opinion of Sheikh Alwi Ahmad Saqqaf that it is permissible to pray multiple prayers when there is a need or an excuse. Meanwhile, another opinion is the opinion of Imam Asy-Syaukani that it is permissible to pray together only because of rain, fear and illness. So the most relevant relation to the existing case chronology is the opinion of Sheikh Alwi Ahma Saqqof. Namely those who say it is permissible to make plural taqdim absolutely other than because of traveling, illness, and for other than the two of other reasons
Evaluation of binding capacity of circulating insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1b in salmonids using a ligand immunofunctional assay
No full textInsulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) regulate the activity of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Among the three major circulating IGFBPs in salmonids, IGFBP-1b is an inhibitor of IGF activity induced under catabolic conditions. IGFBP-1b is considered to quickly sequester IGF-1 from the circulation. However, the level of circulating IGFBP-1b present in its unoccupied free form is unknown. Here, we aimed to develop a non-equilibrium ligand immunofunctional assay (LIFA) to evaluate IGF-binding capacity of circulating intact IGFBP-1b. Purified Chinook salmon IGFBP-1b, its antiserum, and europium-labeled salmon IGF-1 were used as the assay components. In the LIFA, IGFBP-1b was first captured by the antiserum, allowed to bind to the labeled IGF-1 for 22 h at 4 degrees C, and quantified its IGF-binding capacity. Serial dilutions of the standard and serum were prepared simultaneously within a certain concentration range (1.1-12.5 ng/ml). In underyearling masu salmon, IGF-binding capacity of intact IGFBP-1b was higher in fasted fish than in fed fish. Transferring Chinook salmon parr to seawater also increased IGF-binding capacity of IGFBP-1b, most likely due to osmotic stress. In addition, there was a strong relationship between total IGFBP-1b levels and its IGF-binding capacity. These results suggest that IGFBP-1b expressed under stress is mostly present in the free form. On the contrary, during smoltification of masu salmon, IGF-binding capacity of IGFBP-1b in the serum was relatively low and less related to the total IGFBP-1b level, suggesting its functional difference under certain physiological conditions. These results indicate that estimating both total IGFBP-1b level and its IGF-binding capacity is useful for evaluating the catabolic status and unraveling the regulation of IGF-1 activity by IGFBP-1b
A High Precison Phase Extraction Algorithm from a Single Shot Interferogram
No full textAbstract. Phase shifting interferometry is an optical metrology with a high precision, but it usually requires the expensive high precision phase shifter. Therefore, low cost methods of extracting phase from a single shot interferogram were very valuable, but available algorithms are usually effective only in a limited conditions. To solve these problems, a novel method is presented in this work. Based on this method, the interference fringe is retrieved to a wrapped phase and divided into different regions and the index of the pixel is calculated. The pixels in the same region have the same parity and the PSF’s gravity center of part wavefront so as to solve the sign ambiguity. The theoretical simulation results indicate that the PV of wavefront error is 0.00054λ and the rms is 0.000125λ,which is much better than the results from the Fast Fourier Transformation method. The experimentally measured interferogram is also used to validate the method. It has the advantages of simplicity, high precision and effective for both open and closed interferometer fringes
Chiral Phonons at High-Symmetry Points in Monolayer Hexagonal Lattices
No full textIn monolayer hexagonal lattices, the intravalley and intervalley scattering of electrons can involve chiral phonons at Brillouin-zone center and corners, respectively. At these high-symmetry points, there is a threefold rotational symmetry endowing phonon eigenmodes with a quantized pseudoangular momentum, which includes orbital and spin parts. Conservation of pseudoangular momentum yields selection rules for intravalley and intervalley scattering of electrons by phonons. Concrete predictions of helicity-resolved optical phenomena are made on monolayer molybdenum disulfide. The chiral phonons at Brillouin-zone corners excited by polarized photons can be detected by a valley phonon Hall effect. The chiral phonons, together with phonon circular polarization, phonon pseudoangular momentum, selection rules, and valley phonon Hall effect will extend the basis for valley-based electronics and phononics applications in the future.DOE-DMSE [DE-FG03-02ER45958]; NBRPC [2012CB-921300]; NSFC [91121004, 11574154]; Welch Foundation [F-1255]SCI(E)EIARTICLE1111
淸朝・康煕帝下のフランス科學：『曆法問答』にみえる地半徑差と淸蒙氣差
No full textIn the Lifa wenda, which was edited by the French Jesuit, Jean-Francois Foucquet in between 1712 and 16 in Beijing, we observe the earlier introduction of Kepler's Laws, which have so far been believed to have been introduced into China in 1742. In the present paper, however, the author tries to make clear of the introduction of astronomical fundamental numbers, including the improved table of atmospheric refraction and the discussion of the improvement of solar parallax 10" at the Paris observatory as well as the introduction of La Hire's Astronomical Tables in 1702.departmental bulletin pape
Analysis of Dynamic Evolution and Spatial-Temporal Heterogeneity of Carbon Emissions at County Level along “The Belt and Road”—A Case Study of Northwest China
No full textNorthwest region is the main energy supply and consumption area in China. Scientifically estimating carbon emissions (CE) at the county level and analyzing the spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of CE in a long time series are of great significance for formulating targeted CE reduction plans. In this paper, Landscan data are used to assist NPP-VIIRS-like data to simulate the CE from 2001 to 2019. Spatial-temporal heterogeneity of CE was analyzed by using a two-stage nested Theil index and geographically and temporally weighted regression model (GTWR). The CE in northwest China at the county increases yearly while the growth rate slows down from 2001 to 2019. The spatial pattern forms a circle expansion centered on the high-value areas represented by the provincial capital, which is also obvious at the border between Shaanxi and Ningxia. Axial expansion along the Hexi Corridor is conspicuous. The spatial pattern of CE conforms to the Pareto principle; the spatial correlation of CE in northwest counties is increasing year by year, and the high-high agglomeration areas are expanding continuously. It is an obvious high carbon spillover effect. Restricted by the ecological environment, the southwest of Qinghai and the Qinling-Daba Mountain area are stable low-low agglomeration areas. The spatial pattern of CE in northwest China shows remarkable spatial heterogeneity. The difference within regions is greater than that between regions. The “convergence within groups and divergence between groups” changing trend is obvious. According to the five-year socioeconomic indicators, the economic scale (GDP), population scale (POP), and urbanization level (UR) are the main influencing factors. The direction and intensity of the effect have changed in time and space. The same factor shows different action intensities in different regions
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