982 research outputs found
Efektifitas Penggunaan Metode Tanya Jawab dengan Menggunakan Media Gambar untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berbicara Bahasa Arab Siswa MTs Fathul Anwar Rokan Hulu
No full textABSTRAK
Siti Rahma, (2018) : Efektifitas Penggunaan Metode Tanya Jawab dengan Menggunakan Media Gambar untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berbicara Bahasa Arab Siswa MTs Fathul Anwar Rokan Hulu.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Efektifitas Penggunaan Metode Tanya Jawab dengan Menggunakan Media Gambar untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berbicara bahasa Arab siswa MTs Fathul Anwar Rokan Hulu. Rumusan permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah “Apakah Metode Tanya Jawab dengan Menggunakan Media Gambar efektif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berbicara bahasa Arab siswa mta fathul anwar rokan hulu?
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen yaitu dimulai dari rancangan langkah pembelajaran, pelaksanaan, observasi, kemudian test. Populasi penelitian adalah siswa kelas 8 MTS Fathul anwar Rokan Hulu Tahun Ajaran 2018/2019, dengan sampel siswa kelas 8.2 dan 8.3 MTs Fathul anwar Rokan Hulu . Subjek penelitian adalah seluruh siswa kelas 8 MTs Fathul Anwar Rokan Hulu. Sedangkan Objek penelitian ini adalah metode tanya jawab dengan media gambar dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berbahasa Arab siswa. Instrument yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari observasi dan test. Dari analisis data yang diperoleh, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Metode Tanya jawab dengan media gambar efektif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berbicara bahasa Arab siswa MTs Fathul Anwar Rokan Hulu. Karena nilai To= -1,59 lebih besar dari Tt pada taraf signifikansi 5% = 2,00 dan taraf signifikansi 1% = 2,65. Ini berarti bahwa Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima.
Kata Kunci : Efektifitas, Metode, Media, Kemampuan Berbicara Bahasa Ara
PEMBINAAN KARAKTER RELIGIUS SISWA MELALUI KEGIATAN EKSTRAKURIKULER ROHIS DI MADRASAH ALIYAH FATHUL ANWAR KABUPATEN ROKAN HULU
No full textTujuan penelitian adalah Untuk mendeskripsikan karakter religius siswa melalui kegiatan ekstrakurikuler Rohis di Madrasah Aliyah Fathul Anwar Kabupaten Rokan Hulu dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dalam bentuk deskriptif kuantitatif yakni penelitian yang menggunakan data angka dalam pengolahannya yang selanjutnya dianalisis dan ditarik sebuah kesimpulan. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa yang ikut kegiatan rohis yakni kelas X dan XII Madrasah Aliyah Fathul Anwar Kabupaten Rokan Hulu yang dengan jumlah siswa sebanyak 40 siswa. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan angket dalam pernyataan dan wawancara. Karakter religius siswa setelah mengikuti kegiatan ekstrakurikuler rohis menunjukan siswa telah memiliki karakter religius yang baik, sebagaimana hal ini dibuktikan dari hasil penelitian menunjukan siswa sudah mencapai 80,2% dalam sehari-harinya berkarakter religius. Maka hasil ini dapat dikatakan karakter religius siswa sudah baik dengan mengikuti kegiatan ekstrakurikuler rohis. Maka dari hasil tersebut dapat dinyatakan upaya yang dilakukan oleh guru dalam pembinaan karakter religius melalui kegiatan rohis sudah dinyatakan baik dalam pelaksanaanya
Anwar Returns The Prosecution and Release of Anwar Ibrahim
No full text"Going to jail I consider a sacrifice I make for the people of this country. My struggle will continue, wherever I am sent and whatever is done to me. I pledge, and I will not be silenced, I will fight on for freedom and justice and I will never surrender." - Anwar, 10 February 2015. 16 May 2018: Anwar Ibrahim is released from prison and receives a full royal pardon from the King of Malaysia. This was an astonishing turn of events for the former Deputy Prime Minister who was serving a second prison term for sodomy, a charge that Anwar has always refuted. For Mark Trowell QC, who observed the criminal trials of Anwar Ibrahim, the release was "as historic as the release of Nelson Mandela in South Africa." Read about the dramatic twists and turns in the prosecution of Anwar Ibrahim, from when he was first charged with sodomy in September 1998 to his vindication 20 years later. This book covers not only the trials and prosecution Anwar was subjected to, and which led to the guilty verdict and sentence of five years' imprisonment in February 2015, it also recounts the changing political tide sweeping through Malaysia that culminated in his historic release in 2018. Mark Trowell also presents an exclusive interview with Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim. In a wide-ranging discussion, held in May 2018, Anwar reveals much about his time in prison, his new relationship with Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and his vision for Malaysia.Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- The Release (2015-2018) -- 01 In conversation with Anwar Ibrahim (31 May 2018) -- 02 The final twist -- The Prosecution (2008-2015) -- The Trials: September 2008-January 2012 -- 03 Sodomy I: The first episode -- 04 Sodomy II: Anwar charged again -- 05 The international reaction -- 06 Pre-trial skirmishes and start of trial -- 07 Continuing fight for disclosure during trial -- 08 The affair -- 09 Was it Anwar's DNA? -- 10 Judge says case to answer -- 11 Defence case begins -- prosecution applies to reopen case -- 12 Final submissions -- 13 The acquittal: 9 January 2012 -- 14 The saga continues -- The Final Play: March 2014-February 2015 -- 15 Government wins 13th general election -- 16 Attempts to disqualify prosecutor -- 17 A week of action -- 18 Anwar convicted and sentenced to five years in prison -- 19 Karpal convicted of sedition -- 20 Failure to expunge "homosexual" remark from record -- 21 "A good lawyer dies in the saddle" -- 22 Sedition crackdown to silence dissent -- 23 The final appeal: Federal Court of Malaysia -- 24 The final verdict: 10 February 2015 -- 25 Interview with Anwar Ibrahim (9 July 2014) -- Timeline of events (1998-2018) -- Key players in the prosecution of Anwar Ibrahim -- Acknowledgements -- About the author"Going to jail I consider a sacrifice I make for the people of this country. My struggle will continue, wherever I am sent and whatever is done to me. I pledge, and I will not be silenced, I will fight on for freedom and justice and I will never surrender." - Anwar, 10 February 2015. 16 May 2018: Anwar Ibrahim is released from prison and receives a full royal pardon from the King of Malaysia. This was an astonishing turn of events for the former Deputy Prime Minister who was serving a second prison term for sodomy, a charge that Anwar has always refuted. For Mark Trowell QC, who observed the criminal trials of Anwar Ibrahim, the release was "as historic as the release of Nelson Mandela in South Africa." Read about the dramatic twists and turns in the prosecution of Anwar Ibrahim, from when he was first charged with sodomy in September 1998 to his vindication 20 years later. This book covers not only the trials and prosecution Anwar was subjected to, and which led to the guilty verdict and sentence of five years' imprisonment in February 2015, it also recounts the changing political tide sweeping through Malaysia that culminated in his historic release in 2018. Mark Trowell also presents an exclusive interview with Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim. In a wide-ranging discussion, held in May 2018, Anwar reveals much about his time in prison, his new relationship with Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and his vision for Malaysia.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Implementasi pembelajaran fikih dengan kitab Fathul Qarib di Mts Al Ibrohimi Manyar Gresik
No full textBerdasarkan studi awal pada saat PPl di Mts al ibrohimi Manyarejo Manyar gersik saya melihat di kelas VIII-D mengenai pembelajaran fiqih dengan kitab Fathul Qarib. Biasanya guru yang mengajar hanya menggunakan Modul atau LKS sebagai bahan ajarnya, di Mts Al Ibrohimi bukan hanya Modul dan LKS saja akantetapi menggunakan kitab Fathul Qarib sebagai bahan untuk belajar mengajarnya. Hal ini menjadi perhatian karena apakah yang menjadi faktor penyebab hal itu terjadi. Pembelajaran fiqih dengan kitab Fathul Al-Qarib adalah hal yang menarik untuk memecahkan faktor yang menjadi permasalahan diatas. Penelitian dengan judul “Implementasi Pembelajaran Fikih dengan Kitab Fathul Qarib di Mts Al Ibrohimi manyarejo Manyar Gresik”, memiliki rumusan masalah bagaimana proses Implementasi pembelajaran fiqih dengan kitab Fathul Qarib, metode dan lahkah apa saja yang digunakan, serta apa saja faktor pendukung dan pengahambat dalam pembelajaran. Tujuan peneliti ini adalah untuk mendapatkan jawaban dari pembahasan tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan melakukan observasi kelapangan, serta hasil wawancara terhadap guru dan siswa. Dengan kata lain pada prinsipnya penelitian lapangan ini penulis lakukan untuk memecahkan masalah-masalah praktis yang ada dalam kehidupan masyarakat, khususnya dalam Implementasi Pembelajaran fikih dengan Kitab Fathul Qarib di MTs Al Ibrohimi Manyarejo Mamyar Gresik.Berdasarkan analisi data yang dilakuan, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa pembelajaran kitab Fathul Qarib di Mts Al Ibrohimi Manyarejo Manyar gresik ini menggunakan metode metode bandongan, metode sorogan, metode tanya jawab, dan metode diskusi. Selama awal proses pelajaran guru dan siswa membaca doa, sesudah berdoa guru langsung memberikan pertanyaan materi yang sudah pernah di pelajari pada minggu lalu. Adapun Faktor pemhambat seperti kegiatan malam hari yang sering dilakukanhingga larut malam sehingga membuat siswa merasa mudah mengantuk saat melaksanakan kegiatan pembelajaran di kelas, sedangkan faktor pendukung adalah guru menguasai materi yang diajarkan, guru menggunakan bahas yang mudah difahami oleh siswa, dan guru selalu melakukan interaksi kepada siswa dengan memberi pertanyaan atau siswa yang menanyakan materi yang belum difahami oleh siswanya
A fiscal needs approach to equalization transfers in a decentralized federation
No full textThe author reviews the conceptual basis for fiscal equalization transfers, analyzes the theoretical implications for optimal design of equalization transfers, and suggests quantitative approaches for assessing the fiscal needs of subnational governments and determining their entitlement to transfers. The author illustrates proposed methods using data for local and provincial Canadian governments. The proposed methods could be useful tools, he says, for undertaking systematic objective reviews of aggregate and sectoral public spending in developing countries. The author argues that in a decentralized federation, fiscal inefficiencies and inequities arise because of subnational governments'differing levels of ability to provide comparable public services at comparable tax rates. Fiscal equalization transfers that reduce or eliminate differentials in net fiscal benefits create a rare instance in economics when considerations of equity and efficiency coincide. These transfers must allow for differences in the spending needs and revenues-raising abilities of the various subnational governments. The author argues for a two-tiered approach to equalization. The first tier would be a federal responsibility to equalize the burden of federal taxes. The second tier would be an interprovincial equalization fund to be administered by the Council of Provincial Finance Ministers. It would entail a comprehensive equalization system that takes into account provincial spending needs. The standard of equalization would be negotiated.Public Sector Economics&Finance,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Financial Management,National Governance,Environmental Economics&Policies
Fiscal decentralization in developing and transition economies: progress, problems, and the promise
No full textThe author discusses the revolution in public sector thinking that is transforming the public sectors of developing and transition countries. Countries are reconsidering their fiscal systems and searching for the right balance between central government control and decentralized governance. Political decentralization has advanced in most countries. Subnational expenditures in developing countries as a percentage of total public expenditures have also increased over the past two decades. However, the process is far from complete. In many countries, the central government is still involved in the delivery of local services, local governments have few sources of own-revenues, local governments have limited access to borrowing for capital projects, and the design of intergovernmental transfers does neither address regional fiscal equity nor convey appropriate incentives for fiscal discipline, improved service delivery performance, and accountability to citizens. Decentralized public governance can help realign public sector incentives through greater accountability to citizens, and attenuate the"democracy deficit"caused by globalization and the role of supranational institutions and regimes. However, this requires careful examination of the entire fiscal system. Elements of a comprehensive package of fiscal system reforms would include: (a) Clarifying roles of various levels of government in public service delivery; (b) Reassigning taxing responsibilities to ensure local revenue autonomy, accountability, and efficiency without endangering an internal common market; (c) Designing fiscal transfers to ensure regional fiscal equity and to create an enabling environment for innovative and competitive service delivery; (d) Facilitating responsible credit market access to subnational governments; (e) Designing institutional arrangements for intergovernmental fiscal relations to better coordinate policies; and (f) Aligning operational capacity with the authorizing environment through the"accountability for results"framework of public management.National Governance,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Municipal Financial Management,National Governance,Banks&Banking Reform,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Municipal Financial Management,Environmental Economics&Policies
Representasi Nilai Budaya Jawa yang terdapat di dalam Film “Perempuan Tanah Jahanam” yang Disutradarai oleh Joko Anwar dan Implikasinya dalam Pembelajaran Sastra
No full textFilm adalah sebuah representasi dari kehidupan nyata. Film juga sebagai wadah dan sarana untuk memasukkan dan menyebarkan ide, gagasan, nilai-nilai serta ideologi kehidupan dalam bentuk audio visual. Dalam film banyak terdapat kandungan nilai-nilai yang dapat kita ambil untuk dijadikan pedoman dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, khususnya dari segi prilaku tokoh, tak terlepas nilai budaya Jawa. Nilai budaya Jawa yang terdapat dalam film ini kemudian dapat diambil manfaat untuk kehidupan nyata masyarakat.
Fokus pada penelitian ini terbagi mejadi dua. Yaitu, 1) Nilai etis budaya Jawa dalam film “Perempuan Tanah Jahanam” yang disutradarai oleh Joko Anwar. 2) Nilai filosofis budaya Jawa dalam film “Perempuan Tanah Jahanam” yang disutradarai oleh Joko Anwar. Sehingga dari fokus penelitian tersebut didapatkan tujuan penelitian sebagai berikut. 1) Mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan nilai etis budaya Jawa dalam film “Perempuan Tanah Jahanam” yang disutradarai oleh Joko Anwar. 2) Mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan nilai filosofis budaya Jawa dalam film “Perempuan Tanah Jahanam” yang disutradarai oleh Joko Anwar
Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah prilaku dan ucapan tokoh yang mengandung unsur nilai budaya Jawa dalam film. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif, Data yang dihasilkan berupa gambaran prilaku, deskripsi, dan dialog antar tokoh dalam film “Perempuan Tanah Jahanam” yang disutradarai oleh Joko Anwar. Tahapan penelitian dilakukan dengan alur sebagai berikut. 1) menonton film “Perempuan Tanah Jahanam” secara keseluruhan dengan cermat. 2) melakukan tabulasi dan pencatatan terhadap adegan dan dialog mengenai nilai budaya jawa. 3) menganalisis nilai budaya Jawa dalam film. 4) menganalisis pesan budaya pada nilai budaya Jawa dalam film. 5) menulis hasil kesimpulan dari analisa secara keseluruhan.
Hasil dari penelitian ini berisi tentang ragam nilai budaya Jawa yang terdapat dalam film “Perempuan Tanah Jahanam” meliputi prilaku dan ucapan. Nilai budaya Jawa yang terdapat dalam film tersebut meliputi: pertama, nilai etis budaya Jawa yaitu nilai kebijaksanaan (prilaku tepat janji, prilaku tidak pilih kasih, prilaku pengertian, dan prilaku lapang dada), dan nilai kasih sayang (prilaku saling melindungi). Kedua nilai filosofis budaya Jawa yaiu nilai keselarasan (prilaku kejatmikaan), dan nilai kebersamaan (prilaku tolong menolong dan prilaku gotong royong).
Kata Kunci: Film, Media Massa, Nilai Budaya Jaw
Analisis Komparatif Kitab Tarjuman Al-Mustafid dengan Tafsir Anwar At-Tanzil dan Tafsir Jalalain pada Ayat-ayat Sihir
No full textThis research presents a comparative analysis between the Tarjuman Al-Mustafid book with Anwar At-Tanzil's commentary, and Jalalain's commentary with a focus only on magic verses starting from Surah Al-Fatihah, Al-Baqarah verse 102, and Al-Falaq. The research method used is a qualitative approach focused on library research with the main data coming from the books of Tarjuman Al-Mustafid, Tafsir Anwar At-Tanzil, and Tafsir Jalalain. The results of the research show that there is quite a big influence from Anwar At-Tanzil's interpretation and Jalalain's interpretation on Tarjuman Al-Mustafid in terms of the systematic writing and meaning of the verses. One important factor in the relationship with the interpretation of Jalalain is Abdurrauf's intellectual connection with Jalaluddin As-Suyuti, the author of the interpretation of Jalalain. Apart from that, Anwar At-Tanzil's tafsir is also an important reference source in writing this tafsir, as stated on the cover of Tarjuman Al-Mustafid's tafsir. In understanding the magic verses, Abdurrauf is more inclined or agrees with Tafsir Jalalain because it is used as a reference, and is influential when providing a more general explanation.Penelitian ini menyajikan sebuah analisis komparatif antara kitab Tarjuman Al-Mustafid dengan tafsir Anwar At-Tanzil, dan tafsir Jalalain dengan fokus hanya pada ayat-ayat sihir yang dimulai dari surat Al-Fatihah, Al-Baqarah ayat 102, dan Al-Falaq. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif yang difokuskan pada penelitian pustaka (library research) dengan data utama yang berasal dari kitab Tarjuman Al-Mustafid, Tafsir Anwar At-Tanzil, dan tafsir Jalalain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pengaruh yang cukup besar dari tafsir Anwar At-Tanzil dan tafsir Jalalain pada Tarjuman Al-Mustafid dari segi sistematika penulisan dan makna ayat. Salah satu faktor penting dalam hubungan dengan tafsir Jalalain adalah keterkaitan intelektual Abdurrauf dengan Jalaluddin As-Suyuti, penulis tafsir Jalalain. Selain itu, tafsir Anwar At-Tanzil juga menjadi sumber referensi penting dalam penulisan tafsir ini, seperti yang tercantum dalam sampul tafsir Tarjuman Al-Mustafid. Dalam memahami ayat-ayat sihir, Abdurrauf lebih condong atau sependapat dengan Tafsir Jalalain karena dijadikan sebagai rujukan, serta berpengaruh ketika memberikan penjelasan yang lebih umum
Newspaper Clippings on the Current Crisis
No full textThis collection includes:
Schurmann, F. (1990, November 21). Long-term cycle theory suggests looming depression. Newspaper clipping. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Lever, H. (1982, September 24). International banking\u27s house of cards. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
The New York Times. (1982, March 31). Business failures spreading. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Petzinger, T. Jr. (1982, May 24). Bankruptcy wave: Business failures hit post-depression high; tide expected to swell. The Wall Street Journal. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
The New York Times. (1983, July 5). Poor nations\u27 debts posing a threat to richer countries. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Magazine clipping. (1981, October 26). A history of failure. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Karmin, M. W. (1982, June 14). Do bankruptcies foretell a financial crash? U.S. News & World Report. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Time. (1982, April 26). A rising tide of bankruptcies. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
U.S. News & World Report. (1981, November 30). Companies going broke—How big a danger? Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Train, J. (1982, April 2). The 1930s again? Forbes. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Karmin, M. (1982, May 3). Business failures—A new wave to come? U.S. News & World Report. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Frank, A. D. (1982, May 24). Rush to reform. Forbes. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Egan, J. (1982, October 25). Banks on the brink. New York. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Quint, M., Sterngold, J., & Cole, R. J. (1990, August 23). Bank woes climbing in Northeast; Japan financial sector faces sharp reverses; Stocks fall sharply as oil surges. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Labaton, S. (1991, January 10). Regulators are glum on outlook. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Rochelle, W. J. (1990, November 29). What recession? It\u27s a depression. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Silk, L. (1982, September 1). Economic scene: Capitalism and crises. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Shaikh, A., PhD. (1984, April 21). Financial collapse, bad loans, and worldwide decline in profitability [Handwritten notes for presentation, Hamburg]. Manuscript in possession of author.
Shaikh, A., PhD. (1983, February 28). Other facts on U.S. versus other DCC\u27s [Handwritten notes comparing labor costs, social spending, taxes, and military spending]. Manuscript in possession of author.
Shaikh, A., PhD. (1984, November 7). Reagan years: 1980–84 [Handwritten outline covering economic boom 1982–1984]. Manuscript in possession of author.
Shaikh, A., PhD. (1984, April). Reduction of workweek as response to current crisis (Hamburg) [Paper discussing fall in profitability, labor, poverty, and Reaganism]. Manuscript in possession of author.
The New York Times. (1982, October 17). Family feuds [Political cartoon]. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Lewis, F. (1982, October 17). European slump tumbles leaders left and right. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Malabre Jr., A. L. (1980, April 8). Dangerous debt. The Wall Street Journal. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Bradsher, K. (1995, October 27). Widest gap in incomes? Research points to U.S. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
The New York Times. (1995, September 15). Bankruptcies rise in Japan. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
BusinessWeek. (1984, October 29). Behind the banking turmoil. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Silk, L. (1985, February 20). Economic scene: Expansion\u27s shaky base. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Kristof, N. D. (1985, July 30). Peru debt-payment cap is an important symbol. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
The New York Times. (1986, May 25). Concern over future of Mexico growing in U.S. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
The New York Times. (1986, June 10). Renewed respect for family companies\u27 traditional values. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Stockton, W. (1986, June 10). Peso value falls amid uncertainty on Mexico\u27s debt. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Wiggins, P. H. (1990, February 27). Wall Street weathers Japan jolt. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Fuerbringer, J. (1990, February 27). Why world shrugged off Tokyo\u27s stock tumble. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Bartlett, S. (1989, July 24). U.S. efforts to aid debtor nations bring \u27profound disappointment\u27. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Kilborn, P. T. (1989, July 24). U.S., Mexico and banks appear to be near to reaching agreement. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Silk, L. (1990, November 11). Why it\u27s too soon to predict another Great Depression. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
The New York Times. (1990, November 11). Taking the pulse of an ailing economy [Graphic showing recessions and GNP, 1960–1990]. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Arenson, K. W. (1982, July 8). The erosion of American industry. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
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