1,720,972 research outputs found
To Bind or Not to Bind? European Ethics as Dolft law
No full textIn the entrenched technoscientific and social developments and orders that
have characterized the technological developments in the past decades, the
regulatory approaches adopted to think of them, set their pace and stabilize
them in different countries have been refined and revised over time. Especially
the European Union (EU) provides an excellent research site to study regulatory
changes. The growth and integration of the EU parallels the attempts
to regulate fields like biotechnology, nanotechnology and synthetic biology.
For that reason it offers an excellent opportunity to study how “ethics” has
been developed and mobilized as part of the co-production of science and
social order (Jasanoff 2005, 2012)
To Bind or Not Bind? European Ethics as Soft Law
No full textIn the entrenched technoscientific and social developments and orders that
have characterized the technological developments in the past decades, the
regulatory approaches adopted to think of them, set their pace and stabilize
them in different countries have been refined and revised over time. Especially
the European Union (EU) provides an excellent research site to study regulatory
changes. The growth and integration of the EU parallels the attempts
to regulate fields like biotechnology, nanotechnology and synthetic biology.
For that reason it offers an excellent opportunity to study how “ethics” has
been developed and mobilized as part of the co-production of science and
social order
“Birthing democracy” Between birth policies in Portugal and mothering new forms of democracy in Brazil
No full textTese de doutoramento em Sociologia (Programa de Doutoramento em Governação, Conhecimento e Inovação) apresentada à Faculdade de Economia
da Universidade de CoimbraDesde que surgiu, na antiguidade, que a ‘democracia’ vem sendo contestada, criticada e reinventada. Nas últimas quatro décadas, porém, os debates sobre a democracia têm-se centrado nas limitações do seu modelo representativo. Embora se identifiquem posições muito diferentes em relação à forma como se deve lidar com os problemas da democracia representativa, há alguma convergência quanto ao diagnóstico das suas principais ‘patologias’. Os principais problemas identificados prendem-se com a contradição entre mobilização e institucionalização da política, a apatia política e a incapacidade dos cidadãos para entenderem os problemas e avaliarem as decisões políticas, a complexidade crescente de inovação científica e tecnológica em relação às questões sociais e a sobrevalorização de mecanismos representativos.
Nos últimos anos, no Ocidente, tem aumentado a sensibilização em relação a conceções e práticas de governo surgidas noutras partes do mundo e que sugerem possibilidades alternativas para responder à ‘crise’ da democracia representativa. Uma dessas alternativas é a proposta de democracia de alta intensidade de Boaventura de Sousa Santos, uma abordagem fortemente influenciada pelos processos de (re)democratização do Sul global, iniciado com movimentos populares, muitas vezes apoiados por governos de esquerda, com o objetivo de combater as desigualdades, a exclusão, a violência e a corrupção que por muitos anos impediram o acesso à cidadania.
Nas últimas décadas, a participação tem, assim, prevalecido como a nota mais otimista em relação ao futuro da democracia, de acordo com a qual os Estados acolhem iniciativas cidadãs e movimentos populares como alavancas de inovação democrática, uma solução para resolver certos problemas, sobretudo aqueles que derivam do confronto entre conhecimentos. Trata-se, portanto, de uma forma exequível de superar um modelo de Estado considerado inadequado, assente no chamado modelo de ‘dupla delegação’. É objetivo desta análise compreender como, em diferentes sociedades, determinadas práticas participativas se podem equiparar a práticas de alta intensidade democrática, como variam as características dessas formas de participação e como contribuem para a compreensão do que pode ser um modelo de democracia de alta intensidade. Para além disso, a análise visa ainda compreender como diferentes formas de conhecimento e de experiências se confrontam a partir de práticas participativas, que possibilidades existem para uma relação mais horizontal entre diferentes formas de conhecimento e como esses conhecimentos podem ser mobilizados a partir da pluralidade de atores envolvidos em processos de decisão.
Dois estudos de caso são usados para explorar o que equivale a distintos cenários de democracia de alta intensidade, contribuindo para a sua discussão, assim como para o seu desenvolvimento teórico-prático: um caso é o Orçamento participativo de Belo Horizonte, no Brasil; outro diz respeito aos mais recentes protestos contra o encerramento de blocos de parto em Portugal. A partir da análise efetuada, apresenta-se uma lista das principais características da democracia de alta intensidade. Constata-se que a vitalidade da democracia de alta intensidade advém: (a) da exploração crítica das proposições do Estado e dos seus aliados (b) das formas criativas e inovadoras, ainda que transgressoras, que informam e mobilizam os cidadãos.Ever since it emerged in antiquity ‘democracy’ has been contested, criticized and reinvented. In the past four decades debates about democracy have focused on the limitations of ‘representative’ democracy. Although positions differ widely with respect to how to handle the problems regarding representative democracy, there is considerable convergence in the diagnosis. Major problems are observed with respect to the contradiction between the mobilization and institutionalization of politics, political apathy and the citizens’ inability to understand problems and to assess policy decisions, the increasing complexity of scientific and technological innovation in relation to social issues, and the overvaluation of representative mechanisms.
In recent years there has been a growing awareness in the West of the conceptions and practices of government that have emerged in other parts of the world that suggest new ways of responding to the crisis of representative democracy. One such alternative has been the High Intensity Democracy proposal of Boaventura de Sousa Santos. The HID approach is strongly influenced by (re)democratization processes of the global South, ignited by popular movements often supported by left-wing administrations, aiming to fight inequalities, violence, exclusion and corruption that for many years prevented the access to citizenship.
Over the last decades, participation has prevailed as the optimistic note concerning the future of democracy. If only states would welcome citizen initiatives and grassroots movements as triggers of democratic innovation. That might overcome the problems and also especially those in which a variety of knowledge and experience clash. If only states would find a feasible way around the inadequacies of the so-called double delegation model. This study seeks to understand how in different societies participatory practices amount to forms of high intensity democracy. How do the features of such participation vary and what do they tell us about the essential features of HID in practice across diverse contexts? How are different forms of knowledge and experience confronted with one another in such participatory practices? What possibilities are there for a more horizontal relationship between different forms of knowledge as they are mobilized by a plurality of actors involved in decision-making processes? Two case studies are used to explore what HID may amount to in different settings as a contribution to the discussion about HID and how to develop it in theory and practice: the participatory Budgeting case of Belo Horizonte, in Brazil, and the recent Portuguese protests against the closure of maternity wards. A list of HID’s main features is presented. As it turns out the paramount features that keep HID alive are (a) critical exploration of whatever the state and its allies propose and (b) innovative, yet transgressive creative and innovative ways to inform and mobilize citizens.This thesis was funded by FCT (2008-2012
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Stuivertje-wisselen : over de plaats van wetenschap en journalistiek in medische televisieprogramma's in Nederland tussen 1961 en 2000
No full textDispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
