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Style and the “Idea” of the sophist after Plato : the impact of form typology on sophistic teaching and writing on interdisciplinary scholarly work
No full textResumen: Después de la primera sofística, los sofistas actuaron entre el resto de los pensadores del Mediterráneo como un grupo definido. Dado que hay muchos ejemplos que muestran que los sofistas ejercían sus prácticas y que también eran personas comprometidas en otras actividades, vamos a examinar aquí diversos casos de semejanzas y diferencias entre ellos y otros grupos de pensadores. Nuestras tres preguntas fundamentales son: qué, cómo y por qué los sofistas escribían y enseñaban. Intentaremos responder haciendo un análisis diacrónico de las principales formas y géneros de escritura que produjeron (qué). El cómo lo responderemos en su desenvolvimiento como una actividad comunicativa más allá de las fronteras de las disciplinas de la época. El por qué tendrá su respuesta al enfatizar la necesidad de la actividad de los sofistas en la socialización de la época y en la educación de la antigüedad. Al aseverar que el estilo era la idea de los sofistas, ponemos la noción de idea en Platón en el contexto de idea derivado de los sofistas contemporáneos a él y de los sofistas posteriores (segunda sofística) y centramos el foco en la función de visualidad expresada en su concepto de idea desde las obras sofísticas más tempranas en la época de Platón hasta las contribuciones posteriores.Abstract: After the First Sophistic sophists acted among the scholars in the Mediterranean in many regards as a distinct group. Since many examples show that they were not only performing sophists, but they were persons engaged in other activities, we will examine here several cases of similarities and differences between them and other groups of scholars. Our three basic questions ‘what, how and why did the sophists teach and write?’ We try to answer examining diachronically the major forms and genres of writings they produced (‘What’), the ‘How’ we answer looking at their sophistic performance as a communicative activity beyond borders of contemporary disciplines, and the ‘Why’ we try to answer emphasizing the necessity of sophistical activity in the contemporary socialization and education in antiquity. Claiming that style was the idea of the sophists, we put Plato’s concept of idea critically in the context of the concept of the idea derived from contemporary and later sophists of the Second Sophistic focusing on the function of visuality expressed in their concept of idea from early sophistic works in the time of Plato and later contributions
Verliebte Gedichte : zur Gattung des Liebesbriefes in einer seltenen Ausgabe von Gedichten Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldaus
No full textDiachronic and synchronic aspects of the concept 'speech'. Language contacts between semitic/arabic and indo-germanic languages
No full textAbstract
This article presents a comparative study of Arabic among the Hamito-Semitic languages and German among the Germanic languages. We focus on the semantic aspect and the historical linguistic perspective of the comparison of these languages. The language contact study of L1 German and L2 Arabic as the language, which is the potential language for the intrusion into the German language required a diachronic study of the language contact situation among the languages within a long range of time. While we can clearly state that the Germanic and the Arabic languages belong to different language families, this article will focus on the examples of semantic similarities, which allows us to talk about the linguistic communication and language contact situation(s) between these languages Arabic and German/English.
Rezumat
Articolul înglobează un studiu comparat, atât în domeniul semantic, cât şi în cel istoric, al arabei - o limbă din familia de limbi hamito-semitice - și al germanei – o limbă din grupul germanic de limbi indo-europene. Cercetarea interferenţelor limbii germane cu limba arabă aceasta din urmă fiind în stare, potenţial, să pătrundă în prima, necesită un studiu diacronic al contactului dintre limbile date într-un interval de timp considerabil. În pofida faptului că limba germană și cea arabă aparțin unor familii de limbi diferite, în articol, se supun analizei asemănările lor semantice, care ne permit să vorbim despre contactul dintre limbile în cauză.Haase, Fee-Alexandra. Diachronic and synchronic aspects of the concept 'speech'. Language contacts between semitic/arabic and indo-germanic languages / F.-A. Haase // Limbaj şi context = Speech and Context : Rev. de lingvistică, semiotică şi şt. literară. – 2012. – Anul IV, nr. 1. - P. 47-62. – ISSN1857-4149
Style and the ‘idea’ of the sophist in the time after Plato. The impact of form typology in sophistic teaching and writing on interdisciplinary scholarly work
Get PDFSophists acted among the educated persons and scholars in the Mediterranean after the 1st Sophistic in many regards as a special and distinct group. Since many examples show that they acted not only as sophists, but also performed other activities, we will examine here several cases were we see similarities and differences between them and other groups of scholars. Our three basic questions ‘what, how and why did the sophists teach and write?’ we answer examining diachronically the major forms and genres of writings they produced (‘What’), the ‘How’ will be answered looking at their performance as a communicative activity beyond borders of contemporary disciplines, and the ‘Why’ we try to answer emphasizing the necessity of sophistical activity in the contemporary socialization and education of late antiquity. Claiming that style was the idea of the sophists, we put Plato’s concept of ideas critically in the context of the concept of ideas derived from contemporary and later sophists focusing on the function of visuality from early sophistic works to the late antique era represented by Philostatus’ Imagines.Los sofistas desarrollaron su actividad entre personas educadas y eruditos del mundo mediterráneo, tras la primera sofística, y en muchos aspectos como un grupo especial y diferenciado. Teniendo en consideración que numerosos testimonios dejan ver que no sólo actuaron como sofistas sino que también realizaron otrasactividades, examinaremos aquí varios casos en que se pueden detectar similitudes y diferencias entre ellos y otros grupos de eruditos. A nuestras tres preguntas básicas (¿Qué enseñaron y escibieron los sofistas?Cómo? ¿Por qué?) responderemos analizando diacrónicamente los principales géneros de forma escrita que produjeron (¿Qué?); se responderá al “¿cómo?” a partir de la observación de su acción como una actividad comunicativa situada en los márgenes de las disciplinas contemporáneas; e intentaremos responder al “¿por qué?” destacando la necesidad de la actividad sofística en la educación y socialización contemporáneas de la Antigüedad tardía. Asumiendo que el estilo fue una idea de los sofistas, nos extenderemos críticamente sobre el concepto platónico de ideas, en el contexto del concepto de ideas que viene de los sofistas contemporáneos y posteriores, centrado en función de la visualidad, desde los primeros trabajos sofísticos hasta la época más tardía, representada en las Imagines de Filóstrato.Après la 1ère Sophistique, les Sophistes ont exercé leur influence sur des personnes éduquées et des érudits du monde Méditerranéen, et en de nombreux aspects comme un groupe spécial et autre. Mais le fait est que de nombreux témoignages révèlent qu’ils n’ont pas seulement agi comme sophistes, mais qu’ils ont aussi exercé d’autres activités, c’est pourquoi nous examinerons, ici, plusieurs cas où il est possible de découvrir les constantes et les différences existantes entre eux et les autres groupes d’érudits. Nous répondrons à nos trois questions de base, “que, comment et pourquoi les sophistes ont-ils enseigné et écrit?”, en analysantdiachroniquement les principaux genres et formes d’écriture produits par eux (“Que”); nous répondrons au “Comment” en observant leur action comme une activité communicative située aux marges des disciplines contemporaines; et nous essayerons de répondre au “Pourquoi”, en mettant l’accent sur l’importance de l’activité sophistique en ce qui concerne l’éducation et la socialisation contemporaines de l’Antiquité tardive. Partant du principe que le style est une idée des sophistes, nous nous intéresserons de façon critique au concept platonicien d’idées — dans le contexte du concept d’idées découlant des sophistes contemporains et de ceux qui s’ensuivront —, centré sur la fonction de représentation présente dans les Imagines de Philostrate, à partir des premiers travaux sophistiques jusqu’à la période plus tardive.Os sofistas exerceram a sua actividade entre pessoas educadas e eruditos do mundo do Mediterrâneo, depois da 1ª Sofística, e em muitos aspectos como um grupo especial e diferenciado. Atendendo a que numerosos testemunhos indiciam que eles actuaram não só como sofistas, mas que executaram também outras actividades, examinaremos aqui vários casos em que se podem detectar semelhanças e diferençasentre eles e outros grupos de eruditos. Às nossas três perguntas básicas ‘que, como e porque os sofistas ensinaram e escreveram?’ responderemos, analisando diacrónicamente os principais géneros e formas de escrita que eles produziram (\u27Que\u27); o \u27 Como\u27 será respondido a partir da observação da sua acção como uma actividade comunicativa situada nas margens das disciplinas contemporâneas; e ao ‘Porque\u27 entaremosresponder, enfatizando a necessidade da actividade sofística na educação e socialização contemporâneas da Antiguidade tardia.Assumindo que o estilo foi uma ideia dos sofistas, debruçar-nos-emos criticamente sobre o conceito platónico de ideias, no contexto do conceito de ideias decorrente dos sofistas contemporâneos e posteriores, focalizado em função da visualidade, desde os primeiros trabalhos sofísticos até à época mais tardia, representada nas Imagines de Filóstrato
Business communication and globalized english: recent definitions and applications of a concept across the corporate world
No full textShin, Cin, and Jinn in far east Asian, central east Asian, and middle eastern cultures : case studies in transethnic communication by exchange of terminology for elementary spiritual concepts of ethic groups
No full textMethodology and Objects: Methodologically, from a diachronic linguistics perspective regarding the concept of the shin, spirits in folk belief in China and neighbouring cultures, we compare texts that comprise meanings a) historically in the local language and b) compared to the meanings of equivalent terms in languages of other cultures. Comparing sources of this belief, we examine if and how the shin belief can serve as an example of communication across cultural borders including practical forms of worshipping. Argumentation: We argue that the concept of the shin is across cultural and national borders a result from folk culture transcending political or cultural borders transmitted via migration of ethnic groups. Although similar, mind concepts of different cultures and groups never melted; evidence for this independence gives the Islamic distinctive separation between shin and jinn in this area in the Chinese Quran and other spiritual Chinese writings. On the other hand, the practice of worshipping is similar. Conclusions: A spiritual concept like shin varies in practice in different areas. Central Asia as the melting pot of Chinese and Middle East culture shows the cultural practice of Shamanism with shin belief, complex mind concepts like in Daoism, and religions incorporating shin belief (Islam). Observed changes in the particular local languages show the continuity of the local set of meanings. Multilingual and multicultural areas such as Central Asia rather integrate new words to increase their thesaurus with new meanings than to change the set of previous existing meanings in the languages. Arabic as a language of conquerors in Central Asia is a typical example for such a language that serves as a tool to set up new meanings
Conceptions of Criticism. Cross-Cultural, Interdisciplinary, and Historical Studies of Structures of a Concept of Values
Get PDFThis book is an introduction into the methods, applications, and the history of criticism. Directed in a historical perspectives, it gives access to the conditions of criticism that depend upon historical situations and cultural conditions. This book introduces into the main areas of applied criticism showing their historical development and the main applications in several cultures in Europe from a diachronic approach, and Asia, Africa, America, and Australia from a synchronic approach. Therefore it faces the specific terminology related to criticism in diverse cultures.Dieses Buch ist eine Einleitung in die Methoden, in die Anwendungen und in die Geschichte der Kritik. Von einer historischen Perspektive aus gibt es Zugang zu den Bedingungen der Kritik, die von historischen Situationen und kulturellen Zuständen abhängen. Das Buch führt in die Hauptbereiche der angewandten Kritik, ihre historische Entwicklung und die Hauptanwendungen in Kulturen in Europa von einer diachronen Annäherung aus ein und zeigt für Asien, Afrika, Amerika und Australien von einer synchronen Annäherung aus Formen der Kritik auf. Es betrachtet die spezifischen Terminologien, die auf Kritik in verschiedenen Kulturen bezogen sind
Lost rhetoric found. Non-extant rhetorical handbooks of rhetoricians and sophists from the pre-P~platonic time until late Hellenism as literary sources in Suda
Get PDFThis article touches an area of the history and technical disposition of rhetoric, which has not been considered a subject or research on rhetoric so far. Under the marginalized and rather frustrating condition of lost works of rhetoric we can see that the research concerning the history of rhetoric stops at the point where the ground of evidential rhetorical handbooks is not available. We will present rhetorical textbooks mostly unknown, since a documentation exists for them only in titles of the writings, while the books got lost. This work is a contribution to the historical development of rhetoric. We will discuss it as far as possible, since the authorship and chronological relation is in many cases not clear.Este artículo se ocupa de un aspecto de la historia y de la técnica de la retórica que hasta la fecha no ha sido considerado un área de investigación en el ámbito de los estudios retóricos. Como resultado del estatuto marginal de las obras perdidas, se entiende que la historia de la retórica se interrumpe cada vez que nos eencuentran disponibles pruebas materiales de la existencia de manuales de retórica. Presentaremos así manuales de retórica en su mayoría desconocidos, puesto que, al haber desaparecido la obra, sólo aparecen documentados en títulos de otros textos.Nuestraintención es que este trabajo aporte una contribución al desarrollo de la historia de la retórica. Para ello se llevará la discusión hasta el límite de lo posible, dado que en muchos casos las cuestiones de autoría y datación son aúnoscuras.Cet article aborde un aspect de l’histoire et de la technique de la rhétorique qui, jusqu’à présent, n’avait pas encore été considéré comme un champ de recherche dans le domaine des études rhétoriques. Le statutmarginal des œuvres perdues afait en sorte quel’histoire de la rhétorique se trouve interrompue àchaque fois qu®aucune preuve matérielle del’existence de manuels de rhétorique ne soit disponible. Par conséquent, et dans la mesure oùl®œuvre a disparu, nous présenterons desmanuels de rhétoriqueméconnus pour la plupart, puisqu®ils n®apparaissent qu®en tant que titres d’autres textes. Nous prétendons donc que ce travail soit une contribution au développement del’histoire de la rhétorique. La discussion sera donc menée jusqu’aux limites du possible, dans la mesure où, dans plusieurs cas, les questions liée sàl® auteure tàl a datation restent obscures.Este artigo ocupa‐se de um aspecto da história e da técnica da retórica que não tem, até agora, sido considerado como uma área de investigação no domínio dos estudos retóricos. Como decorrência do estatuto marginal das obras perdidas, percebe-se que a história da retórica é interrompida sempre que não se encontram disponíveis provas materiais da existência de manuais de retórica. Serão, assim, apresentados manuais de retórica maioritariamente desconhecidos, uma vez que, tendo a obra desaparecido, estes surgem apenas documentados em títulos de outros textos. Pretende‐se que este trabalho seja uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento da história da retórica. Nesse sentido, conduzir-se-á a discussão até ao limite do possível, uma vez que, em muitos casos, as questões de autoria e datação permanecem obscuras
Business communication and globalized English: recent definitions and applications of a concept across the corporate world
Get PDFEste artículo es un estudio de "comunicación comercial" como un fenómeno económico de varias capas de la sociedad corporativa del mundo globalizado. En los sistemas de educación académica y en los negocios en diversas definiciones del término "comunicación comercial" existe, que se aplican en todos los ámbitos de la formación académica y en el mundo de los negocios. Después de la comparación de las definiciones de "comunicación comercial", que demuestran las diversas capas de la comunicación comercial en el mundo empresarial contemporáneo. Ellos se basan en un modelo del mundo corporativo. Para estos casos usamos ejemplos de empresas que implementan la "comunicación comercial" en su estructura corporativa.This article approaches ‘business communication’ as a multi-layered economic phenomenon of the corporate society of the globalized business world. In academic education systems and in the business world under the term ‘business communication’ various definitions exist, which are applied across the fields of academic studies and in the business world. After the comparison of definitions of ‘business communication’, we demonstrate the various layers of business communication in the contemporary corporate world based upon a model of the corporate world and these cases using examples of companies implementing ‘business communication’ into their corporate structure
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