1,294 research outputs found
Атеросклероз: новые достижения и неудачи = Atherosclerosis: new achievements and failures
No full textАТЕРОСКЛЕРОЗ: НОВЫЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И НЕУДАЧИ
Atherosclerosis: new achievements and failures
Гоженко А.И.1, Ковалевская Л.А.2, Котюжинская С.Г.2, Васюк В.Л.3, Zukow W.4
Gozhenko A.I.1, Kovalevskaya L.A.2, Kotyuzhinskaya S.G.2, Vasyuk V.L.3, Zukow W.4
1Украинский НИИ медицины транспорта, Одесса
2Одесский национальный медицинский университет, Одесса
3Буковинский государственный медицинский университет, Черновцы
4Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz
1Ukrainnian Research Institute of Transport Medicine, Odessa, Ukraine
2Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine
3Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
4Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
Atherosclerosis: new achievements and failures
A. I. Gozhenko1, L. A. Kovalevskaya2, S. G. Kotyuzhinskaya2, V. L.Vasiyck3, W. Zukow4
1Ukrainian Research Institute of Transport Medicine, Odessa
2Odessa National Medical University
3Bukovina State Medical University, Chernovtsy
4Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
Summary. The article presents current information on the leading causes of atherosclerosis and its underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis, examined predictors of early stages of atherosclerosis (ІL-1β, ІL-6, FNP-α, NO, MCP-1, Fres, endothelin-1, CRP, which can join and heparin). The prospects of a new enzyme inhibition and RSSK9, 33a mRNA in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Analyzed the contradictions of using inhibitors cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), new European and American recommendations in the management of patients with dyslipidemia.
Keywords: atherosclerosis, predictors, statins, new methods of treatment and diagnosis.
Атеросклероз: новые достижения и неудачи
Гоженко А.И.1, Ковалевская Л.А.2, Котюжинская С.Г.2, Васюк В.Л.3, Zukow W.4
1Украинский НИИ медицины транспорта, г. Одесса
2Одесский национальный медицинский университет
3Буковинский государственный медицинский университет, г.Черновцы
4Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz
Резюме. В статье представлены современные сведения о ведущих причинах атеросклероза и основных механизмах его патогенеза, рассмотрены предикторы ранних стадий развития атеросклероза (ІЛ-1β, ІЛ-6, ФНП-α, NO, MCP-1, ФРЕС, эндотелин-1, СРБ, к которым может присоединиться и гепарин). Показана перспектива нового ферменте РСSK9 и ингибирование mРНК 33а в лечение сердечно-сосудистой патологии. Проанализированы противоречиях использования ингибиторов белка переносчика эфиров холестерина (СЕТР), новые Европейские и Американские рекомендации при ведении больных с дислипидемиями.
Ключевые слова: атеросклероз, предикторы, статины, новые методы лечение и диагностики.Gozhenko A.I., Kovalevskaya L.A., Kotyuzhinskaya S.G., Vasyuk V.L., Zukow W. Атеросклероз: новые достижения и неудачи = Atherosclerosis: new achievements and failures. Journal of Health Sciences. 2014;04(04):101-114. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10763 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1076
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND THEIR IMBALANCE AS ONE OF THE MECHANISMS OF HEALTH DISRUPTION IN MODERN PEOPLE
No full textGozhenko A. I., Hryshko Yu. M. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND THEIR IMBALANCE AS ONE OF THE MECHANISMS OF HEALTH DISRUPTION IN MODERN PEOPLE. Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини / Actual problems of transport medicine / 2018;4(54):172-184. ISSN 1818-9385
DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2526928
http://aptm.org.ua
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND THEIR IMBALANCE AS ONE OF THE MECHANISMS OF HEALTH DISRUPTION IN MODERN PEOPLE
A.I. Gozhenko, Yu.M. Hryshko
Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy, Poltava
Summary
The paper examines the issues of circadian rhythms functioning and their significance in the regulation of physiological processes. The author discusses the role of physiological biorhythms and melatonin as a universal bioregulator, adaptogen, and stabilizer of the CNS functions. Metabolic circadian rhythms are among the most important processes in the body. The paper analyzes the molecular and genetic aspects of the biological clock and its interrelation with lipid metabolism. The modern views on the biological rhythms of carbohydrate metabolism and its role in the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus have been summarized. The influence of circadian rhythms on the LPO parameters has been discussed.
The paper focuses on the issues of desynchronosis, its causes and consequences. The imbalance of circadian rhythms, caused either by external or internal factors, may lead to the disruption of the body’s regulatory systems, which consists in the development of metabolic disorders. This, in its turn, may cause disorders of the modern person’s health.
Key words: circadian rhythms, desynchronosis, melatonin, metabolism
Functional renal reserve: physiology, pathophysiology and diagnostics. Application in practice = Функциональный почечный резерв: физиология, патофизиология и диагностика. Применение в практике
No full textMachine Translated by Google
Gozhenko A.I., Ivanov D.D., Nikitenko O.P., Sirman V.M.
Functional renal reserve:
physiology,
pathophysiology
and diagnostics
Application in practice
Kyiv Publisher Zaslavsky A.Yu.
2019
Machine Translated by Google
UDC 616.61-008.6-072.72.004.14
BBK 56.9+28.91
ÿ94
Authors: Gozhenko A.I., Ivanov D.D., Nikitenko O.P., Sirman V.M.
F94
Functional renal reserve: physiology, pathophysiology and diagnostics. Application in practice / Gozhenko A.I., Ivanov D.D., Nikitenko O.P. and others - K .: Publisher Zaslavsky A.Yu., 2019. - 146 p.
ISBN 978-617-632-101-9
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7742367
The monograph summarizes the experience of studying the role of the functional renal reserve in the implementation of the homeostatic functions of the kidneys. The materials of our own research on the physiological substantiation of the original method for determining the functional renal reserve and the results of its study in healthy people and patients with kidney pathology are presented. The assessment of the diagnostic value of the method proposed by the authors of the study of the kidneys is given, the possibilities of determining the functional renal reserve in clinical practice and in experiments are shown.
mental studies
UDC 616.61-008.6-072.72.004.14
BBK 56.9+28.91
ISBN 978-617-632-101-9
© Gozhenko A.I., Ivanov D.D., Nikitenko O.P., Sirman V.M., 2019 © Vidavets
Zaslavskiy O.Yu., 2019
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CONTENT
List of conditional abbreviations 5
Introduction 6
Chapter
The role of glomerular filtration in the implementation of homeostatic renal functions in normal and pathological
conditions 8
Chapter
Functional renal reserve (definition, physiological significance, study
methods) 29
Chapter
Physiological rationale for the use of water-salt load to determine the functional renal
reserve 44
Physiological rationale for the ways of
determining FPR 54
Method for determining the RFP using a solution of sodium chloride 55
Chapter
Functional renal reserve in patients with
diabetes 61
The state of the functional renal reserve in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 76
Chapter
5
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4 Gozhenko A.I., Ivanov D.D., Nikitenko O.P., Sirman V.M. Functional renal reserve
Chapter
Functional renal reserve in patients
with AIDS 94
Chapter
Functional renal reserve in cancer
patients 105
Chapter
Functional renal reserve.
Physiological significance and its role in
the diagnosis of renal diseases 112
References 121
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LIST OF CONDITIONAL ABBREVIATIONS
ÿPNG - atrial sodium retic hormone AH - arterial hypertension BP -
blood pressure ADH - antidiuretic hormone AKF - angiotensin-converter
enzyme
ACE — angiotensin-converting enzyme ARP
— plasma renin
activity AT II — angiotensin II
ARBs - An receptor blockers
giotensin
HAART is a highly active anti- retroviral therapy
HIV - immunodeficiency virus
human
HIVAN, HIV-associated nephropathy HT, hypertension
DD, diastolic blood pressure DOXA, deoxycorticostero
for acetate
ACE inhibitors - angiotensin inhibitors
CK — creatinine clearance CF — glomerular filtration MD — minute diuresis
mRNA — messenger ribonucleic acid (synonym: messenger RNA
(mRNA)) NUF — natriuretic factor
torus
OAV - osmotic active
substances
AKI - acute renal failure
accuracy
AKI - acute injury to
check
PG — prostaglandin PC —
proximal tubules LPO — peroxidation
pids
RAAS - renin-angiotensin-al dosterone system
eGFR is the estimated glomerular filtration rate
DM - diabetes mellitus FFA - free fatty acids
lots
GFR, glomerular filtration rate HF, heart failure AIDS, acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome TIN, tubulointerstitial nephritis FPR, functional
kidney
CKD — chronic
kidney disease CRF — chronic kidney disease
cAMP sufficiency -
cyclic adenosine monophosphate cGMP - cyclic guanosine
monophosphate
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INTRODUCTION
The second half of the 20th century was a golden age for theoretical and clinical nephrology. First of all, this concerns understanding the function of the kidneys. During this period, they moved away from the idea of the excretory function of the kidneys as the leading and almost the only one. It has been established that the kidneys play a central role in the regulation of homeostasis, and primarily water-salt metabolism, in the human body due to the processes associated with urine formation. The kidneys perform excretory, osmo-, volume-, ion-regulating functions and regulate the acid-base state of the body. Along with this, the role of the kidneys in the regulation of blood pressure (BP) and hemodynamics in general, erythropoiesis and fibrinolysis, hormonal regulation and metabolism was established.
The second significant achievement was the understanding of the mechanisms of implementation of the homeostatic functions of the kidneys on the basis of a two-stage theory of urination with the establishment of the role of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption and secretion. Determination of the role of individual structures of the nephron in the implementation of renal functions, their mechanisms and regulation created a new understanding of physiology and served as the basis for understanding the
pathophysiology of the kidneys and clinical advances in the diagnosis and treatm
Along with this, in theoretical and clinical nephrology, an idea has developed about the leading and exclusive role of tubular reabsorption and secretion processes in the implementation of the main homeostatic functions of the kidneys. This was facilitated by data that indicated that differentiated performance of individual kidney functions is possible due to high specificity and accuracy due primarily to hormonal regulation of tubular processes of water transport (vasopressin) and sodium (aldosterone). Undoubtedly, scientific research on this topic has created a new, modern understanding of the functioning of the kidneys. Along with this, a belief has formed in nephrology that such
an important renal
process as glomerular filtration is stable, fairly constant and changes little during the regulation of renal functions.
Introduction 7
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ROLE OF THE GNUMERAL
FILTRATIONS IN IMPLEMENTATION NORMAL HOMEOSTATIC KIDNEY
FUNCTIONS
AND IN PATHOLOGY
As you know, the kidneys are an organ that plays a major role in the regulation and maintenance of body homeostasis. The main functions of the kidneys include: maintaining a constant volume of body fluids and their osmotic pressure, regulation of acid-base and ionic balance, excretion of nitrogen metabolism products, secretion of various organic substances and endocrine function (erythropoiesis, maintenance of blood pressure and the formation of an active metabolite of vitamin D ). That is, two
groups of processes occur in the kidneys that ensure the maintenance of homeostasis: the formation of urine (excretory function) and the release of hormones, enzymes, biologically active substances and compounds into the blood (endocrine function) [112, 115, 149].
Normally, the
provision of homeostasis largely depends on both the morphofunctional state of the kidneys and the systems of their regulation, especially the endocrine system.
Disorders of the excretory, osmo-, volume-, ion-regulating function of the kidneys and the maintenance of acid-base metabolism may be due to impaired glomerular (glomerular) filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. Disorders of these renal processes are associated with disturbances in water and osmotic homeostasis, electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluid, acid-base balance and chemical composition of blood plasma, which can be manifested, on the one hand, by the accumulation of metabolic end products (hyperazotemia), and on the other - loss of organic compounds necessary for the body (hypoproteinemia, hypoaminonemia, hypoglycemia). Disorders of the endocrine functions of the kidneys about
are violations of renin secretion by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys, as well as renal depressor factors, the release of erythropoietins and inhibitors of erythropoiesis, urokinase and the formation of a hormonally active form of vitamin D. These disorders can cause the development of arterial hypertension, anemia, renal osteodystrophy and, ultimately , renal failure. Thus, with kidney damage, we can observe impaired functioning of the glomeruli (filtration) and tubules (reabsorption and secretion), which causes significant changes in homeostasis [10, 19, 33, 41, 61, 113, 209,
217, 221, 236 , 240, 264, 267]. It is known that the performance of the main homeostatic functions of the
kidneys associated with urination - excretory, ionoregulatory, acid- regulating, volume-regulating, osmoregulatory, as well as those not associated with urination, depends primarily on coordinated changes in the main renal processes - glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretions [10, 33, 36, 52]. In the late 60s and up to the early 90s of the 20th century, a generally accepted idea developed in nephrology that the main place in the regulation
and performance of the homeostatic functions of the kidneys belongs to controlled changes in the processes of tubular reabsorption and secretion under physiological conditions, as well as that their damage mainly contributes to the disruption of homeostasis. At the same time, it was assumed that the value of glomerular filtration is a very stable indicator and, especially under physiological conditions, changes extremely little, and a decrease in glomerular filtration is observed, as a rule, only in pathological conditions [19, 21, 233].
However, it has recently become known that changes in glomerular filtration are also observed under physiological conditions associated with natural fluctuations in water, food loads, and other types of effects on the human body [17, 20, 36, 188]. A classic example is the development of physiological hyperfiltration in athletes and a mild decrease in glomerular function in vegetarians. Meanwhile, until a certain time, significant attention
was not paid to the mechanism and role of changes in glomerular filtration, since it was believed that these changes are secondary.
And only in the late 80s of the last century, for the first time, they began to pay
10 Gozhenko A.I., Ivanov D.D., Nikitenko O.P., Sirman V.M. Functional renal reserve
attention to the fact that the value of glomerular filtration in conditions of functional rest, as well as during the performance of various loads and changes in the homeostatic functions of the kidneys, can fluctuate significantly and is homeostatically significant. Moreover,
it became clear that in most cases this or that work of the kidneys is accompanied by an increase in the volume of glomerular filtration, as a result of which the idea was formed that in conditions of relative rest of the kidney, the glomerular filtration rate is at a minimum physiological level [44, 46, 49 ]. While the performance of additional functions by the kidneys, the activation of a number of adaptive reactions is accompanied by an increase in glomerular filtration. This difference between glomerular filtration rates at rest and during additional work was called the functional renal reserve (RFR) [36, 44, 60, 81, 187]. It became clear that the activation of the renal reserve during physiological reactions is a constant and obligatory component of the reaction of the kidneys to certain types of loads
and changes in homeostasis, primarily water-salt, and in pathological conditions it is an obligatory stage of compensatory reactions and can play an important role. role in the diagnosis of kidney diseases [26, 94, 97, 129, 255]. According to data on kidney physiology [2,
10, 61, 112, 113], the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in an individual nephron is determined by
the following indicators: the amount of renal blood flow in the nephron, the hydrostatic pressure gradient, the colloid osmotic blood pressure, and the ultrafiltration coefficient. Moreover, due to the presence of mechanisms of autoregulation of the renal circulation, the latter little depends on the state of systemic hemodynamics and remains constant within the range of fluctuations in systolic blood pressure of 80–200 mm Hg. As evidenced by the data of micropuncture studies, the main factors that cause an increase in GFR are the amount of intrarenal blood flow and the increase in hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus, which largely depend on the tone of the afferent and efferent arterioles. Most attention is paid, especially in kidney pathology, to a decrease in GFR, which is considered as a criterion for the number of functioning nephrons.
The following mechanisms for reducing filtration are possible.
Chapter 1. The role of glomerular filtration in the implementation of homeostatic renal functions ... 11
Decreased hydrostatic pressure on the capillary wall. This, in turn, may be due to a drop in blood pressure below 10.4 kPa (80 mm Hg) due to shock and collapse, cardiovascular insufficiency, and a decrease in circulating blood volume.
An increase in oncotic blood pressure (over 3.25-3.9 kPa - 25-30 mm Hg) due to hemoconcentration during dehydration of the body, transfusion of large volumes of protein blood substitutes, as well as
in some diseases that occur with hyperproteinemia e.g. in multiple myeloma. 3. An increase in pressure in the glomerular capsule (more than 2.6 kPa
- 20 mm Hg), which is observed with delayed reabsorption of fluid in the proximal part of the nephron tubules, blockage of the lumen of the tubules by cylinders, necrotic masses, in case of obstructions to excretion urine in the urinary tract (not crosis, blood clots, stones, swelling). 4. Change in the state of the glomerular filter - a decrease in the total filtration surface (normally
about 1.5 m2 ), the number, area and diameter of pores (normally up to 5 nm); an increase in the thickness of the glomerular membrane (normally 80-120 nm), a change in its physico-chemical properties, for example, a decrease in the anionic charge. Such disorders are observed primarily in inflammatory processes that directly affect the glomerular membrane (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis) and aging [2, 52, 81, 98, 127, 221, 233, 294].
5. A decrease in the number of functioning glomeruli (normally about 2 million in two kidneys), which is the main reason for the decrease in glomerular filtration and is considered as a consequence of a decrease in the number of functioning nephrons. The main
mechanism for increasing the filtration rate is an increase in hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus. An increase in the
hydrostatic pressure gradient and the development of intraglomerular hypertension results in the expansion of the afferent (bringing) and narrowing of the efferent (efferent) arteriole. With the maximum expansion of the afferent arteriole and a sharp narrowing of the efferent arteriole, the hydrostatic pressure gradient is maximum, intraglomerular pressure increases and hyperfiltration develops [19].
12 Gozhenko A.I., Ivanov D.D., Nikitenko O.P., Sirman V.M. Functional renal reserve
Factors such as an increase in hydrostatic pressure on the glomerular capillary wall due to hemodynamic changes and a decrease in blood oncotic pressure due to the redistribution of blood protein fractions towards the predominance of coarse globulins (in hepatitis, liver cirrhosis) also
play a role in increasing filtration.
A change, and especially a decrease, in GFR is accompanied by
other consequences of changes in their regulation.
Thus, the cardinal sign of increased glomerular membrane permeability is albuminuria/proteinuria — the excretion of plasma proteins in the urine more than the physiologically acceptable (20–30 mg/day) amount, as
well as the appearance in the urine of proteins with a large molecular weight (more than 70,000 Da). Therefore, the mechanism of proteinuria caused by an increase in the permeability of the glomerular filter is associated, on the one hand, with an increase in filtration due to pore expansion, and, on the other hand, with physicochemical changes in the basement membrane that facilitate diffusion or reduce the electrostatic barrier to filtration. Damage to the glomerular membrane, in particular the walls of the capillaries, may be accompanied by hematuria - the release of erythrocytes into the primary urine and the lumen of the tubules and their appearance in the urine (renal glomerular hematuria), where they are often detected in the form of shadows due to hemolysis. Such erythrocyturia is one of the manifestations of the urinary syndrome of glomerulonephritis [10, 21, 25, 38, 180, 181,164, 200, 262]. The most important pathophysiological consequence of impaired filtration in
the glomeruli is a delay in the excretion of nitrogen metabolism products from the body and an increase in their concentration in the blood
- hyperazotemia. The latter is mainly due to the accumulation in the blood of urea, uric acid, creatinine, other end products of metabolism, to a lesser extent amino acids, as well as toxic products formed during decay in the intestines - indican, phenols, indole, skatole. The determining factor of hyperazotemia is the degree of decrease in glomerular filtration, the criterion of which is an increase in the content of creatinine in the blood.
The renal origin of hyperazotemia is indicated by a simultaneous increase in the concentration of urea and creatinine in the blood [1, 2, 10, 27, 32,
48, 81, 114, 115].
As a result of dysfunction of the glomeruli, the excretion of phosphates, sulfates and organic acids is delayed and
Chapter 1. The role of glomerular filtration in the implementation of homeostatic renal functions ... 13
their concentration in the blood - hyperphosphatemia, hypersulfatemia, hyperacidemia. These anions in the extracellular fluid displace bicarbonates, reduce the alkaline reserve of the blood (up to 18–13.5 mmol/l, normally 25–31 mmol/l), which causes the development of acidosis (renal azothemic acidosis). Delay in the excretion of electrolytes from the body (potassium, sodium, magnesium and chlorine ions) and their redistribution between the extracellular and intracellular space - the accumulation of magnesium and potassium ions in the extracellular space, including in the blood (hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia), and sodium and chlorine - in intracellular with a decrease in their concentration in the blood plasma (hyponatremia
and hypochloremia) are the result of kidney losses or impaired functioning of the sodium-potassium pump in the cells of the body. This is accompanied by a violation of volemic homeostasis — an increase in the fluid content in the intracellular and extracellular space, followed by the development of edema [21, 22, 24, 32, 94,
124, 139, 149, 179].
Changes in GFR, especially in kidney pathology, are always accompanied by changes in the functional state of nephron tubules, both adaptive and pathological. Disorders of tubular
processes, which are accompanied by changes in the constancy of the internal environment of the body or a selective violation of the partial functions of the tubules, are called tubular insufficiency (tubular syndrome). According to the literature [135, 136, 147, 156, 174, 176], tubular lesions are manifested by the following
morphological changes: a) damage with degeneration and coagulation necrosis of tubular epithelial cells (loss of nuclei with partial preservation of the cell contour), karyorrhexis and/or or karyopyknosis)
b) swelling of the tubular epithelium (which is typical for the action of many nephrotoxins and pathological processes that lead to prolonged hypokalemia); c) lag of tubular epitheliocytes from the main membrane of the tubules; d) destruction or loss of the border of tubular epithelial cells; e) dilatation of the tubules; e) interstitial edema with separation of tubules from each other; g) the presence of casts (hyaline, pigmented, eosinophilic, cellular or from granular detritus) (heavily pigmented casts may indicate the deposition of hemoglobin or myoglobin); h) the presence in the tubular lumen of living and dead epithelial cells, leukocytes and products
14 Gozhenko A.I., Ivanov D.D., Nikitenko O.P., Sirman V.M. Functional renal reserve
cell breakdown; i) destruction of the basement membrane (tubulorexis);
j) later, at the stage of repair and regeneration - basophilic staining of the cytoplasm of tubular epithelial cells, an increase in hyperchromic nuclei, mitotic figures, etc. Tubular dysfunction is
manifested by damage to those or
other parts of the tubular apparatus and, accordingly, a violation of the reabsorption of substances, the transport of which is carried out by the affected parts of the tubular apparatus. In the tubules, the processes of reabsorption and secretion take place. Glucose, proteins, amino acids, electrolytes (K+, Na+, Ca++, Cl–, Mg++), sulfates, phosphates, water, osmotically active substances (OSA) are reabsorbed [5, 7, 18, 21, 32, 41,
76 , 96, 135]. In primary urine (filtrate), as well as in blood, album
Collaborative Thesis - Disrupting the Supply Chain: Application of A.I. and Machine Learning in Spares Inventory Management
No full textabstract: This thesis discusses the case for Company X to improve its vast supply chain by implementing an artificial intelligence solution in the management of its spare parts inventory for manufacturing-related machinery. Currently, the company utilizes an inventory management system, based on previously set minimum and maximum thresholds, that doesn’t use predictive analytics to stock required spares inventory. This results in unnecessary costs and redundancies within the supply chain resulting in the stockout of spare parts required to repair machinery. Our research aimed to quantify the cost of these stockouts, and ultimately propose a solution to mitigate them. Through discussion with Company X, our findings led us to recommend the use of Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) within the inventory management system to better predict when stockouts would occur. As a result of data availability, our analysis began on a smaller scale, considering only a single manufacturing site at Company X. Later, our findings were extrapolated across all manufacturing sites. The analysis includes the cost of stockouts, the capital that would be saved with A.I. implementation, costs to implement this new A.I. software, and the final net present value (NPV) that Company X could expect in 10 years and 25 years. The NPV calculations explored two scenarios, an external partnership and the purchase of a small private company, that lead to our final recommendations regarding the implementation of an A.I. software solution in Company X’s spares inventory management system. Following the analysis, a qualitative discussion of the potential risks and market opportunities associated with the explored implementation scenarios further guided the determination of our final recommendations
Entropy, harmony, synchronization and their neuro-endocrine-immune correlates
No full textMachine Translated by Google
UkrNDI OF MEDICINE OF TRANSPORT MOH
TERNOPIL STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY named after I. Y. HORBACHEVSKY
A. I. GOZHENKO
M. M. KORDA
O. O. POPADYNETS
I. L. POPOVYCH
ENTROPY, HARMONY, SYNCHRONIZATION
AND THEIR NEURO-ENDOCRINE-IMMUNE CORRELATIONS
Monograph
Odesa Phoenix 2021
Machine Translated by Google
UDC 616-003.96: 616-084: 536(075.8) G
57
Recommended for publication by the Academic Council of
the State Enterprise Ukrainian Research Institute of Transport Medicine of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (protocol No. 5 dated June 30, 2021)
Reviewers: Ivan
Volodymyrovych Savytskyi, doctor of medical sciences, professor, pro-rector for scientific and pedagogical work, head of the department of medical and biological disciplines of Odesa International Medical University
Ruslan Serhiyovych Vastyanov, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Ukraine, Head of the Department of General and Clinical
Pathological Physiology named after V.V. Pidvysotskyi of Odessa National Medical University
G 57
Gozhenko A.I. [etc.]. Entropy, harmony, synchronization and their neuro- endocrine-immune correlates: monograph / A.I. Gozhenko, M. M. Korda,
O. O. Popadynets, I. L. Popovych. – Odesa: Phoenix, 2021. – 232 p. DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7764769 ISBN 978-966-928-715-1
The monograph summarizes data from the literature and the results of own research on the relationship of information parameters - entropy, harmony and synchronization - with the parameters of the neuro-endocrine-immune complex of experimental animals and patients of the Truskavets resort. It has been demonstrated that information parameters, primarily entropy, are markers of the integral state of the neuro-endocrine-immune complex, which is responsible for the adaptation of the organism to adverse factors of a physical, chemical, and biological nature.
For medical rehabilitation specialists, immunologists, endocrinologists, pathophysiologists.
UDC 616-003.96: 616-084: 536(075.8)
ISBN 978-966-928-715-1
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7764769
© A.I. Gozhenko, M. M. Korda, O.
O. Popadynets, I. L. Popovych, 2021
© UkrNDI of transport medicine, 2021 © Ternopil State Medical
University named after I. Ya. Gorbachevsky, 2021
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Content
Information about the authors. 4
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
INTRODUCTION 7
CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF ENTROPY DETERMINATION IN MEDICAL
RESEARCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 2. 12
INFORMATIONAL EFFECTS OF BIOACTIVE OIL WATER. . . . 45
CHAPTER 3. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ENTROPYS OF MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL IMMUNE SUBSYSTEMS (THYMUS, SPLEEN, PERIPHERAL BLOOD) AND PARAMETERS OF THE NEURO-ENDOCRINE-IMMUNE COMPLEX IN RATS OF BOTH
SEXES. 72 CHAPTER 4. FACTOR ANALYSIS
OF THE INFORMATION FIELD OF PARAMETERS OF NERVOUS REGULATORY STRUCTURES (EEG/VRS) AND IMMUNITY. 107
CHAPTER 5. CORRELATION RELATIONS BETWEEN ENTROPY OF NERVOUS REGULATORY STRUCTURES (EEG/VRS) AND PARAMETERS OF IMMUNITY. . CHAPTER
6. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTROPY PARAMETERS OF NERVOUS REGULATORY STRUCTURES (EEG/VRS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
122
132
CHAPTER 7. CHARACTERISTICS OF AMPLITUDE-FREQUENCY AND SPECTRAL PARAMETERS OF EEG/VRS IN PERSONS WITH DIFFERENT STATE OF ENTROPY. 143
CHAPTER 8. FEATURES OF THE NEURO-IMMUNE COMPLEX IN PERSONS WITH DIFFERENT STATE OF ENTROPY OF NERVOUS REGULATORY STRUCTURES. . 157
CHAPTER 9. OPTIONS OF CHANGES IN EEG, HRV, LCG AND ICG ENTROPY UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ADAPTOGENEIC BALNEOTHERAPY AND THEIR PREDICTIONS. 169
CHAPTER 10. IMMUNE SUPPORT OF POLYVARIANT REACTIONS OF ENTROPY TO ADAPTOGENIC BALNEOTHERAPY. CHAPTER 11.
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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE ENTROPY OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE NEURO-IMMUNE COMPLEX AND GAS DISCHARGE VISUALIZATION. 207
CONCLUSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Information about the authors
Anatoly Ivanovich Gozhenko, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Ukraine, Director of the State Enterprise "Ukrainian Research Institute of Transport Medicine of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine", President of the Scientific Society of Pathophysiologists of Ukraine, Chairman of the Public
Organization "Ukrainian Association of Medical Science". Author of more than 1,650 scientific works (more than 95 publications in scientific journals indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection
and Scopus), including 67 monographs, 82 author's certificates and patents, 8 textbooks, 4 training manuals, 2 methodological manuals.
A. I. Gozhenko created the international scientific school "Pathophysiology of water- salt exchange and kidney function". Under his scientific guidance and counseling, 30 doctors and 72 candidates of sciences were trained.
Mykhailo Mykhailovych Korda, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Member-Cor of the National Academy
of Sciences of Ukraine, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Ukraine, Professor of the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rector of Ternopil National Medical University named after I. Ya. Gorbachevsky.
Field of scientific interests: biochemistry of free radicals; hepatotoxicology; the role of
nitric oxide in the pathology of the cardiovascular system; endothelial dysfunction mechanisms in obesity, hypertension, atherosclerosis, COVID-19; nanotoxicology,
application of nanomaterials in medicine and pharmacy; epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment of borrelio
Korda M. M. is the author of 455 scientific works, including 11 monographs, 4 textbooks
Kiev, 9 teaching and methodical manuals.
M. Korda is the chief editor of the scientific journals "Medical and Clinical Chemistry", "International Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, a member of the editorial boards of 3 foreign journals.
Ihor Lvovych Popovych is a famous Ukrainian scientist in the field of balneology and physiology.
Employee (1983–2009) and head (2010–2016) of the laboratory of experimental balneology of the Institute of Physiology named after O.O. Bogomolets National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Scientific (2003–2011) and chief (2012–2013) editor of the journal "Medical Hydrology and Rehabilitation". Chairman of the Council of the Truskavets Association of Scientists (since 1999). Honors: Prize named
after O.O. Bogomolets of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the field of physiology (1998),
Prize named after Teodor Torosevich of Truskavetskurort CJSC in the field of balneology (2000), Certificate
of Honor of the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (2004), medal "25 years of independence of Ukraine"
Oleksandr Oleksiyovych Popadynets - vice-rector for infrastructure development of the Southern Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K.D. Ushin
of
He has more than 40 years of practical work experience in clinical medical and preventive institutions of Ukraine (CLPU) in the specialty "Physician", of which more than 30 years he was engaged in the organization of medical assistance to the population, and the development of the activities of medical universities in the positions of chief physician and vice-rector.
The author of more than 30 scientific works devoted to the study of various problems of medicine. He has more than 10 years of teaching experience.
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Preface
The development of civilization is based on continuous human knowledge
(mankind) of the world. The main objects of knowledge are the person himself and the environment environment. At the same time, the basic logic of this process has developed and exists: from general ideas to an analytical approach that develops and deepens them, that and
allows further formation of an objective picture of the world. Medical science also has a general logico-historical approach to understanding the essence of a person. Indeed, the primary idea of the human body as a holistic phenomenon of nature gradually moved to the analytical study of its essence from its structure, i.e. morphology, to the function of individual components and finally to their chemical (biochemical) nature. Despite the huge amount of material collected by medicine, we see many questions that need to be answered
understanding as the essence of a biochemical component and especially a physical basis life. But the more data accumulates about the human body and
our knowledge about the structure and function of its individual parts deepens components, the more we move away from understanding the human body as holistic phenomenon, its main characteristics, which are health and life in
as a whole Although they are the main subject of medicine. Such a dialectic
holistic and its structure, and therefore the accumulation of knowledge on elementary components logically requires understanding and characteristics of whole objects nature
Taking into account that every object of nature exists due to the fact that it is a system, the concept of the main general characteristic of any system, its entropy, which characterizes the general energy principle of existence - a constant direction to decrease the energy level,
i.e. essentially destruction, was formed in science of this system.
It goes without saying that biological organisms are the most complex systems that have evolved in nature, and man is the most complex, i.e.
super system That is why the human body is relatively stable over time thanks to metabolism, which ensures this temporary state, that is, life.
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Medicine itself aims to ensure the maximum stability of human existence in the environment. Moreover, the main indicators of a person's existence are his health and life expectancy, which are the subject of the scientific and practical activity of medicine, which, in order to achieve this goal, studies individual morpho-functional indicators that allow us to understand the state of the body
and influence him.
At the same time, studying (diagnosing) all these valuable components of the body of man, we are moving more and more away from the general characteristics of the self of a complex supersystem, but instead from ideas about its stability. On our
view, continuing the development of an analytical approach to the human body there comes a time when it becomes necessary to define general characteristics organism, namely its entropy as an indicator of the energy state, and instead the ability to ensure relative stability of existence.
However, in modern medicine there are only separate attempts to characterize it organism according to its entropy indicators in connection with the existing priorities determination of specific changes. However, in the case when physiological loads on the human body is not significant or the pathological changes are also not large,
it is rather difficult to characterize its condition. Exactly in these cases
the entropy indicator can give an idea of the general state of the organism.
In this regard, the authors set the goal of determining the entropy changes of the main systems that ensure the functional stability of the body in the conditions of sanatorium-resort treatment, because in these cases, pathological changes, as a rule, are not significant, and the operating factors also do not cause significant
differences
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INTRODUCTION
Despite the fact that information medicine, like homeopathy and biophotonics, still did not receive academic status (and not so long ago this was the case
acupuncture and more recently - theoneurology), it has an ancient background.
If we translate the first lines of the Gospel of John from religious language to scientific language (logos = word = information; God = World Mind = information space of the Universe), we will get: "The first was Information, and the World Mind had Information , and the World Mind was Information. It was primary in the World Mind ... Everything arose through Information ...
Information became a body." By the way, here is the answer to the main question of philosophy regarding the primacy of the ideal or the material.
In a general sense, bioinformation is a message about events from external and internal environment, perceived stimuli
biosystems and affect life processes. Biloshitsky PV and others.
[2005] suggest that the very appearance of life on our planet is a result of it
informational "fertilization" - the triune unity of the conditions of the Earth, the energy of the Sun, etc information of the universe. The reliability of the functioning of the organism is ensured by conditions for coordinating the states and activities of its systems, organs, cells, and others components This consistency can be achieved by the transfer of bioinformation by
intra- and intersystem communications for the formation of control signals.
Bioinformation from the surrounding world and internal environment is perceived by the biosystem through sense organs and specialized receptors, that is, it can pass both on a conscious level and involuntarily through the autonomic nervous system. The authors do not exclude the interaction of the unidentified DNA of the genome and the "redundant" neurons of the cerebral cortex, on the one hand, with the "invisible" world - hidden matter and fields of unknown nature - on the other hand, because their fates are comparable, moreover, "lion" - 70 -90% Bioinformation can be constructive and destructive, which gave the authors a reason to highlight
information diseases and information methods of treatment.
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One of the cornerstones of information medicine is entropy. The concept of entropy is multifaceted. In physics, entropy is a quantity that, in observed phenomena and processes, characterizes the devaluation (dissipation) of energy caused by the transformation of all its types into thermal energy with uniform distribution of heat between bodies; in chemistry and thermodynamics, it is a measure of the amount of energy in a physical system that cannot be used to perform work; in mathematics, it is a measure of the uncertainty of a random function; in information theory is a measure of uncertainty
situation, any experience (trial), which may have different consequences; entropy is also a measure of disorder, the degree of chaos present in a system.
Shannon SE [1948] connected the concepts of information and
entropy, which characterizes the degree of system order. This assessment
amount of information coincides with the assessment of the quantitative measure of elimination uncertainty, degree of organization of the system. According to Biloshitsky PV
[2007], the mathematical formula directly indicates the possibility of a quantitative change information can change the orderliness of the system, which in relation to biosystems can to mean a change in quality (stability, efficiency, health, etc.) and thereby
to indicate the way of purposeful use of bioinformation in medical practice. By chance, the author suggests instead of the term entropy to use the term reliability of the functioning of the organism, which is very impressive to us, as well as his assumption that the dependence of the reliability of the biosystem on information is the elusive vis vitalis: [Biloshytsky PV et al., 2003; 2005]).
Calculation of entropy is acceptable, in particular, in relation to the leukocytogram of peripheral blood, which is a closed system of various forms
elements. Informational analysis of the cytogram allows to assess the state of morpho functional adaptive protective systems, information about which is contained
in the cytogram [GG Avtandilov, 1990; Yushkovska OG, 2001].
IL Popovych [2007] first used this approach for evaluation
immunocytograms of peripheral blood, as well as splenocytograms and thymocytograms smear-imprints in rats. The creativity of this approach is demonstrated in
subsequent studies of I.L. Popovych [2008, 2008a, 2009, 2011, 2018, 2019] and
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other representatives of the Truskavet Scientific School [Kostiuk PG et al., 2007; Phil VM, 2008; Flunt IS et al., 2008; Guchko BYA, 2008; Bilas VR, Popovych IL, 2009; OI Chebanenko and others; 2011; Polovynko IS et al, 2013, 2016, 2016a; Kozyavkina OV and others, 2015; Zajats LM et al, 2017, 2017a; Zavidnyuk YV et al, 2018; Sydoruk HO et al., 2018; Popovych AI, 2018, 2019; Gozhenko AI et al, 2018, 2019; Struk ZD
et al., 2019].
In 2016 Popovych I.L. proposed to calculate the relative entropy spectral powers of HF, LF, VLF and ULF components of rhythm variability
heart rate (HRS) and ÿ-, ÿ-, ÿ- and ÿ-rhythms of the electroencephalogram (EEG). This offer was implemented in a number of clinical and physiological studies and also showed its value productivity, despite the fact that entropy was not the focus of the analysis
[Popovych IL et al, 2016, 2017, 2017a, 2018; Kul'chyns'kyi AB et al, 2016, 2017,
2017a; Kyrylenko IG, 2018; Popovych AI, 2018, 2019; Lukyanchenko OI et al, 2019; Mel'nyk OI et al, 2019].
The results of experimental and clinical-physiological studies showed that that, on the one hand, the increase in entropy is not uniquely physiological
unfavorable process, and on the other hand, the decrease in entropy is not unambiguously physiologically favorable for the human body and animals. By the way, according to the literature, this also applies to the physiological assessment of deterministic chaos, which is close to, but not identical to, entropy.
There is a theoretical position [Baevsky R.M. et al., 1984] that in a complete organism any reaction is carried out by a coordinated ensemble of various systems. Often, especially under conditions of sub-extreme influences, which do not cause "obvious" changes, but still reduce the resistance of the integral
body and disrupt its homeostasis, affecting internal connections in life process, the body's reaction cannot be recorded at all,
if we analyze only the changes in the average values of certain parameters. For these circumstances, the informational components of biological systems should be analyzed by application of methods of information analysis.
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This is, first of all, a correlational approach that allows you to assess the relationship between indicators and, from a physiological point of view, reflects the processes of synchronization in the work of regulatory systems. A decrease in synchronization (that is, a decrease in correlation coefficients) while maintaining a high degree of tension in the regulation mechanisms indicates the phenomena of overvoltage and astenization in the control system. Therefore, the revealed regularities of changes in the correlation between numerous indicators have diagnostic and prognostic value. For
obtaining an integral indicator that would reflect numerous
relationships of homeostasis indicators, it is suggested to study not in pairs correlation of indicators, and the sum of correlation coefficients, which, as multiparametric indicator, comprehensively reflects complex regulatory processes during the development of general adaptation reactions.
Another group of authors [Peredery V.G. et al., 1995] suggests for detection hidden imbalance of the immune system, calculate two coefficients:
conjugation (the ratio of the number of probable correlations to the number
of possible correlations) and closeness of connections (the ratio of the number
probable correlations to such improbable ones). Our previous experience showed that the informativeness of both coefficients is duplicated, so we can limit ourselves to the first of them [I.S. Flunt. et al., 2001].
V.P. Voytenko also speaks about the actual diagnostic value of the analysis of systemic correlations of the organism. [1991]. With regard to different body systems, cause-and-effect relationships between individual functions (and correlations as a statistical manifestation of these relationships) have different dynamics in the process of disease formation and recovery. There are several nodal positions all around
which events occur. Functional tension determines the "mobilized" mutual connection of life processes, and functional fatigue
accompanied by "demobilization". The disease is accompanied by "emergency" a strategy of coordinated subordination of all resources to the goal of survival; the inconsistency in its decompensated and irreversible stages reflects it
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the disintegration of the organism as a whole, its transition to a state of competition, and not
interactions, subsystems.
Another information parameter is harmony. According to the concept of Shannon S. [1963], developed by Suvorov N.P. and Suvorova I.G. [2003; 2014], the mathematical interpretation of the harmony of any complex component of the energy-informational structure
- technical or biological, includ
Морская медицина в Украине: современное состояние и некоторые направления реформирования
No full textExamined the role of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Transport Medicine in the structure of marine medicine in Ukraine. A scheme for reform of maritime medicine in Ukraine based on scientific research experts from the Instituteof Transport Medicine.Розглянуто роль Українського НДІ медицини транспорту в структурі морської медицини Україну. Запропоновано схему реформування морської медицини в Україну на основі наукових розробок фахівців Інституту медицини транспорту.Рассмотрена роль Украинского НИИ медицины транспорта в структуре морской медицины Украины. Предложена схема реформирования морской медицины в Украине на основе научных разработок специалистов Института медицины транспорта
Water, Proteins, and Volume Regulation: Molecular Mechanisms of Hydration and Oncotic Balance
No full textBackground: Water is the fundamental basis of life and an absolute prerequisite for the existence of proteins and all biological structures. During evolution, an extraordinarily complex multilevel system of water homeostasis has developed in the human body, with diverse executive mechanisms at each level of biological organization.
Objective: Comprehensive analysis of molecular, cellular, and systemic mechanisms of water-protein interactions in the context of human physiology, with particular emphasis on the role of urea as a regulator of protein hydration, the function of plasma proteins in maintaining oncotic pressure, and the pathophysiology of hepatic hypoproteinemia.
Methods: Narrative literature review with systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for the period 1980-2025. Over 80 scientific sources were analyzed, including original research, systematic reviews, and clinical studies. Special attention was paid to the works of Professor A.I. Gozhenko and co-authors on water-salt homeostasis.
Results: Protein hydration layers consist of several zones with varying degrees of ordering (first layer 0.25-0.35 nm, second layer 0.35-0.6 nm), with the rotational relaxation time of water molecules in the first layer being 2-5 times longer than in bulk water. Urea demonstrates a concentration-dependent dichotomy: at physiological concentrations (5-500 mM) it functions as a compatible osmolyte, while at high concentrations (6-8 M) it acts as a denaturant. Albumin, comprising 60% of plasma protein mass, generates 75-80% of oncotic pressure (25-28 mmHg) due to the Donnan effect and nonlinear dependence π = RT·C·(1+kC). Aquaporins transport up to 3×10⁹ water molecules/s, while Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase creates ionic gradients by exporting 3 Na⁺ and importing 2 K⁺ per ATP molecule. Vasopressin, via V2 receptors, activates the cAMP-PKA cascade, leading to AQP2 phosphorylation at Ser256 and its translocation to the apical membrane. Hepatic hypoalbuminemia (<25-30 g/L) disrupts Starling balance, activating RAAS and ADH, which paradoxically exacerbates edema.
Conclusions: Water homeostasis is maintained through hierarchical integration of molecular (protein hydration, urea role), cellular (aquaporins, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase), tissue (Starling balance, oncotic pressure), and systemic (hypothalamic-pituitary-renal axis) mechanisms. Disruption at any level leads to a cascade of pathological changes, emphasizing the need for an integrative approach to the diagnosis and treatment of water balance disorders
Морская медицина в Украине: современное состояние и некоторые направления реформирования
No full textExamined the role of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Transport Medicine in the structure of marine medicine in Ukraine. A scheme for reform of maritime medicine in Ukraine based on scientific research experts from the Instituteof Transport Medicine.Розглянуто роль Українського НДІ медицини транспорту в структурі морської медицини Україну. Запропоновано схему реформування морської медицини в Україну на основі наукових розробок фахівців Інституту медицини транспорту.Рассмотрена роль Украинского НИИ медицины транспорта в структуре морской медицины Украины. Предложена схема реформирования морской медицины в Украине на основе научных разработок специалистов Института медицины транспорта
Why I Will Be Replaced by A.I.
No full textThe author submitted this entry in the Open Verse Poetry category (Professional division) for the 2023 On My Own Time (OMOT) Art Show.Like many creatives, I'm concerned about being replaced by artificial intelligence and not a fan of how programs are being trained. At the same time, as a person who occasionally doesn't feel at home in their body, I think it'd be great to just upload my brain into cyberspace and be a sort of A.I. program (although I guess I technically wouldn't be artificial)
Bibliography of A.I. Solzhenitsyn: the History, Problems and Solutions
No full textThe article describes the history of creation of Biobibliographic Index “Alexander Isayevich Solzhenitsyn. Materials for Biobibliography” dedicated to A.I. Solzhenitsyn – the outstanding Russian writer, Nobel Laureate and public figure – from the bibliographic chapter planned in the 1960-ies to the Index in two volumes, being prepared for publication in 2018.The Index contains the list of all works by A.I. Solzhenitsyn from 1962 to 2017: released both as separate editions and published in the periodical press, as well as the literature about his life and creative activity. The first section includes the book editions and works by the writer published in journals, newspapers and non-author’s collections. They are grouped by genre principle — prose, drama, poetry. The bibliographic records are arranged in chronological order (by date of publication). The second section “Literature on A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s Life and Works” includes a variety of publications, devoted to the writer entirely or partially. The key to the disclosure of the substantive content of each entry is a classified index, where the heading titles reflect the landmarks of A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s life and creative heritage, identified in the process of the compilers’ acquaintance with the critical literature de visu. This index helps the user to navigate in the extensive corpus of literature devoted to the writer and in selection of materials on the subject of interest.The author considers the problems encountered by the compilers, as well as the ways of their solution and defines this publication as the first experience in Russia in preparing a large-scale bibliographic collection dedicated to A.I. Solzhenitsyn.</jats:p
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