17 research outputs found
PENGARUH KOMBINASI POSISI SEMI FOWLER DAN ANKLE PUMPING EXERCISE PADA PASIEN BRADIKARDIA
No full textABSTRAKHamzatun SyawalMahasiswa Program Studi Profesi Ners Poltekkes Kemenkes SemarangPembimbing Klinik RSUP Dr. Kariadi SemarangDosen Jurusan Keperawatan Poltekkes Kemenkes SemarangPeneliti : [email protected] Pustaka: Pengaruh Kombinasi Posisi Semi Fowler dan Ankle Pumping Exercise pada Pasien BradikardiaLatar bekalang : Dampak terjadinya bradikardia yang paling utama yaitu Sinkop, hipoksia, dan gejala gagal jantung akibat ganguan perfusi sirkulasi dalam tubuh. Manifestasi klinis bradikardia dapat bervariasi secara luas mulai dari gejala klinis sinkop atau presinkop, pusing sementara atau pusing, gejala gagal jantung, asidosis, hipoksia, dan gangguan orientasi akibat hipoperfusi serebral yang disebabkan oleh denyut jantung lambat. Pentingnya suatu penanganganan pada bradikardia untuk mengatasi dampak bradikardia diantaranya yaitu kombinasi terapi ankle pump dan semi fowler.Tujuan : mengidentifikasi artikel-artikel penelitian mengenai penerapan kombinasi posisi semi fowler dan latihan ankle pumping exercise terhadap gejala bradikardia pada pasien dengan jantung.Metode : Pencarian artikel yang telah dilakuakn secara komprehensif database jurnal Google Schoolar, ProQuest, dan Garuda Ristekbin dengan rentang waktu 2016-2020. Kata kunci yang digunakan yaitu combination of semi-fowler position and ankle pumping in bradycardia patients.Hasil : Data dianalisis berisi judul, penulis, tahun, metodologi, dan hasil. Peneliti mengidentifikasi 52 judul tanpa duplikasi dan disaring menjadi 5 artikel yang membahas Posisi Semi Fowler dan Ankle Pumping Exercise pada Bradikardia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kombinasi Posisi Semi Fowler dan Ankle Pumping Exercise meningkatkan fungsi pernapasan dan kardiovaskuler yang ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan SPO2 dan tanda-tanda lancarnya perfusi perifer atau hemodinamik.Simpulan : kombinasi posisi semi fowler dan ankle pumping exercise meningkatan fungsi pernapasan dan kardiovaskuler dan dari ulasan literasi maka perawat RS tipe A dapat melaksanakan prosedur tersebut sebagian acuan pada penanganan pasien Bradikardia.Kata kunci : Posisi semi fowler, ankle pumping exercise, bradikardia
Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Ketajaman Penglihatan Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kecamatan Biringkanaya
No full textPenurunan ketajaman penglihatan merupakan salah satu ancaman pada penderita Diabetes Melitus (DM) bahkan DM itu sendiri dapat menyebabkan kebutaan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan faktor yang mempengaruhi ketajaman penglihatan pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kecamatan Biringkanaya Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif korelasional, dimana peneliti akan melakukan penelitian dengan pendekatan cross sectional yang dilaksanakan pada bulan April - Mei 2018. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua pasien Diabetes melitus tipe 2 yang berada di wilayah kerja Puskemas Kecamatan Biringkanaya Kota Makassar, dengan jumlah responden 45 orang. Hasil peneletian menunjukan faktor kadar gula darah puasa, usia, jenis kelamin, lama menderita DM, dan komplikasi memiliki hubungan yang signifikan sengan penurunan ketajaman penglihatan pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 dimana seluruh variabel independen memiliki value <0,034. Faktor komplikasi sebagai faktor predominan yang berhubungan penurunan ketajaman penglihatan pasien diabtes melitus tipe 2. Diharapkan bagi responsden untuk membangun komunikasi positif dengan perawat atau tenaga kesehatan yang lain untuk memperoleh informasi yang lengkap tentang. Penurunan ketajaman penglihatan bisa dikurangi dengan mengkonsumsi sumber makanan yang mangandung vitamin dan rendah gula sehingga hal ini perlu diperhatikan bagi petugas kesehatan dan keluarga pasien Diabetes Melitus agar pasien dapat terhindar dari penurunan ketajaman penglihatan yang parah atau terhindar dari kebutaan akibat DM
SIDANG ISBAT PENENTUAN AWAL BULAN KAMARIAH PRESPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM (Kajian Terhadap penetapan Kementerian Agama RI selaku Ulil Amri)
No full textABSTRAKHingga saat ini, upaya Pemerintah c.q Kementerian Agama RI guna mewujudkan penyatuan dalam penentuan awal bulan Kamariah di tanah air masih belum sepenuhnya berhasil, hal ini tampak dengan masih sering terjadinya perbedaan penetapan awal bulan Kamariah di kalangan masyrakat muslim maupun ormas Islam. Padahal, penetapan awal bulan Kamaraiah merupakan suatu persoalan yang sangat penting baagi umat Islam, dikarenakan menyangkut permasalahan ibadah dan penetapan hari libur nasional.Penelitian ini, penulis tertarik untuk mengkaji tentang bagaimana mekanisme penetapan 1 Ramadan dan 1 Syawal oleh Kementerian Agama, serta bagaimana kedudukan putusan Kementerian Agama RI serta penetapkan 1 Ramadan dan 1 Syawal dalam kajian Hukum Islam.Penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, yang lebih difokukskan pada penelitian pustaka (library research), dengan data primer buku Keputusan-keputusan Menteri Agama terkait penetapan 1 Ramadan, 1 Syawal, sedangkan data sekunder yang digunakan berupa beberapa buku terkait pedoman hisab rukyat maupun hukum Islam, kaidah fikih, serta beberapa makalah. Melalui data yang ada, penulis menganalisis data dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif untuk menjawab rumusan masalah yang dikaji.Temuan dalam penulisan ini adalah bahwa Kementerian Agama selaku wakil dari pemerintah yang menangani permasalahan keagamaan di Indonesia, berusaha sesuai aturan dan memutuskan sesuai kebenaran ilmiah yang disepakati. Penetapan 1 Ramadan dan 1 Syawal dalam prespektif hukum Islam menyangkut kemaslahatan umum (maslahat al-’amah) yang berdampak pada semua aspek kehidupan, oleh sebab itu pemerintah dibenarkan ikut campur tangan dan ketika pemerintah sudah menetapkan, maka keputusan tersebut mengikat bagi warganya.Kata kunci: Sidang Isbat, Awal Bulan Kamariah, Ulil Amri. ABSTRACT The efforts of the Government in which case is Religion Ministry of Indonesia to realize unification in the early months of the determination of Kamariah are still not entirely successful, it can be seen from the distinction of beginning of the month Kamariah decision in among the moslem people as well as Islamic organizations. In fact, the determination of the beginning of the month Kamariah is a very important issue for Muslims, due to concerns the issue of worship, especially in terms of the first day of Ramadan and Syawal month decision, this is related to the start and end time of fasting, Idul Fitri and Idul Adha. The determination of the beginning of Kamariah is related to the determination of national holiday.The authors are interested in reviewing a determination of the mechanisms of how the first day of Ramadan and Syawal by the Ministry of Religion, as well as how the position of the Religious Ministry of Indonesia, the first day of Ramadan and Syawal month decision in studies of Islamic law.The author uses qualitative research methods in this research, which are more focused on library research, with primary data book decisions of the Religion Minister related to the first day of Ramadan and Syawal month decision while the secondary data used in the form of several related books or sighting reckoning guidelines of Islamic law, rule of jurisprudence, and several papers. Through the data, the authors analyzed the data using qualitative descriptive method to answer the problem formulation.The findings in this writing are that the Religion Ministry as the representative of the Government handle the problem of religion in Indonesia, trying to run the Government's rules, and decide according an agreed scientific truth. The decision of the first day of Ramadan and Syawal in the perspective of Islamic law is concerning to public benefit (Affairs of al-' amah) which have an impact on all aspects of life, therefore, government intervention is justified and when the Government is already set, then the decision is binding for its citizens.Keywords: Council of theIsbat, beginning of the month Kamariah, Ulil Amri
Contents of hepatic and renal metallothioneins in Hyposarcus pardalis: for construction of biomarker for heavy metal contamination in environments
No full textThe pollution of water by heavy metals is one of the most serious problems in the developing countries, where watercourses play important roles in transport and economic activities. The aim of this study was to examine whether Hyposarcus pardalis, a fish species widespread in the freshwater environment in Indonesia, could be used as a biomarker for environmental pollution by metals. To this effect, the concentrations of metallothioneins and metals in the livers and kidneys of H. pardalis were measured. In addition, to clarify the relationship between metallothionein concentrations and metal exposure, the concentrations of metallothioneins and metals were determined in the liver and the kidney of fish exposed to 50 and 500 ppb Cu and 500 ppb Mn, compared with those kept in clean water. Sufficient concentrations of metallothionein were detected in fish captured from Lake Rawakalong located in an industrial area in the suburbs of Jakarta. The results of exposure experiments suggested that H. pardalis retained a history of pollution in its organs for a long duration, and the metals bound to metallothioneins in the liver and kidney could be replaced with Cu following exposure. In conclusion, the hepatic and renal metallothioneins in H. pardalis are a useful candidate biomarker for monitoring heavy metal contamination
PERANAN EKSTRAKULIKULER PRAMUKA DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KARAKTER SOSIAL DAN EMOSIONAL PESERTA DIDIK : Studi Kasus di SMP Negeri 19 Bandung
No full textPenelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh masalah yang ditemukan seperti sifat antipati, kurang mengontrol emosi, tidak disiplin, tidak peduli lingkungan, kurang komunikatif, dan ketidak mampuan dalam pengambilan keputusan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peranan ekstrakurikuler Pramuka dalam kompetensi pengembangan karakter sosial dan emosional peserta didik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif menggunakan metode deskriptif, dengan desain penelitian studi kasus dengan subjek penelitian pembina, pembina satuan, dewan galang dan anggota Pramuka SMP Negeri 19 Bandung. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan oleh peneliti yakni wawancara mendalam (indepth interview), observasi (observation), dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ekstrakurikuler Pramuka memberikan kontribusi nyata terhadap pengembangan karakter sosial dan emosional (social - emotional character develompment) meliputi keterampilan kesadaran diri (self – awareness), pengaturan diri (self management (regulation)), kepekaan sosial (social awareness), keterampilan membangun hubungan (relationship skills) dan pengambilan keputusan yang bertanggung jawab (responsible decision making). Penulis memberikan rekomendasi terhadap sekolah agar dapat lebih mendukung secara moril maupun materil agar kegiatan ekstrakulikuler Pramuka di SMP Negeri 19 Bandung dapat lebih maju dan lebih banyak melahirkan peserta didik yang berprestasi dan cerdas karakter sosial dan emosionalnya, juga menjadi kegiatan yang mengedukasi, bukan hanya formalitas belaka.
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This research is motivated by the problems that have been found such as antipathy, lack of emotional control, undisciplined, ignorant of the environment, less communicative, and inability to make decisions. This study aims to look at the role of scouts extracurricular in the competence of students' social and emotional character development. The research method used in this research is a qualitative approach using a descriptive method, with a case study research design with the research subjects as supervisors, unit builders, board members and members of the scouts at 19 Junior High School, Bandung. Data collection techniques used by researchers are in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation studies. The results showed that the scout extracurricular contributed significantly to the development of social and emotional character including self-awareness, self-management (regulation), social awareness, relationship skills and responsible decision making. The author provides recommendations for schools to be more morally and materially supportive so that scouts extracurricular activities at SMP Negeri 19 Bandung can be more advanced and produce more students who are achievers and smart at the social and emotional competence, also become a good educational activity, not just mere formalities
MOCHTAR KUSUMAATMADJA SEBAGAI MENTERI LUAR NEGERI INDONESIA (1978-1988)
No full textTujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan perjalanan karir dari Mochtar Kusumaatmadja serta peran dan kontribusi Mochtar Kusumaatmadja sejak diangkat sebagai Menteri Luar Negeri. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode historis untuk membahas peran dan kontribusi Mochtar Kusumaatmadja. Metode historis merupakan metode penelitian yang menggunakan cara, prosedur ataupun teknik yang sistematik sesuai dengan asas dan aturan sejarah untuk menghasilkan tulisan sejarah. Dalam metode historis memiliki lima tahapan yaitu pemilihan tema, heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Dalam menentukan tema penelitian, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan emosial. Kemudian peneliti mengumpulkan sumber yang sesuai dengan penelitian. Setelah mengumpulkan sumber, peneliti kemudian mengkritik sumber yang telah didapat. Selanjutnya penulis menafsirkan fakta dari sumber yang telah diverifikasi. Terakhir peneliti melakukan penulisan terhadap fakta yang telah didapatkan.
Hasil dari penelitian ini membahas peran dan kontribusi Mochtar Kusumaatmadja sebagai Menteri Luar Negeri sejak tahun 1978. Mochtar Kusumaatmadja mengawali karirnya sebagai dosen di prodi Hukum Fakultas Hukum Universitas Padjajaran lalu menjadi guru besar Fakultas Hukum Universitas Padjajaran hingga akhirnya Mochtar Kusumaatmadja diangkat menjadi Rektor Universitas Padjajaran pada tahun 1972. Lalu pada tahun 1957, ditunjuk sebagai perancang Deklarasi Djuanda, dan Mochtar banyak berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan diplomasi, termasuk keanggotaan dalam Konferensi Internasional Hukum Laut Pertama tahun 1958 dan Kedua pada tahun 1960 lalu pada tahun 1969 berperan sebagai ketua Tim Teknis Landas Kontinen. Sebagai ahli hukum, Mochtar dipilih Soeharto menjadi Menteri Kehakiman pada Kabinet Pembangunan II pada tahun 1974 hingga 1978. Mochtar Kusumaatmadja berhasil menjalankan tugasnya sebagai Menteri Kehakiman dan terpilih menjadi Menteri Luar Negeri selama dua periode pada tahun 1978-1983 dan 1983-1988. Sebagai ahli hukum internasional, jabatan Menteri Luar Negeri sangat cocok bagi Mochtar Kusumaatmadja. Selama menjabat Menteri Luar Negeri, Mochtar menyelesaikan berbagai permasalahan luar negeri Indonesia, antara lain permasalahan manusia perahu Vietnam, dan berperan sebagai mediator penyelesaian permasalahan perdamaian antara Vietnam dan Kamboja sehubungan dengan invasi Vietnam ke Kamboja pada tahun 1979, serta menangani masalah Timor Timur dan melanjutkan perjuangan Gerakan Non-Blok, serta melakukan berbagai inisiatif lainnya. Yang paling berdampak bagi Indonesia adalah perebutan hukum laut internasional berdasarkan konsep negara kepulauan yang diperkenalkan oleh Mochtar Kusumaatmadja hingga disahkan dunia internasional pada tahun 1982.
Kata kunci: Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, Menteri Luar Negeri, Hukum Laut
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The objective of this research is to describe the career journey, roles, and contributions of Mochtar Kusumaatmadja since his appointment as the Minister of Foreign Affairs. This research employs a historical method to analyze Mochtar Kusumaatmadja's roles and contributions. This research uses historical methods to discuss the career journey of Mochtar Kusumaatmadja. The historical method is a research method that uses systematic methods, procedures or techniques in accordance with historical principles and rules to produce historical writing. The historical method has five stages, namely theme selection, heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. In determining the research theme, the researcher used an emotional approach. Then the researcher collects sources that are appropriate to the research. After collecting sources, the researcher then criticizes the sources that have been obtained. Next, the author interprets the facts from verified sources. Finally, the researcher wrote down the facts that had been obtained.
The findings of this research discuss Mochtar Kusumaatmadja's roles and contributions as Minister of Foreign Affairs since 1978. His career began in academia. Mochtar Kusumaatmadja served as a professor at the Faculty of Law, Padjadjaran University, and was later appointed as Rector of Padjadjaran University in 1972. Mochtar Kusumaatmadja's career commenced with his involvement in drafting the Djuanda Declaration in 1957. He actively participated in various diplomatic activities, including membership in the First International Law of the Sea Conference in 1958 and the Second Conference in 1960. In 1969, he served as the Chairman of the Continental Shelf Technical Team. As a legal expert, Mochtar was appointed by President Soeharto as Minister of Justice in the Second Development Cabinet from 1974 to 1978. He successfully performed his duties as Minister of Justice and was later elected as Minister of Foreign Affairs for two terms, from 1978-1983 and 1983-1988. As an international legal expert, the role of Minister of Foreign Affairs was highly fitting for Mochtar Kusumaatmadja. During his tenure, Mochtar addressed various foreign policy issues for Indonesia, including the Vietnamese boat people crisis, mediating peace between Vietnam and Cambodia following Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia in 1979, addressing the East Timor issue, advancing the Non-Aligned Movement, and initiating other significant efforts. One of his most impactful contributions to Indonesia was advocating for international maritime law based on the concept of the archipelagic state, which was eventually recognized by the international community in 1982.
Keywords: Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Law of the Se
ANALISIS STABILITAS LERENG DENGAN PERKUATAN TIANG MENGGUNAKAN METODE ELEMEN HINGGA (STUDI KASUS JALAN DIPONEGORO KM. 2 PASIR PENGARAIAN)
No full textThe slope that often occurs on the road Diponegoro Km. 2 Pasir Pengaraian has always been a problem by Dinas Bina MargaDan Pengaira Kabupaten Rokan Hulu, but previously improvements were made but were not entirely successful. Then theslope repair with retaining walls using the bore pile pile foundation was considered quite successful to prevent landslides onthe road section. Based on these conditions the author tries to analyze and evaluate the stability of the slope by strengtheningthe bore pile pile, by analyzing the influence of the pile position (Xp/X), pile diameter, pile length (Lz/L) pile and pile spacing(S/D) on the slope. The object of the research was carried out on the slope of Diponegoro Km. 2 Pasir Pengaraian. Theanalysis used is field tension analysis with finite element method analysis of strength reduction. Soil parameters are knownfrom several tests in the field and laboratories which are used as design variables in the analysis process.This thesis presentsthe safety factor of the two-dimensional finite element method with strength reduction analysis using the OPTUMG2 programto validate the slope stability analysis, slope stability analysis simulation with homogeneous clay soil, medium homogeneousclay and homogeneous rigid clay with mast strengthening and evaluation of slope stability analysis in the study case. Theresults of the numerical analysis based on the influence of the pile position on the slope, pile diameter, pile length, and spacingbetween the piles with two pile head conditions is free head and fixed head, the condition of the mast is sufficient to improvethe safety factor of slope stability
Analisis Yuridis Anak di Bawah Umur sebagai Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penyalahgunaan Narkotika Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak
No full textChildren have an important role as the nation's next generation, so the state is obliged to provide optimal support for their development. However, deviant behavior, including narcotics abuse, shows a significant increase, especially due to the influence of globalization and information technology. In a legal context, children involved in drug abuse may be considered offenders, although they should also be treated as victims who need rehabilitation, not prison sentences. One of them occurred in the Curup District Court Decision Number 00/Pid.Sus-Anak/2022/PN Crp, on January 3 2022, where Child I and Child II were suspected of being involved in narcotics abuse in Tanjung Aur Village. Arrests were made and all evidence was recognized as theirs, and examination showed that they controlled large amounts of narcotics without permission from the authorities. This research aims to explore the criminal responsibility of minors related to narcotics abuse and the appropriate forms of legal protection for them. In this research, the author uses a normative juridical research method using literature study and a legal approach. The research results show that the SPPA Law emphasizes restoration, rehabilitation and protection of children's rights through a restorative justice approach by resolving cases outside of court or diversion to restore relationships between children, victims and society. In an effort to protect children, the SPPA Law provides legal protection through guidance and rehabilitation, special procedures for handling children's cases, as well as regulating identity confidentiality. The role of community counselors, social workers and social welfare workers is very important as a form of legal protection for children, with a focus on recovery and reintegration into society.Anak-anak memiliki peran penting sebagai generasi penerus bangsa, sehingga negara berkewajiban untuk memberikan dukungan optimal bagi perkembangan mereka. Namun, perilaku menyimpang, termasuk penyalahgunaan narkotika, menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan, terutama akibat pengaruh globalisasi dan teknologi informasi. Dalam konteks hukum, anak-anak yang terlibat dalam penyalahgunaan narkotika dapat dianggap pelanggar, meskipun mereka juga seharusnya diperlakukan sebagai korban yang membutuhkan rehabilitasi, bukan hukuman penjara. Salah satunya terjadi dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Curup Nomor 00/Pid.Sus-Anak/2022/PN Crp, pada 3 Januari 2022, dimana Anak I dan Anak II diduga terlibat dalam penyalahgunaan narkotika di Desa Tanjung Aur. Penangkapan dilakukan dan semua barang bukti diakui sebagai milik mereka, dan pemeriksaan menunjukkan bahwa mereka menguasai narkotika dalam jumlah besar tanpa izin dari pihak berwenang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi pertanggungjawaban pidana anak di bawah umur terkait penyalahgunaan narkotika dan bentuk perlindungan hukum yang layak bagi mereka. Dalam penelitian ini, Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan studi kepustakaan dan pendekatan undang-undang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa UU SPPA menekankan pada pemulihan, rehabilitasi, dan perlindungan hak-hak anak melalui pendekatan keadilan restoratif dengan penyelesaian kasus di luar pengadilan atau diversi untuk memulihkan hubungan antara anak, korban, dan masyarakat. Dalam upaya melindungi anak, UU SPPA memberikan perlindungan hukum melalui pembinaan dan rehabilitasi, prosedur khusus dalam penanganan kasus anak, serta pengaturan kerahasiaan identitas. Peran pembimbing kemasyarakatan, pekerja sosial, dan tenaga kesejahteraan sosial sangat penting sebagai bentuk perlindungan hukum bagi anak, dengan fokus pada pemulihan dan reintegrasi ke dalam masyarakat
Metal Concentrations of River Water and Sediments in West Java, Indonesia
No full textTo determine the water environment and pollutants in West Java, the contents of metals and general water quality of the Ciliwung River in the Jakarta area were measured. High Escherichia coli number (116–149/mL) was detected downstream in the Ciliwung River. In addition to evaluate mercury pollution caused by gold mining, mercury contents of water and sediment samples from the Cikaniki River, and from paddy samples were determined. The water was not badly polluted. However, toxic metals such as mercury were detected at levels close to the baseline environmental standard of Indonesia (0.83–1.07 μg/g of sediments in the Cikaniki River). From analyses of the paddy samples (0.08 μg/g), it is considered that there is a health risk caused by mercury
Comparison of general water quality of rivers in Indonesia and Japan
No full textIn Java and Kalimantan in Indonesia, river water plays important roles in human life; for example, for transportation, and economic activities of the inhabitants. However, industrial, agricultural and domestic water is discarded into rivers directly in many developing countries, including Indonesia, since drainage systems have not been completely constructed. In this study, to evaluate the water quality and to compare those levels of environmental contaminants in developing and developed countries, water quality and contents of endocrine disrupters were measured in a total of 64 water samples (Indonesia; 28 samples and Japan; 36 samples) from 53 sites. The results indicated that, rivers in both capital cities, Jakarta and Tokyo, were contaminated. Water in rivers in Indonesia was not so heavily polluted as in Japan. Pollution in the river water in Indonesia appeared to be caused by the lack of sewerage systems. In addition, the findings on endocrine disrupters indicated that the concentration of alkylphenol in water samples was large enough to affect living organisms
