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Formulasi awal waktu Duha dalam perspektif fikih dan ilmu Falak
No full textDalam buku ataupun kitab yang membahasa waktu Duha, maka akan dijumpai bahwa awal waktu Duha diformulasikan dengan tinggi Matahari yang cukup variatif. Sedikitnya peneliti telah menjumpai enam kriteria yang ditawarkan oleh masing-masing ahli Falak yaitu 3o 30’, 4o, 4o 30’, 5o, 12o . Diantara ahli Falak lain ada yang memformulasikannya dengan satuan menit yaitu 12 menit dan ada juga 16 menit setelah terbit. Masing-masing dari mereka mengaku bahwa kriteria yang ditawarkan adalah hasil pemahaman mereka terhadap konsep qadra rumhin dalam hadits-hadits waktu Duha. Tetapi anehnya dari hadits yang sama formulasinya berbeda-beda. Tentu ini menjadi tanda tanya besar bagaimana mereka menterjemahkan konsep qadra rumhin menjadi satuan drajat ataupun menit. Apa yang menjadikan hasil kriteria yang mereka tawarkan menjadi tidak sama.
Dari latar belakang tersebut penulis merurmuskan dua rumusan masalah yaitu (1). Bagaimana konsep awal waktu Duha dalam perspektif Fikih ?. (2). Berapa derajat ketinggian Matahari pada awal waktu Duha berdasarkan perkiraan tinggi satu tumbak dan dua tumbak ?
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian jenis kualitatif dengan menggabungkan metode library research ( studi kepustakaan) dan field research (studi lapangan). Adapun metode pengumpulan datanya dengan cara dokumentasi berupa buku, kitab serta data-data yang menjelaskan waktu Duha khususnya yang membahas tentang konsep qadra rumhin au rumhaini sebagai indikasi awal waktu Duha. Selain itu melakukan observasi Matahari ketika mencapai tinggi kira-kira satu tumbak atau dua tumbak. Adapun observasi ini berlangsung di Pantai Marina Semarang. Untuk menghasilkan penelitian yang optimal peneliti menganalisis data menggunakan metode analisis kualitatif dengan dua cara yakni deskriptif analitis dan verifikatif analitis.
Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa formulasi waktu Duha dengan mengacu pada konsep qadra rumhin yang telah ada merupakan hasil perkiraan dari masing-masing ahli Falak. Hal ini wajar karena memang dalam hadits maupun fikih sampai sekarang belum ada ketentuan baku tentang awal waktu Duha. Perbedaan pemahaman tinggi tumbak dan jarak pengamat yang belum ada kepastian menjadikan masing-masing dari ahli Falak berbeda pendapat. Dalam fikih hanya disebutkan bahwa tinggi waktu Duha kira-kira satu tumbak, sementara jarak pengamat dengan tumbak fikih belum membicarakan itu. Oleh sebab itu waktu Duha harus didefinisikan dengan waktu setelah Matahari terbit sempurna atau ketika piringan bawah Matahari bersinggungan dengan ufuk. Dengan formulasi itu maka dapat diketahui berapa derajat tinggi Matahari kira-kira satu tumbak atau dua tumbak. Sedangkan hasil kajian penulis terhadap konsep waktu Duha dan verifikasi di lapangan tinggi Matahari awal waktu Duha kira-kira satu tumbak adalah 2o sementara dua tumbak sama dengan 4o
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Addressing the Relationship between Area-based Management Tools (ABMTs) Including Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and the Right of the Adjacent Coastal State to the High Seas: Recent Discussion and Suggestion
No full textAbstract
Marine biodiversity beyond areas national jurisdiction (BBNJ) are characterized by high diversity of life and ecosystem and played central role in maintaining and supporting life on earth. Nevertheless, in recent times a number of factors have increasingly brought about considerable damage, at an increasing pace, to the marine ecosystem and biodiversity. And currently there are no specific rules governing this marine environment on the BBNJ. Therefore, in 2004 The United Nation General Assembly (UNGA) created the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of BBNJ. With the process initiated by UNGA Resolution 69/292 of 19 June 2015, the General Assembly decided to develop an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on conservation and sustainable use of BBNJ.
The paper contains the current discussion on the development of the new international legally binding instrument (ILBI) for conservation and sustainable use of BBNJ. It discusses on going mechanisms to address issues related to the package agreed in 2011, specifically on the measures such as area-based management tools (ABMTs), including marine protected areas (MPAs). More specifically,this paper discusses on the relationship between instrument and the rights of coastal States over all areas under their jurisdiction, including continental shelf within and beyond 200 nautical miles and the exclusive economic zone.
The paper concludes that there is a need for further cooperation and coordination in developing and implementing ABMTs including MPAs under new ILBI with the right of the coastal states over all areas under their jurisdiction. The paper also addressing the concept of due regard, adjacency, compatibility, and the right of the coastal state. This four concept can be used for the basic guideline in relationship between ABMTs including MPAs with costal States adjacent to the area beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ)
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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