140 research outputs found
Negatively supercharging cellulases render them lignin-resistant
No full textNon-specific adsorption of cellulases to lignin hinders enzymatic deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass. Here we tested the hypothesis that negatively supercharging cellulases could reduce lignin inhibition. Computational design was used to negatively supercharge the surfaces of Ruminoclostridium thermocellum family 5 CelE and a CelE-family 3a carbohydrate binding module fusion. Resulting designs maintained the same expression yield, thermal stability, and nearly identical activity on soluble substrate as the wild-type proteins. Four designs showed complete lack of inhibition by lignin but with lower cellulose conversion compared to original enzymes. Increasing salt concentrations could partially rescue the activity of supercharged enzymes, supporting a mechanism of electrostatic repulsion between designs and cellulose. Results showcase a protein engineering strategy to construct highly active cellulases that are resistant to lignin-mediated inactivation, although further work is needed to understand the relationship between negative protein surface potential and activity on insoluble polysaccharides.Peer reviewe
Appeasing Deprivation : The Meaning of Bandi (Bridewealth) among the Pinatubo Negritos
Get PDFBased on the materials the author collected during 19 months of field research in and around Kakilingan village, this paper presents an ethnographic description of marriage and bridewealth in the southwestern Pinatubo Negritos, western Luzon.In particular the author will discuss the meaning of bandi in their society by answering the following questions; why it is given at marriage; why the amount differs so much according to the socio-psychological distance between the bride\u27s and the groom\u27s extended families; and how it works alternatively to promote or to prevent social change.Among the Pinatubo Negritos, bandi is not a specific property with symbolic value, but ordinary goods of any kind such as pigs, chickens, cloth, clothes, radios, knives, and recently, water buffaloes and cash.It is neither given to compensate for the transfer of rights over a woman (c. f. Fortes 1962, Goody 1973) nor to balance the cost-benefit ratio at marriage (c. f. Spiro 1975).It is also not meant to put mating into a socially meaningful context and a universe of relations (c. f. Comaroff 1980).The author thinks that bandi is given to appease the anger and sense of deprivation of the bride\u27s family, while Negritos themselves explain it either as a custom or as a “breast-fee”(the costs of being brought up).Actual marriage procedures differ widely between two poles; i. e. arranged and/or forced by parents on the one hand, and elopement by a couple on the other hand.Marriage with near kin is prohibitted, because it is just like a bo-et, an animal with rabit-like shape, which eats its own droppings and has intercourse by itself.Marriage, therefore, is essentially thought of as depriving the family of a daughter (sister/niece).And even marriage by parents should be arranged outside a socio-psychologically intimate circle and involve a feeling of deprivation on the bride\u27s side.When marriage is initiated by elopement, the bride\u27s family gets angry and demands a big amount of bandi.If the groom\u27s family cannot meet the agreement at negotiations, or if it fails to fulfill the agreement later, a couple is forced to separate.Elopement takes a long time to achieve stability because of the heavy burdon of bandi, which is paid in long instalments.Thus bandi works to prevent all attempts at elopement from becoming successful and still maintains the importance of arranged marriage.But, if a groom\u27s side succeeds in appeasing a bride\u27s family by delivering the required bandi, even though it may not be fully paid, another dimension of soical relations by affinal bond is developed.While arranged marriage occurs in already established relations and strengthens the existing social circle, elopement initiates re-organization by introducing outside relations
Co-citation Analysis: An Overview
Get PDFThis article gives an overview of co-citation analysis and its applications in tracking the linkages among the intellectual works and mapping the evolutionary structure of scientific disciplines. It also focuses on the features, interface, terminology used, merits and demerits of co-citation based online database applications
Il caso della Contessa Cornelia Zangheri ne' Bandi in due testi del secolo XVIII dal punto di vista del genere non-fiction
Get PDFPrzypadek hrabiny Cornelii Zangheri ne’ Bandi w dwóch tekstach XVIII w. z punktu widzenia gatunku non-fiction
Streszczenie
Artykuł przedstawia dwa teksty z XVIII w. dotyczące wydarzenia, które miało miejscew mieście Cesena w 1731 r.: Parere sopra la cagione della morte della Signora ContessaCornelia Zangheri ne’ Bandi cesenate esposto in una lettera al signor co. Ottolino Ottolini daGiuseppe Bianchini canonico di Verona oraz Relazione del funestissimo evento della SignoraCornelia Zangheri ne’ Bandi occorso li 20 Marzo 1731 in Cesena (anonimowy rękopis, któregoautorem jest prawdopodobnie Scipione Maffei). Te dwa teksty zostały poddane analiziez punktu widzenia gatunku non-fiction, aby odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy stanowią oneprzykład tego gatunku, chociaż ante litteram.
Słowa kluczowe: non fiction, Giuseppe Bianchini, Cornelia Zangheri, XVIII w., kronika
The case of the Countess Cornelia Zangheri ne’ Bandi in two 18th century worksfrom non-fiction point of view
Abstract
The article presents the 18th century texts regarding an event that occurred in Cesena in1731: Parere sopra la cagione della morte della Signora Contessa Cornelia Zangheri ne’ Bandicesenate esposto in una lettera al signor co. Ottolino Ottolini da Giuseppe Bianchini canonicodi Verona oraz Relazione del funestissimo evento della Signora Cornelia Zangheri ne’ Bandioccorso li 20 Marzo 1731 in Cesena (anonymous manuscript whose author is most probablyScipone Maffei). Those two texts were analyzed from the non-fiction point of view in order toanswer the question whether they are examples of said genre, even if ante litteram.
Keywords: non fiction, Giuseppe Bianchini, Cornelia Zangheri, 18th century, chronicl
Corpo, spazio, architettura. Fenomenologia dell’esperienza spaziale Matteo Vegetti, Fabrizia Bandi (eds.), Editrice Morcelliana, Brescia 2024
No full textThe author reviews "Corpo, spazio, architettura: Fenomenologia dell’esperienza spaziale," edited by Matteo Vegetti and Fabrizia Bandi. The book examines the philosophical underpinnings of spatial experience through a phenomenological lens, engaging with both traditional and contemporary notions of how space, body, and architecture interconnect. The author highlights the text\u27s exploration of how architects and designers might integrate phenomenological insights into their work, transforming space from mere physical dimensions into lived, experienced reality. The review appreciates the book’s thematic organization, which starts with foundational theories from Merleau-Ponty and expands through discussions on virtual spaces and the future of architecture in the digital age. Through this anthology, readers gain a comprehensive view of the architectural implications of phenomenological thought, making it a critical resource for anyone involved in the conceptualization and design of space
CORRELATION BETWEEN BULK DENSITY AND ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ON PODSOLIC SOIL: I. EXPERIMENT IN LABORATORY
Get PDFPercobaan tentang korelasi antara berat volume (BV) dan impedensi listrik (Z) dilaksanakan pada tanah Podsolik berlempung
di Kota Bengkulu yang diambil dari kedalaman 0 – 10 cm. Contoh tanah dikering anginkan, dihaluskan menjadi agregat
berukuran 0 – 2 mm, lalu dimasukkan ke dalam silinder (diameter dan tinggi masing-masing 8,20 cm) yang telah dilengkapi
dengan sepasang sensor. Nilai BV dan kadar air tanah diukur, arus listrik AC dengan frekuensi 5 kHz dialirkan melalui
contoh tanah, dan beda potensial yang terjadi di kedua sensor diukur dengan oscilloscope. Nilai beda potensial yang terukur
lalu dikonversi menjadi nilai impedensi Z. Tanah di dalam silinder kemudian dipadatkan kembali, nilai BV dan beda
potensial selanjutnya diukur seperti langkah sebelumnya. Langkah-langkah di atas diulangi untuk contoh tanah yang
memiliki kadar air yang berbeda, sehingga diperoleh berbagai nilai Z untuk kombinasi BV dan kadar air yang berbeda. Nilai
BV hasil pengukuran selanjutnya dikorelasikan dengan nilai Z, sementara kadar air dijadikan salah satu faktor yang
mempengaruhi keeratan hubungan dari kedua variabel tersebut. Berat volume memiliki korelasi yang sangat erat dengan Z (r
berkisar antara 0.81 dan 0.99) sementara bentuk hubungan tersebut mengikuti hukum eksponensial. Logaritma dari BV
menurun sebesar 0,002 sampai 0,2 Mg m-3 untuk setiap ohm peningkatan dari Z, tergantung pada kadar air tanah pada saat
pengukuran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai Z dapat digunakan untuk menduga nilai BV dan sifat-sifat lain yang
berhubungan dengannya.
Kata-kata kunci: Berat volume, impedensi listrik, kadar air
MONITORING KADAR AIR TANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SIFAT DIELEKTRIK PADA LAHAN JAGUNG
Get PDFThis research aims to monitor soil water content in the field through the measurement of the electrical impedance during the early period of corn growth in the dry season. Two levels of tillage and four types of mulch were arranged at a split plot design with three replications. Part of experiment plot was cultivated twice and the other part was not cultivated. Each main plot was then divided into four sub-plots of 3 x 4 m each of wich was applied with 100% imperata mulch, 80% imperata and 20% kerinyu mulch, 50% imperata and 50% kerinyu, or 100% kerinyu. Two sets of wire, where the lowest 10 cm part was not isolated, were inserted into 10 and 20 cm soil depth therefore they measured the electrical impedance at the 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil layers. The electrical impedance values were measured using the digital ohm-meter that produce the electrical current at frequency of 1 kHz. Results show that the measured electrical impedance values have a very high sensitivity to the fluctuation of soil water content in the field. When calibrated to the same soil, the values can be transformed into water content values. During the measurement period, the cultivated soil is consistently drier at the 0-10 depth and wetter at the 10-20 depth compared to the uncultivated soil. The combination of 50% imperata and 50% kerinyu mulch maintains higher soil water content uring the dry season compared to other combinations. The research suggests that monitoring of soil water content can be conducted directly in the field through the measurement of electrical impedance
Soil structure associated with cover crops and grass leys in degraded lowland soils of Delta
No full textRates of change of surface soil structure under different short-term cover crops
and grass leys were studied on lowland soils in the Fraser River delta, British Columbia,
Canada. The impact of cropping systems on soil structure was assessed under three
environments: (i) short term (<1 -yr) effects from overwinter cover crops, (ii) short term
(<3 -yr) effects associated with a grass ley reclamation program, and (iii) long term effects
associated with varying cultivated crop and grass rotations. In the overwinter study, fall
planted cover cropping treatments, including bare control, winter-killed spring barley, fall
rye, and annual ryegrass (for 1993-1994 only), were compared at separate sites in 1992-
1993 and 1993-1994 for their effects on soil physical properties. At the reclamation
study, two cropping practices - spring-sown barley underseeded with clover for winter
cover cropping and grass ley - were established in a subsurface drained site and an
adjacent poorly drained (no subsurface drainage) site. Measurements in the crop rotation
study were conducted on five adjacent fields with different cropping histories.
Aggregate stability, bulk density and aeration porosity did not differ among
overwinter cover cropping practices at the 1992-1993 site. A lack of differences in this
study was probably due to low above-ground crop biomass when compared to the 1993-
1994 winter cover cropping site. In contrast, overwinter cover crops in the 1993-1994
study had higher aggregate stability, aeration porosity and water infiltration, and lower
bulk density and penetration resistance when compared to bare soil. Improved aggregate
stability with cover crops in the 1993-1994 study was related to increased organic carbon
in the soil, while increased aeration porosity and water infiltration were strongly correlated
with higher earthworm populations under cover crops. When the 1993-1994 field was
cultivated in spring, winter cropped soils had better structure than did soils left bare over
winter. Overall, the greatest structural improvements were observed under annual
ryegrass, followed by fall rye and winter-killed spring barley.
After three years of grass ley program at the Reclamation Site, grass consistently
had higher surface aggregate stability when compared to a combination of summer cash
plus winter clover cover cropping. Improved aggregate stability with grass was
significantly correlated with increased soil organic carbon content. Compared to the initial
values measured in spring 1991, grass increased aggregate stability, expressed as mean
weight diameter, by 0.4 to 0.7 mm and increased organic carbon content by 5 g kg⁻¹.
Water infiltration under grass also increased following improved aggregate stability. The
effects of cropping regimes on other soil structural characteristics varied with subsurface
drainage conditions. Integration of cash and clover cover cropping maintained low bulk
density and penetration resistance and high aeration porosity in the spring on the field with
subsurface drainage. In the poorly drained field, however, bulk density was lower and
aeration porosity was higher in the grass ley than in the cash-clover cover crop regime.
Soil profiles also dried more quickly in winter and early spring under grass ley when
subsurface drainage was not available. Earthworms migrated out into the field from their
source at the ditch verges at a rate of about 15 m yr ⁻¹ under all cropping and drainage
regimes.
The period that land has been under grass or cultivated crops can be used to
predict changes in selected properties of the soil at any given time. In the crop rotation
study, the period of cultivated crops since grass was strongly correlated with organic
carbon level in the soil. Organic carbon decreased significantly in the order of 2-yr grass
(0-yr cultivation) = 1-yr cultivation > 5-yr cultivation = 8-yr cultivation > 11-yr
cultivation. When soil water content at sampling was taken into consideration, previous
cropping history was correlated with aggregate stability.
Most structural characteristics observed in overwinter cover cropping and grass
ley studies were significantly influenced by the time of sampling. Aggregate stability
decreased from fall to spring, then increased again over summer and fall. The seasonal
variation in aggregate stability was attributed primarily to soil water content at the time of
sampling. Aeration porosity and water infiltration also decreased, while bulk density and
penetration resistance increased during fall-to-spring months. The seasonal variation in
structural characteristics was much more pronounced in the least stable soils, such as bare
and continued cash-winter cover cropping conditions, than in the more stable cover
cropped and grass ley soils.Land and Food Systems, Faculty ofGraduat
PENINGKATAN KUALITAS LAHAN BEKAS TAMBANG MELALUI REVEGETASI DAN KESESUAIANNYA SEBAGAI LAHAN PERTANIAN TANAMAN PANGAN
No full textPenelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi peningkatan beberapa variabel kualitas tanah pada lahan bekas tambang batubara pasca reklamasi dan kesesuaiannya untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi lahan pertanian. Contoh tanah utuh dan terganggu diambil dari lahan bekas tambang PT. Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk., Tanjung Enim, Sumatera Selatan yang telah direvegetasi masing-masing pada kedalaman 0-10 dan 0-20 cm. Pengambilan contoh tanah dilakukan di lokasi yang sama pada tahun 2006 dan 2010 ketika vegetasi berumur 8 dan 12 tahun. Contoh tanah utuh digunakan untuk analisis sifat-sifat fisik sedangkan contoh tanah terganggu untuk analisis sifat-sifat kimia tanah. Data fisik dan kimia tanah dianalisis secara deskriptif, lalu dibandingkan dengan interval nilai yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan tanaman pangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua variabel fisik tanah (tekstur, berat volume, porositas total, kadar air dan resistensi penetrasi) dan variabel kimia tanah (pH, karbon organik, unsur hara, kation dapat ditukar, dan kapasitas tukar kation) telah meningkat ke level yang sesuai untuk tanaman pangan setelah direklamasi selama 12 tahun. Beberapa variabel kualitas tanah untuk tanaman pangan meningkat dari kategori sangat rendah menjadi rendah ketika umur vegetasi reklamasi bertambah dari 8 menjadi 12 tahun. Tindakan pengelolaan lahan bekas tambang yang harus dilakukan apabila digunakan untuk pertanian adalah pengolahan tanah, pengapuran dan pemupukan terutama fosfor
KORELASI ANTARA BERAT VOLUME DAN IMPEDENSI LISTRIK PADA TANAH PODSOLIK : II. PERCOBAAN DI LAPANGAN
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