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Interview with Clyde Bolin by Thomas Goettel, May 1, 2002
No full textOral history interview with Clyde Bolin. Thomas Goettel was the interviewer.
Mr. Bolin was a law enforcement/pilot for the Fish and Wildlife Service. He discusses always wanting to work for the Service, cases he worked, and shares some stories from his time in the various locations he worked.
Organization: FWS
Name: Clyde Bolin
Years: 1968-1989
Program: Law Enforcement
Keywords: History, Biography, Aircraft, Bird banding, Employees (USFWS), Personnel, Waterfowl, Pilot, Nesting surveys, Law enforcement, Bill Snow, Flick Davis, Howard Brown, Eider Duck work, Military, Tommy Wharton, Jerry Stout, Management and Enforcement, Howard MendelINTERVIEW WITH CLYDE BOLIN
BY THOMAS GOETTEL MAY 1, 2002
MR. GOETTEL: It’s May 1, 2002 and we’re sitting in a room at the Holiday Inn
Express in Hadley, Massachusetts. I was presently surprised today when Paul O’Neal
stuck his head in my office and said that Clyde Bolin and his wife were in town visiting.
So I asked Clyde if he would consent to do a quick oral interview and he said yes. Maybe
you could start out Clyde be telling us how you got started with your career with the
Fish and Wildlife Service.
MR. BOLIN: It was a long road. I had been trying to get on with the Service for about
three and a half years or four years. I didn’t have a degree in Wildlife Management or
such at that time, and they said I should go back and get an additional degree. I started to
do that, and while I was working on that degree I had an opportunity to go to work for
Kansas Fish and Game. At that time it was the Kansas Forestry Fish and Game
Commission. I already had a degree, so I took a job as a State Game Protector for Kansas.
I worked for them for two years. I was getting ready to; I had been accepted and taken
the physical and was getting ready to go into the Kansas Highway Patrol. They were
expanding their air division and I wanted to be involved in Law Enforcement flying. Two
weeks before the Academy for the Kansas Highway Patrol was to start, I was going to
leave Kansas Fish and Game; I got a call out of the clear blue from Flick Davis. I don’t
know if they were called ARDs at that time or not. He was the Regional Office head for
Law Enforcement in the Twin Cities. He wanted to interview me and wanted to know if I
was still interested in the job. So we agreed to meet in Kansas City. He came down from
the Twin Cities. I rented an airplane and wanted Nancy to come along. We met him up
at Kansas City downtown airport in our little rented airplane. He flew in commercial.
We met and spent the afternoon eating doughnuts and drinking coffee. I guess we got all
of his questions answered. He had a flight out; we met before lunch and he had a flight
out at about 3:00pm or so to get back to the Twin Cities. He said he would let me know.
He had to go and discuss this with the Regional Director. So we got in our little airplane
and flew back. At that time I was in Coffee County, Kansas which. is about fifteen or
twenty miles southeast of Emporia, Kansas. I got a call from the operator. She said she
had a telegram for me. She wanted to know if I wanted her to read it or mail it. I told her
to read it and mail me a copy. She did, and it was from Flick. I had been accepted for a
U. S. Game Management position. That’s what it was called at the time. The job was in
Port Clinton, Ohio.
MR. GOETTEL: What year was that?
MR. BOLIN: 1968. She [the operator] asked me if I wanted to reply. I told her I would
have to call her back. There were five positions open in the Region, and Flick said that I
could fill three of them. One of them was in Port Clinton. So we had to stop and so
some thinking. I was two weeks away from going to the Highway Patrol Academy with a
guaranteed flying job. They wanted me to work on the ground for a year. They were
expanding and wanted me to fly with their air units. I said that this was the job that I had
always wanted. I had been trying to get on with the Fish and Wildlife Service for over
three years. I even drove down to Albuquerque and I met with the RD down there,
because everybody in Law Enforcement was out of the office. That was back in 1965 or
1966. He was very cordial, a very nice gentleman. I had kind of given up on going to
work for the Fish and Wildlife Service. I told them, “Yes, we’ll take the position, where’s
Port Clinton, Ohio?” We had never really traveled east of the Mississippi, and very little
east of the Missouri.
MR. GOETTEL: So you were already a Pilot at that time?
MR. BOLIN: I had my private license. And I was building up hours any way I could. I
was also a rated Navigator in the Kansas Air National Guard. We were flying the old RB-
57 Canbarras. [Sic-a type of airplane] I was doing some flying as a Navigator. We ended
up moving to Ohio. We spent four years there. Everybody knew that I was wanting a
flying position. They told me that I kind had to wait my turn like everybody does. A
position opened in Rhode Island. Of course, I was in Region 3 at that time. I applied for
it and I guess there was, I heard that there were some ten or twelve people who had
applied for the position. I got it. We moved to Rhode Island after four years in Ohio.
While I was in Ohio, I worked and got my commercial pilot’s license on my own. I think
that kind of helped pave the way for the position out here. I came out here and we had a
little L-19 on straight floats, kept on Ohio Fish and Game property at the Great Swamp
in Rhode Island on the Warden’s pond. There was an agreement when Bill Snow was a
pilot there years before. The Service had built a hanger on State property, dug a canal in
to it, put in a formal concrete footing on it. You could taxi a plane off of Warden’s pond
in to this little short canal, which about 100 or 150 feet long. You could taxi the plane up
to the hanger, run an electric hoist out on a big beam, hoist the plane up, pull it in this
hanger, and close the hanger doors. It was a nice hanger for just a straight floatplane.
That’s what was there when we came to Rhode Island. I flew that plane for about four
years. I got to take that plane for two summers up to Labrador with Bill Snow and
Howard Brown. They went up to service amphibious Beaver out of Maine. We went up
and did Eider Duck work with the cooperation of the University of Maine out of Orono
with Dr. Howard Mendel. We did that for two summers. Bill Snow retired shortly after
that. That must have been in 1974 or 1975 or 1976. I think Bill retired in 1976. I think it
was mandatory. They put everybody on notice in 1972 and they were supposed to be
gone by…I got my instrument in 1977. Anyway, Bill retired and I inherited the Beaver.
They were going to put another pilot in up there. So the L-19 went to either North
Carolina or South Carolina State Forestry Department. They were going to use it for
forest fire spotting. We took it off of the floats and put it on wheels. They came out and
picked it up and now I had the Beaver. I flew it for about two and a half years and then
put in for a new aircraft and got it approved. So in 1978 we took delivery on a new
Cessna 185 “amphib” on Whip Line floats. Forney Air Service out of Lafayette,
Louisiana got the bid. They picked the new plane up at the factory in Wichita, flew it up
to the Twin Cities where Whip Line is. They landed on the river up there on wheels.
They put it on the floats and flew it back down to Lafayette, Louisiana and when it was
all ready to go I got on a commercial flight and flew down to Lafayette, Louisiana. Their
pilot got on board with us and got me all checked out on the plane and flew back with us.
I got some cross country [experience] and did some checking out on the plane. We had
one over-night on the way up from Louisiana. I came up and spent the next afternoon,
and day checking him out on the Beaver. He had a little time. Of course, he had quite a
bit of flip plane time. I checked him out in the Beaver and at about 3:30 or so in the
afternoon he’s going to head back to Louisiana. I asked him why didn’t he wait until in
the morning. He said that he wanted to go as far as he could. He took off for Lafayette,
Louisiana in the Beaver. It ended up, because there was getting to be fewer pilots,
particularly fewer LE pilots, and fewer LE pilot duty stations I ended up spending
seventeen years in Rhode Island, which was very unusual after only one duty station in
Port Clinton, Ohio. But I wanted to keep flying. I got inquires from a couple of different
duty stations. They tried to get me to go to King Salmon, Alaska. This was “no where”
Alaska. It is on the mainland just up above the Aleutian chain.
MR. GOETTEL: And the Peninsula.
MR. BOLIN: Right up there. For someone who wanted to hunt and fish and live off of
the land it would have been heaven. We still had a boy in school with college coming up
and I said no. I thought King Salmon was a little too…you know, if a family can’t hack
it, it’s not going to work.
MR. GOETTEL: I was up there a couple of years ago, and it is remote.
MR. BOLIN: It’s like a vacation thing. It’d be nice to go to for a few days, or a week or
two but year round, I couldn’t see that. We never really had any regrets. We did very
well in Rhode Island. With the Amphib we did quite a bit of Eagle transplanting work
from Canada down to here. I picked up birds from several different places in Canada and
brought them down for transplanting on Quavin [Sic] Reservoir, and down on the Virginia
shore down in the Chesapeake area where they went down there to the various States.
Some of that, we did with a rental plane. I could rent a 210, which is a pretty fast
retractable gear, high winged Cessna. In transporting Eagles, you kind of don’t want to
dilly-dally. My plane would only do about 120 knots, or about 128 mph. That 210 we
were leasing out of Providence would do about 150 or 155 knots, I don’t recall for sure,
which is getting up to around 165 or 170 mph. It was a lot faster than my plane. It had a
higher surface ceiling and retractable gear. It was pretty fast. It was a big jump up from
what I was flying.
MR. GOETTEL: What was it like working in Ohio with…I guess you were right around
the Lake Erie marshes?
MR. BOLIN: Yeah, Port Clinton is right on the Lake. In the marshes, the gun clubs were
all around Port Clinton. All around the Sandusky Bay, most of it’s…most of them are
pretty much from Sandusky well west of Cleveland from Sandusky and Sandusky Bay
and west, but east of Toledo. You’ve got about 25 or 35 miles of lakeshore there, were
most of the old, traditional clubs were. They were still pretty much in operation when I
was there. They’d gotten smart. Once Jacobson got that case through Federal Court, I
don’t remember when that was but I think it was in the 1950’s, it might have been early
1960’s but I think it was the 1950’s. I could be totally wrong. But the case got a guy
sent to prison for baiting. He had been caught several times before and he got before
Judge Clobe and he got sent to Federal Prison. That was the wake up call. There is so
much money there. You can fine those people forever. That was just like the old term,
“water off a duck’s back”. That didn’t have any influence with them. When they started
looking at prison time in a Federal Prison, that was a real wake up call. It didn’t totally
stop it, but it pretty well stopped it. There were still those who wanted to play the little
game. I don’t think they baited as much, and I don’t think they baited as long during the
season. I think most of it was pre-season, trying to get the ducks initially coming in. We
made a few baited cases, but they were sparse. You’re trying to cover so much area up
there with one Agent to get around and just check the hunting activity, and looking for
bait while you were there. But there were so many places. Some of the marshes were so
large. Even flying, it was difficult to come up with much on baiting in the years that I
was there. And just being there for four years, I was just beginning to know it pretty well
when this opportunity came up for this flying position. If you could put somebody in
there, and have them there a minimum of, I’d say six years or eight to ten years and have
them get intimately familiar with those marshes. Because there are locked gates, and there
are back ways in and this way and that way in. Sometimes when you get to know it well
enough, you can get from this marsh to that marsh without having to come back out and
come through the gate. You just follow the dikes. You could just go from one to the
other, to the other, to the other. Or, a couple of you could put a twelve-foot canoe in
there and you could just go from spot to spot to spot and be pretty effective. But it’s
extremely time consuming and takes a lot of work.
MR. GOETTEL: Did you work by yourself most of the time?
MR. BOLIN: Yeah, but I had real good cooperation from the State there in Ohio. They
were. Tommy Wharton who came on with the LE was with Fisheries Unit out of
Sandusky. He came on with the Service just a couple of years after I left Ohio to come
out here. He got hired. Our careers criss-crossed several time through the years. We
stayed pretty close friends. We’ve lost contact with one another pretty much since, but
…Some officers… it’s like that anywhere, didn’t care to work with the Federal officers.
They didn’t have a lot of interest in waterfowl or hunting waterfowl enforcement. It’s
the same way down in Rhode Island. You’ve got your coastal people, and if it’s not in a
shell or has fins and gills, they’re really not interested. They are just interested in
shellfish and fisheries and whatever. They’d get a little diving duck and coastal duck
work shoved down their throat but they would kind of swallow the bitter pill and go on
to what they wanted to do and what they were interested in doing. That’s the way it is
anywhere. Not all inland Wardens are even around salt-water coast or have any interest
in waterfowl. They’d rather work upland hunters or deer hunters or on night deer
poaching or something like that.
MR. GOETTEL: That’s the way it was when I was in Maine. After I left Great
Meadows, I was up in Maine for ten years. The Maine Wardens up there, there were
some that were good waterfowl workers, but most of them were into deer, bear and
moose. That was their bread and butter. The marine Wardens were into lobsters.
They’d work with you when you asked them, and they were good people. But they’re
just not interested in waterfowl.
MR. BOLIN: Yeah, that’s the way it was. The Maine people were always good. But
like I said, different people have different interests. Some people like to hunt waterfowl
and some don’t. They’d rather hunt Pheasants or Quail or big game. It’s the same way
with some of the Wardens. Usually their interest was kind of what their hunting interest
was. If you find people who like to hunt geese or hunt ducks, or coastal ducks, which is
kind of different in itself then you’d enjoy that type of Enforcement.
MR. GOETTEL: Where did you get your basic training to be an Agent?
MR. BOLIN: We were in the last school that was in Washington, D. C. We were the last
group to go through Washington, D.C. in 1973. I went down in the spring of 1973. And
they were cleaning out the walls, and cleaning out their desks and hauling the files off
when we finished up. Then they moved it down to Glencoe.
MR. GOETTEL: Where was it in Washington, D. C.? Was it in main Interior?
MR. BOLIN: We were up on Rhode Island Blvd. They only had us down to main
Interior for two weeks when we finished up with that. It was the basic school for
everyone except the FBI and the Secret Service. It was just like it is down at the Federal
Law Enforcement Training Center now. There was Coast Guard people there, and on and
on and on. Like I said, everyone except Secret Service and FBI.
MR. GOETTEL: How long was your training? Do you remember?
MR. BOLIN: At that time it was fourteen weeks. It was twelve weeks there, and I think
it was two weeks at main Interior when we finished up with that. It was kind of unique.
We stayed in a motel downtown. We had to walk about, because most of us didn’t have
cars there, those of us that were any distance away. And there was no place to park
anyway. You drive over to where the training facility it was but it was about six blocks.
It seems to me that we stayed in a hotel called the Rhode Islander, or what was that
hotel? Not that I am hung up on Rhode Island. It was on Rhode Island Blvd, and the
NRA Headquarters building was just down the block from us. We’d walk by that all of
the time. It was interesting. They would send us on assignments. We’d get photography
assignments and night photography assignments. We’d get out to where we were
supposed to be tracking these people. We were supposed to be conducting foot
surveillance of these people, walking around all over downtown D. C. We were supposed
to be discreet so that they would not know that we were following and watching them
and whatever. Most of us got by with it. I’d say half of us, or a third of us did. I didn’t
get found out. Because there were supposed to point out the people that they knew that
they had seen during the assignment. I was able to maintain my undercover role.
[Laughing] I was kind of distinctive at that time. I was still wearing a short crew cut flat
top hairstyle. A lot of people had “normal” haircuts. I thought, “Oh man, I’m sunk.
They’re going to pick this short crew cut out.” It wasn’t so much in style at that time. I
thought that they would know that they had seen me. But nobody picked me out. I was
kind of glad to have done that. It was kind of unique, and kind of fun to have gone
through that in D. C. And there is so much to see and do in D. C. I got to see a lot of the
Capitol that I would probably have never, ever gotten to see. I went to the White House.
Nancy and my son came down for 3-5 days when we were finishing up down on main
Interior. They came down and we got to see some of D. C. That was the only
opportunity that they ever had.
MR. GOETTEL: So you were the “old school” so to speak, where you were the Game
Management Agent when you started out?
MR. BOLIN: Yeah.
MR. GOETTEL: You did a lot of Management work too?
MR. BOLIN: Yeah, we did. At that time we were M and E, Management and
Enforcement.
MR. GOETTEL: So you did a lot of waterfowl flights?
MR. BOLIN: No, when I started out, of course they thought that everybody needed to
get out and do some banding and some this and some that. But when I started out, I felt
fortunate. I got to do nesting pair and nesting success surveys up in Canada with Jerry
Stout, he and I. He drove the car, and I walked the ponds.
MR. GOETTEL: Who is Jerry Stout? I don’t know that name.
MR. BOLIN: Jerry was the…Jerry had been working on the Canvasback. He was the
Fish and Wildlife Service Canvasback expert extraordinaire out of the Dakotas.
MR. GOETTEL: Was that Northern Prairie, Jamestown?
MR. BOLIN: Yes. Out of the Research Center out there. He’d been studying
Canvasbacks, secondarily Redheads but because of the precarious… he had known, and
he’d had these study areas up there. I know he’d been doing that for fifteen or twenty
years before I went up there with him. I was up there the summers of 1970, 71 and 72. I
came on with the Service in 1968. I didn’t have to go on banding assignments. The first
thing they’d do to break an Agent in was to send him off on an all-summer banding
assignment. That’s when the Agents would go up and pull a trailer. They gnats, and this
and had that. They would travel up there on the big lakes and some of them had airboats.
I really enjoyed my work with Jerry because it was oriented a little stronger towards
research rather than just banding. We did no banding. Ours was a nesting survey. We
did a nesting survey, and then a production survey. We’d go up in June, and stay gone a
month. We’d come home for two weeks and then go back up after mid July, I believe.
That was shorter because we’d mark nests and we had an inventory on each, on all of
these ponds. Some of these ponds with the rare ones, we wouldn’t find anything on.
But we’d kind of go by them and take a second look anyway because we felt that there
might be a late nesting, like an over water nester like a Ruddy Duck or a Canvasback,
Redheads, so we’d always take another look. Some of the nests had gotten predated and
things had happened. But it was all good data. It was all extremely accurate data. For
the survey areas that we covered it was very intensive coverage. He had data for years
and years and years of these. We covered Manitoba, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. We
pretty well stayed on the move. You wore your hip boots down to breakfast, and after
breakfast you went out and got in the car.
MR. GOETTEL: You said you started in 1968, but you didn’t go to Washington until
1973.
MR. BOLIN: They were hiring only, preferably State Conservation officers that had
some wildlife law enforcement background, preferably the more years the better
depending on the person’s age. Then they decided that everyone…they started sending
people through in 1970 or something. And as many people as they could get through,
they decided that all of the Agents needed to go through this Special Agents Basic
Training, which all Federal Officers were going through. It was kind of grit your teeth and
think, ‘wait a minute, I’ve been working for so many years, and I’ve been doing this and
that’. It was good training. I think that for many of us it was the leaving home, and being
gone from home
Dr. Glendon Swarthout
No full textHosted by Roger M. Busfield, MSU Assistant Professor of Speech and Theater, Meet the Author is designed to introduce a general audience to a contemporary author and their work through in-depth interviews. This episode features a conversation between Dr. Glendon Swarthout, prolific author and English professor at MSU, and assistant professors Sam S. Baskett and Theodore B. Strandness
Simulation of thermal plant optimization and hydraulic aspects of thermal distribution loops for large campuses
No full textFollowing an introduction, the author describes Texas A&M University and its utilities system. After that, the author presents how to construct simulation models for chilled water and heating hot water distribution systems. The simulation model was used in a $2.3 million Ross Street chilled water pipe replacement project at Texas A&M University. A second project conducted at the University of Texas at San Antonio was used as an example to demonstrate how to identify and design an optimal distribution system by using a simulation model. The author found that the minor losses of these closed loop thermal distribution systems are significantly higher than potable water distribution systems. In the second part of the report, the author presents the latest development of software called the Plant Optimization Program, which can simulate cogeneration plant operation, estimate its operation cost and provide optimized operation suggestions. The author also developed detailed simulation models for a gas turbine and heat recovery steam generator and identified significant potential savings. Finally, the author also used a steam turbine as an example to present a multi-regression method on constructing simulation models by using basic statistics and optimization algorithms. This report presents a survey of the author??s working experience at the Energy Systems Laboratory (ESL) at Texas A&M University during the period of January 2002 through March 2004. The purpose of the above work was to allow the author to become familiar with the practice of engineering. The result is that the author knows how to complete a project from start to finish and understands how both technical and nontechnical aspects of a project need to be considered in order to ensure a quality deliverable and bring a project to successful completion. This report concludes that the objectives of the internship were successfully accomplished and that the requirements for the degree of Degree of Engineering have been satisfied
Fungal entomopathogens: new insights on their ecology
No full textAn important mechanism for insect pest control should be the use of fungal entomopathogens. Even though these organisms have been studied for more than 100 y, their effective use in the field remains elusive. Recently, however, it has been discovered that many of these entomopathogenic fungi play additional roles in nature. They are endophytes, antagonists of plant pathogens, associates with the rhizosphere, and possibly even plant growth promoting agents. These findings indicate that the ecological role of these fungi in the environment is not fully understood and limits our ability to employ them successfully for pest management. In this paper, we review the recently discovered roles played by many entomopathogenic fungi and propose new research strategies focused on alternate uses for these fungi. It seems likely that these agents can be used in multiple roles in protecting plants from pests and diseases and at the same time promoting plant growth
C3H7NO2S effect on concrete steel-rebar corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4 simulating industrial/microbial environment
No full textThis paper investigates C3H7NO2S (Cysteine) effect on the inhibition of reinforcing steel corrosion in concrete immersed in 0.5 M H2SO4, for simulating industrial/microbial environment. Different C3H7NO2S concentrations were admixed, in duplicates, in steel-reinforced concrete samples that were partially immersed in the acidic sulphate environment. Electrochemical monitoring techniques of open circuit potential, as per ASTM C876-91 R99, and corrosion rate, by linear polarization resistance, were then employed for studying anticorrosion effect in steel-reinforced concrete samples by the organic hydrocarbon admixture. Analyses of electrochemical test-data followed ASTM G16-95 R04 prescriptions including probability distribution modeling with significant testing by Kolmogorov-Smirnov and student's t-tests statistics. Results established that all datasets of corrosion potential distributed like the Normal, the Gumbel and the Weibull distributions but that only the Weibull model described all the corrosion rate datasets in the study, as per the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test-statistics. Results of the student's t-test showed that differences of corrosion test-data between duplicated samples with the same C3H7NO2S concentrations were not statistically significant. These results indicated that 0.06878 M C3H7NO2S exhibited optimal inhibition efficiency η = 90.52±1.29% on reinforcing steel corrosion in the concrete samples immersed in 0.5 M H2SO4, simulating industrial/microbial service-environment
Australia
No full textAustralia is a vast island continent with a unique flora and fauna. The economy is dependent on bulk commodity exports, and agricultural exports accounted for approximately A$29 billion in 2009, or 4.6% of total exports (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2010). However, the Australian pesticide market is small, estimated to be about 2-3% of the total global market for pesticides.\ud
\ud
Early experiments with microbial control included field trials in the late 1960s with the granulosis virus of codling moth in apple orchards, and in the 1970s with Elcar, the nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) of Helicoverpa zea. Initial success was limited, with poor field efficacy and direct competition with new chemical insecticides. Early large scale field trials with the granulosis virus of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella, gave promising results (Reeda and Springetta 1971), but a commercial product was not registered.\ud
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The number of microbial pesticides registered in Australia has increased in the last decade (Table 18), with the widescale use of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk). A crisis in insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa species in the late 1990s led to adoption of area-wide integrated pest management in the commercial cotton and sorghum industries, where biopesticides are used to manage resistance to chemical insecticides and to reduce secondary pest outbreaks (such as silver leaf white fly) by maintaining beneficial insect populations. Biopesticides are also used in areas of special concern such as national parks, in the expanding ‘organic’ market, and for export markets such as wine, where the industry restricts the use of synthetic insecticides (Hunter 2010)..
Author Correction: A global analysis of terrestrial plant litter dynamics in non-perennial waterways
No full text© 2018 The Author(s) In the version of this Article originally published, the affiliation for M. I. Arce was incorrect; it should have been:5Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany. This has now been corrected in the online versions of the Article
Studies on Thermal Reactions and Sintering Behaviour of Red Clays by Irreversible Dilatometry
No full textThermal behavior of clays strongly influences that of ceramic bodies made thereof and hence, its study is must for assessing its utility in ceramic products as well as to set the body composition. Irreversible dilatometry is an effective thermal analysis tool for evaluating thermal reactions as well as sintering behavior of clays or clay based ceramic bodies. In this study, irreversible dilatometry of four red clay samples (S, M, R and G) of Gujarat region, which vary in their chemical and mineralogical compositions was carried out using a Dilatometer and compared. Chemical analysis and XRD of red clays were carried out. XRD showed that major clay minerals in S, M and R clays are kaolinite. However, clay marked R and G showed presence of both kaolinite and illite and / muscovite. Presence of non-clay minerals such as hematite, quartz, anatase were also observed in all clays. XRD results were in agreement with chemical analyses results. Rational analyses showed variation in amount of clay and non-clay minerals in red clay samples. Evaluation of dilatometric curves showed that clay marked as S, M and R exhibit patterns typical for kaolinitic clays. Variation in linear expansion (up to 550 degrees C) and shrinkage (above 550 degrees C) between these three clays was found to be related to difference in amount of quartz and kaolinite respectively. However, dilatometric curve of G exhibit a pattern similar to that for an illitic clay. This study confirmed that sintering of investigated kaolinitic and illitic and / muscovitic red clays initiates at above 1060 degrees C and 860 degrees C respectively and this behaviour strongly depends upon type and amount of minerals and their chemical compositions
Measurement of the CP-violating phase \phi s in Bs->J/\psi\pi+\pi- decays
No full textMeasurement of the mixing-induced CP-violating phase phi_s in Bs decays is of prime importance in probing new physics. Here 7421 +/- 105 signal events from the dominantly CP-odd final state J/\psi pi+ pi- are selected in 1/fb of pp collision data collected at sqrt{s} = 7 TeV with the LHCb detector. A time-dependent fit to the data yields a value of phi_s=-0.019^{+0.173+0.004}_{-0.174-0.003} rad, consistent with the Standard Model expectation. No evidence of direct CP violation is found
Impacts of the biocontrol agent Malacorhinus irregularis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) on Mimosa pigra seedlings and the importance of root nodules
No full textThis study investigated the impacts of the biocontrol agent Malacorhinus irregularis Jacoby (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) on the weed Mimosa pigra L. (Mimosaceae). We used controlled experiments to determine whether larvae of different developmental stages can destroy mimosa seedlings, whether larvae can survive and develop when feeding on root nodules, whether larvae prefer root nodules or seedlings, and the importance of N-2 fixation to mimosa. One third instar larva destroyed a mean of 1.6 seedlings overall, although this varied with larval density. First instar larvae spent more time on seedlings than on nodules, but final instar larvae spent more time on nodules. Larvae survived and developed on root nodules and on seedlings. Mimosa plants growing in pots only produced high numbers of root nodules when growing in low N conditions, indicating that mimosa responds to soil low N status by increasing symbiotic N-2 fixation. The higher N content in mimosa leaves than leaves of native plants from north Australian wetlands, and the ability to vigorously nodulate in conditions with a low N supply suggest that mimosa relies on N2 fixation during times of low soil N availability and at sites with low N status. We propose that Malacorhinus below ground herbivory on root nodules and seedlings complements the above ground herbivory of other established biocontrol agents against mimosa
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