103,172 research outputs found
Repetita iuvant: exploring and supporting redundancy in hospital practices
No full textThis paper discusses the role of redundancy in hospital work, especially in facilitating the cognitive and coordinative tasks of health practitioners in clinical settings. It also investigates the ways in which health information technology can preserve, support and even enhance this role by being grounded in the observations and analyses that two research groups in Italy and Norway carried out in independent studies. In the present study, this previous research is reassessed and shaped into a unified and coherent design-oriented framework. This framework considers four kinds of data redundancy and outlines their peculiarities and the typical conditions in which they occur. In particular, the paper reports how these kinds of redundancies are exploited in both written artifacts and oral communications and how they affect each other. The paper also reports the impact of redundancies on the articulation work of physicians and nurses by playing either a negative or, more often, a positive role depending on the context. A series of lessons learnt are then proposed for the design of suitable coordination mechanisms that could preserve or even utilize this neglected phenomenon, which is strongly related to the interpretative and coordinative practices that are articulated in the patient's record
Chthonius (Chthonius) cavernarum Ellingsen 1909
No full textChthonius (C.) cavernarum Ellingsen, 1909 (Figs 1 –11, 90) Chthonius cavernarum Ellingsen 1909: 217 (in part); Hadži 1930: 128, figs 7 a–f; Beier 1939 b: 16, fig. 13. Not Chthonius cavernarum: Ellingsen 1909: 217 (misidentification in part, see C. heterodactylus and C. raridentatus); Beier 1928: 313 (misidentification, see C. raridentatus); Beier 1931: 91 (misidentification, see C. raridentatus); Beier 1932: 53 (misidentification, in part: see C. raridentatus). Type locality: Slovenia, Gorenjska regija, Škofja Loka, “Bischoflacker Grotte”, not identified but presumably either Migutovo brezno no. 5 (451 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 36.7 ″ N 14 ° 17 ′ 51.7 ″E) or Marijino brezno no. 6 (429 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 45 ″ N 14 ° 17 ′ 50 ″E). Distribution. NE Italy, Romania, Slovenia. Diagnosis ( ♂♀ ). An eyed, epi- or endogean Chthonius (Chthonius) from the eastern Italian Alps, Slovenia and southern Romania that differs from other species of the heterodactylus group in the following combination of characters: carapace usually without epistome, chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18); chaetotaxy tergites I–IV: 4: 4: 4: 4; genital opening of male flanked by aligned setae on each side; fixed chelal finger with 17–24 (♂) or 15–20 (♀) teeth with dental canals, usually with intercalary microdenticles, and with a distoparaxial spatulate seta; distal half of movable chelal finger with 8–15 (♂♀) sharp, triangular teeth that are higher than wide, erected or weakly inclined forwards; coupled sensilla pc of movable chelal finger between trichobothria st and sb; chela length 1.00– 1.67 (♂) or 1.00– 1.77 (♀); movable finger length 0.59–0.91 (♂) or 0.60 –1.00 (♀). Type material examined. ROMANIA— Prahova: 1 ♂ (paralectotype, present designation) “Carpathes / Sinaia Valachie / A. L. Montandon” “III. Chthonius cavernarum Ell. ” (MSNG). SLOVENIA— Gorenjska regija: 1 ♀ (lectotype, present designation), 9 ♂, 5 ♀, 2 T, 1 D (paralectotypes, present designation), “ 140 Chthonius / cavernarum Ell. n. sp. / Austria: Krain Sever” [= “Bischoflacker Grotte” (see Ellingsen 1909), not identified, but presumably either Migutovo brezno no. 5, 451 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 36.7 ″N 14 ° 17 ′ 51.7 ″E or Marijino brezno no. 6, 429 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 45 ″N 14 ° 17 ′ 50 ″E, both located near Škofja Loka] (ZMUN). Osrednjeslovenska regija: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (paralectotypes, present designation), “ 142 Chthonius / cavernarum, E. / Austria: Krain” [= “Zaorlihöhle” (see Ellingsen 1909), now Jamovka no. 107 (= Jama na Pokojišču, Gmanjska jama, Jama na Zavrhu), 710 m a.s.l., 45 ° 54 ′ 12 ″N 14 ° 20 ′ 28 ″E] (ZMUN). Other material examined. ITALY — Friuli: Udine Prov.— 1 ♂, Nimis, Grotta di Monteprato 59 Fr/UD, 525 m a.s.l., 26.III. 1983, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 1 ♂ of C. raridentatus). SLOVENIA— Notranjsko–Kraška regija: 2 ♂, “ 10 [illegible] Koschir Luka [Luka Košir leg.] Doline b[ei] Adelsberg. Verh[oeff]” (ZMHB, KatNr. 31638); 2 ♂, Postojna, Rakov Škocjan, 520 m a.s.l., 5.X. 1991, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 1 ♂, 2 ♀ of C. raridentatus); 1 ♂, 4 ♀, Postojna, Lož, 600 m a.s.l., 14.X. 1990, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 1 ♂, 1 ♀ of C. raridentatus); 3 ♂, 6 ♀, Snežnik, Sviščaki, 1250 m a.s.l., 25.VIII. 1991, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 10 ♂, 4 ♀ of C. raridentatus). Osrednjeslovenska regija: 1 ♂, between Grosuplje and Turjak, 450 m a.s.l., 10.IX. 1991, F. Gasparo leg. Spodnjeposavska regija: 1 T, Brežice, 28.VIII. 1987, G. Gardini & R. Rizzerio leg. (together with 2 ♀ of C. raridentatus). Description of adults ( ♂♀ ). Carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps brown or pale brown (lecto- and paralectotypes decoloured); hispid granulation on lateral surfaces of carapace, on cheliceral palm and on distal surface of pedipalpal hand. Carapace 0.9–1.1 times longer than broad, weakly constricted posteriorly; anterior margin usually without epistome (Figs 1–2) (rarely weakly developed: Fig. 3), with sharp denticles between median macrosetae; ocular area as in Figs 4–5, anterior eyes with weakly convex lens (diameter 0.040–0.050 mm), posterior eyes reduced to spots, tapeta usually evident in recently preserved specimens; distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.030–0.040 mm; chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), respective lengths of anteromedian and anterolateral macrosetae 0.14–0.16 and 0.07–0.08 mm, length of median macrosetae of ocular row 0.17–0.20, length of posterior macrosetae 0.17. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 10:(3) 9–10 (3):(2) 7–8 (2): 8: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7; sternite II rarely with 9 setae, sternite III rarely with 8 setae; genital opening of males flanked by 8–9 (rarely 6) setae on each side. Chelicera (Figs 6–8) 2.2–2.4 (♂♀) times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 1 (rarely 2) microseta laterally; fixed finger with 10–12 teeth (second tooth from distal end larger and sharp) and a few proximal microtubercles; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di), 8–10 teeth proximally reduced in size and 4–5 proximal tubercles; gl ratio 0.50–0.62; spinneret weakly prominent in males (Fig. 6), rarely absent (Fig. 8), prominent and apically rounded in females (Fig. 7); rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior respectively with 15 and 17 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 9–12 (rarely 15) coxal spines, coxa III with 4–5 (rarely 8) coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 6.2 –8.0 (♂) or 6.2–7.3 (♀) times as long as broad; chela (Figs 9–11) 5.5–6.9 (♂) or 4.5–5.9 (♀) times as long as deep; hand of chela 1.9–2.3 (♂) or 1.7–1.9 (♀) times as long as deep; fixed finger with marked sigmoid curvature in lateral view (less marked in ♂ from Grotta di Monteprato 59 Fr/UD), with 17–24 (♂) or 15–20 (♀) teeth with dental canals, usually with 1– 3 intercalary microdenticles in most interdental spaces [1 ♀ (out of 3 ♂, 6 ♀) from Snežnik: Sviščaki without intercalary microdenticles]; distal tooth reduced, usually halfway between et and it in males, but nearer to it in females; 14–20 (♂) or 12–15 (♀) large, sharp, weakly reclined teeth increasing in size as far as halfway along the finger, then decreasing in size towards the finger base; 1–4 (♂) or 3–5 (♀) small proximal teeth with rounded tips and dental canals; base of fixed finger with 0–4 microtubercles; fixed finger at level of it/est with 3 (rarely 2) teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.030–0.050 mm); tip of fixed finger with sensilla af 1 ‾ 2, distal paraxial seta spatulate, enlarged in the middle and acuminate apically; movable finger strongly curved in lateral view and always shorter than fixed finger, with 22–29 (♂♀) teeth, all with dental canal; distal half of movable finger with 1 (rarely 2) low, broad distal tooth followed by 8–15 (♂♀) triangular, sharp, higher than wide teeth that are erected or weakly inclined forward; proximal half of movable finger with 9–15 (♂♀) low, broad, reclined teeth increasingly reduced towards finger base, reaching back to halfway between sb and b, followed by 3–8 vestigial teeth usually discernible only by the presence of dental canals; coupled sensilla pc usually halfway between st and sb; tip of movable finger with sensilla am 1 ‾ 2; trichobothria as in Figs 9–11, eb -esb -ist placed in a straight line, or with ist distad of the line eb/esb; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.6–1.8 (♂) or 1.6–1.7 (♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.1–1.2 (♂♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.3–1.9 (♂♀). Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.7–2.2 (♂♀). Carapace 0.47–0.62 × 0.46–0.56 (0.42–0.52 anteriorly) (♂) or 0.43–0.64 × 0.47–0.62 (0.44–0.59 anteriorly) (♀). Chelicera 0.43–0.59 × 0.19–0.25 (♂) or 0.44–0.64 × 0.19–0.27 (♀); movable finger length 0.24–0.30 (♂) or 0.24–0.34 (♀). Pedipalp: femur 0.67–1.13 × 0.10–0.14 (♂) or 0.65–1.17 × 0.10–0.16 (♀); chela 1.00– 1.67 × 0.18–0.24 (♂) or 0.99–1.77 × 0.185–0.30 (♀); hand length 0.35–0.55 (♂), 0.35–0.59 (♀); fixed finger length (from tip to eb) 0.65–1.05 (♂), 0.65–1.14 (♀); movable finger length 0.59–0.91 (♂), 0.60 –1.00 (♀). Description of tritonymph. Integument pale, hispid granulation less marked than in adults. Carapace 1.00– 1.05 times longer than broad, anterior margin without epistome, denticles as in adults; anterior eyes with weakly convex lens, posterior eyes reduced to eye-spots; chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), length of anteromedian and anterolateral macrosetae respectively 0.11–0.12 and 0.05 mm, length of median macrosetae of ocular row 0.15 mm, length of posterior macrosetae 0.10 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 5:(2) 8 (2):(1) 6 (1): 7: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7. Chelicera 2.2–2.3 times as long as broad, palm with 5 setae and 1 microseta laterally; fixed finger with 11 teeth, the distal two larger, the following proximally reduced in size; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di) and 8–9 teeth; gl ratio 0.52; spinneret prominent and apically rounded, as in females; rallum with 9 blades; serrula exterior with 13 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 5; coxa II with 13–15 coxal spines, coxa III with 5–6 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 6.4 times as long as broad; chela 5.9 times as long as deep; hand 2.15 times as long as deep; fixed finger with 18–22 teeth with dental canals, with 1– 2 intercalary microdenticles in most interdental spaces; first distal tooth reduced, situated at level of et; 17–21 large, sharp, weakly reclined teeth increasing in size as far as halfway along the finger, then reduced in size towards the finger base; 2–3 small proximal teeth with rounded tips and with dental canals; base of fixed finger with 2–3 microtubercles; fixed finger at level of it/est with 3 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.040–0.043 mm); distal paraxial seta as in adults; movable finger shorter than fixed finger; movable finger with 26 teeth, all with dental canal; distal half of movable finger with 1 low, broad distal tooth followed by 10 triangular, sharp, higher than wide teeth, erect or weakly inclined forward; proximal half of movable finger with 15 low, broad, reclined teeth increasingly reduced towards finger base, reaching back almost to b; coupled sensilla pc halfway between st and b; trichobothrium ist distad of line eb/esb; ratio of movable finger/hand 1.6; ratio of femur/ movable finger 1.15; ratio of femur/carapace 1.5–1.6. Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.5–1.7. Carapace 0.44–0.49 × 0.43–0.47 (0.41–0.43 anteriorly). Chelicera 0.41–0.43 × 0.18–0.19, movable finger length 0.20–0.22. Pedipalp: femur 0.71–0.74 × 0.11–0.12; chela 1.05–1.10 × 0.17–0.18; hand length 0.39–0.40; fixed finger length (from tip to eb) 0.68–0.70; movable finger length 0.62–0.64. Remarks. Ellingsen (1909) described Chthonius cavernarum from 26 syntypes from two caves in Carniola (now in Slovenia)—“Bischoflacker Grotte” (20 specimens) and “Zaorlihöhle” (2 specimens)—and from Sinaia, Romania (4 specimens). Harvey (1991, 2013) listed only Sinaia as the type locality, but this was due to a simple oversight (M.S. Harvey in litt.). Because the syntypes are now attributed to three different species (C. cavernarum, C. heterodactylus and C. raridentatus: see below under C. heterodactylus and C. raridentatus), a lectotype is designated here to ensure nomenclatural stability. Accordingly, under the Article 74.1. 3 of the Code (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), all the other syntypes become paralectotypes of C. cavernarum, including those that were misidentified by Ellingsen (1909). Four paralectotypes not listed above [2 ♀ of C. heterodactylus (Romania, Sinaia) and 2 ♀ of C. raridentatus (Slovenia, Bischoflacker Grotte)] are mentioned under “Material examined” of the respective species. The female lectotype of C. cavernarum (lacking the right chela) is probably the specimen used by Ellingsen (1909) in description of the species. The measurements given by Ellingsen (1909) and those obtained here for the female lectotype (in brackets) are: carapace 0.64 (0.64) x 0.61 (0.59) anteriorly, chelicera length 0.64 (0.64), pedipalpal femur 1.37 (1.17) x 0.16 (0.16), hand 0.60 (0.59) x 0.29 (0.30), fixed finger length 1.14 (1.14), movable finger length 0.94 (1.00) mm. Ellingsen’s original description highlights one of the most important diagnostic characters, namely the dentition of movable chelal finger: “the inner margin in the distal part provided with small, conical teeth, smaller than those of the fixed finger, also with great intervals, but with no traces of smaller teeth between them; the teeth are growing lower backwards” (Ellingsen 1909). Beier (1928) considered it probable that C. cavernarum was synonymous with C. heterodactylus and noted the difficulties in detecting intercalary denticles on the fixed chelal finger (see Remarks under C. raridentatus for misidentifications between C. cavernarum and C. ellingseni by Beier 1928, 1931, 1932). Hadži (1930) rejected the synonymy suggested by Beier (1928) and correctly identified name and location of the Zaorlihöhle, one of the type localities of C. cavernarum. Hadži (1930) redescribed the species using a male from the cave “Žabja usta” (now Migutovo brezno no. 5, possibly the type locality: see ‘ Type localities’ above) near Škofja Loka, Slovenia. Beier (1932) overlooked Hadži’s (1930) contribution and redescribed C. cavernarum, combining data from Ellingsen’s original description (body length and measurements of pedipalpal femur) with data from a specimen—probably a male, of unknown origin—of C. ellingseni (measurements of pedipalpal hand and fixed and movable fingers, with a figure of the pedipalpal chela). C. cavernarum was at last redescribed by Beier (1939 b) [repeated in Beier (1963)] on a male from the cave Breznohöhle ober Bischoflak (now Migutovo brezno no. 5) near Škofja Loka, Slovenia. The measurements given by Hadži (1930) and Beier (1939 b) agree with those in the above description. Ćurčić (1974) erroneously gave “Postojnska Jama” as the type locality of C. cavernarum, probably following a previous citation of the species from “Krain, Grotte bei Adelsberg” by Ellingsen (1910) (see above in ‘Other material examined’). Chthonius cavernarum is a troglophilic species known from the eastern Venetian pre-Alps to Slovenia and southern Romania (Fig. 90). Among the species of Chthonius of the C. heterodactylus group, C. cavernarum seems to be related to the sympatric (rarely syntopic) C. raridentatus. Differences between C. cavernarum and C. raridentatus are given in the above key. The presence of C. cavernarum in Italy (Gardini 2000) is here confirmed. Records of Chthonius subterraneus Beier, 1931 from Hungary (Szent-Ivány 1941) and Slovakia (Krumpál & Krumpálová 2003, Christophoryová et al. 2011 b, 2012) are doubtful and remain to be verified since C. subterraneus (type locality: Montenegro, Herceg Novi) displays a dentition of the movable chelal finger identical to that of C. cavernarum.Published as part of Gardini, Giulio, 2014, The species of the Chthonius heterodactylus group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the eastern Alps and the Carpathians, pp. 101-137 in Zootaxa 3887 (2) on pages 103-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3887.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/22805
Chthonius (Chthonius) cavernarum Ellingsen 1909
No full textChthonius (C.) cavernarum Ellingsen, 1909 (Figs 1 –11, 90) Chthonius cavernarum Ellingsen 1909: 217 (in part); Hadži 1930: 128, figs 7 a–f; Beier 1939 b: 16, fig. 13. Not Chthonius cavernarum: Ellingsen 1909: 217 (misidentification in part, see C. heterodactylus and C. raridentatus); Beier 1928: 313 (misidentification, see C. raridentatus); Beier 1931: 91 (misidentification, see C. raridentatus); Beier 1932: 53 (misidentification, in part: see C. raridentatus). Type locality: Slovenia, Gorenjska regija, Škofja Loka, “Bischoflacker Grotte”, not identified but presumably either Migutovo brezno no. 5 (451 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 36.7 ″ N 14 ° 17 ′ 51.7 ″E) or Marijino brezno no. 6 (429 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 45 ″ N 14 ° 17 ′ 50 ″E). Distribution. NE Italy, Romania, Slovenia. Diagnosis ( ♂♀ ). An eyed, epi- or endogean Chthonius (Chthonius) from the eastern Italian Alps, Slovenia and southern Romania that differs from other species of the heterodactylus group in the following combination of characters: carapace usually without epistome, chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18); chaetotaxy tergites I–IV: 4: 4: 4: 4; genital opening of male flanked by aligned setae on each side; fixed chelal finger with 17–24 (♂) or 15–20 (♀) teeth with dental canals, usually with intercalary microdenticles, and with a distoparaxial spatulate seta; distal half of movable chelal finger with 8–15 (♂♀) sharp, triangular teeth that are higher than wide, erected or weakly inclined forwards; coupled sensilla pc of movable chelal finger between trichobothria st and sb; chela length 1.00– 1.67 (♂) or 1.00– 1.77 (♀); movable finger length 0.59–0.91 (♂) or 0.60 –1.00 (♀). Type material examined. ROMANIA— Prahova: 1 ♂ (paralectotype, present designation) “Carpathes / Sinaia Valachie / A. L. Montandon” “III. Chthonius cavernarum Ell. ” (MSNG). SLOVENIA— Gorenjska regija: 1 ♀ (lectotype, present designation), 9 ♂, 5 ♀, 2 T, 1 D (paralectotypes, present designation), “ 140 Chthonius / cavernarum Ell. n. sp. / Austria: Krain Sever” [= “Bischoflacker Grotte” (see Ellingsen 1909), not identified, but presumably either Migutovo brezno no. 5, 451 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 36.7 ″N 14 ° 17 ′ 51.7 ″E or Marijino brezno no. 6, 429 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 45 ″N 14 ° 17 ′ 50 ″E, both located near Škofja Loka] (ZMUN). Osrednjeslovenska regija: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (paralectotypes, present designation), “ 142 Chthonius / cavernarum, E. / Austria: Krain” [= “Zaorlihöhle” (see Ellingsen 1909), now Jamovka no. 107 (= Jama na Pokojišču, Gmanjska jama, Jama na Zavrhu), 710 m a.s.l., 45 ° 54 ′ 12 ″N 14 ° 20 ′ 28 ″E] (ZMUN). Other material examined. ITALY — Friuli: Udine Prov.— 1 ♂, Nimis, Grotta di Monteprato 59 Fr/UD, 525 m a.s.l., 26.III. 1983, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 1 ♂ of C. raridentatus). SLOVENIA— Notranjsko–Kraška regija: 2 ♂, “ 10 [illegible] Koschir Luka [Luka Košir leg.] Doline b[ei] Adelsberg. Verh[oeff]” (ZMHB, KatNr. 31638); 2 ♂, Postojna, Rakov Škocjan, 520 m a.s.l., 5.X. 1991, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 1 ♂, 2 ♀ of C. raridentatus); 1 ♂, 4 ♀, Postojna, Lož, 600 m a.s.l., 14.X. 1990, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 1 ♂, 1 ♀ of C. raridentatus); 3 ♂, 6 ♀, Snežnik, Sviščaki, 1250 m a.s.l., 25.VIII. 1991, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 10 ♂, 4 ♀ of C. raridentatus). Osrednjeslovenska regija: 1 ♂, between Grosuplje and Turjak, 450 m a.s.l., 10.IX. 1991, F. Gasparo leg. Spodnjeposavska regija: 1 T, Brežice, 28.VIII. 1987, G. Gardini & R. Rizzerio leg. (together with 2 ♀ of C. raridentatus). Description of adults ( ♂♀ ). Carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps brown or pale brown (lecto- and paralectotypes decoloured); hispid granulation on lateral surfaces of carapace, on cheliceral palm and on distal surface of pedipalpal hand. Carapace 0.9–1.1 times longer than broad, weakly constricted posteriorly; anterior margin usually without epistome (Figs 1–2) (rarely weakly developed: Fig. 3), with sharp denticles between median macrosetae; ocular area as in Figs 4–5, anterior eyes with weakly convex lens (diameter 0.040–0.050 mm), posterior eyes reduced to spots, tapeta usually evident in recently preserved specimens; distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.030–0.040 mm; chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), respective lengths of anteromedian and anterolateral macrosetae 0.14–0.16 and 0.07–0.08 mm, length of median macrosetae of ocular row 0.17–0.20, length of posterior macrosetae 0.17. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 10:(3) 9–10 (3):(2) 7–8 (2): 8: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7; sternite II rarely with 9 setae, sternite III rarely with 8 setae; genital opening of males flanked by 8–9 (rarely 6) setae on each side. Chelicera (Figs 6–8) 2.2–2.4 (♂♀) times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 1 (rarely 2) microseta laterally; fixed finger with 10–12 teeth (second tooth from distal end larger and sharp) and a few proximal microtubercles; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di), 8–10 teeth proximally reduced in size and 4–5 proximal tubercles; gl ratio 0.50–0.62; spinneret weakly prominent in males (Fig. 6), rarely absent (Fig. 8), prominent and apically rounded in females (Fig. 7); rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior respectively with 15 and 17 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 9–12 (rarely 15) coxal spines, coxa III with 4–5 (rarely 8) coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 6.2 –8.0 (♂) or 6.2–7.3 (♀) times as long as broad; chela (Figs 9–11) 5.5–6.9 (♂) or 4.5–5.9 (♀) times as long as deep; hand of chela 1.9–2.3 (♂) or 1.7–1.9 (♀) times as long as deep; fixed finger with marked sigmoid curvature in lateral view (less marked in ♂ from Grotta di Monteprato 59 Fr/UD), with 17–24 (♂) or 15–20 (♀) teeth with dental canals, usually with 1– 3 intercalary microdenticles in most interdental spaces [1 ♀ (out of 3 ♂, 6 ♀) from Snežnik: Sviščaki without intercalary microdenticles]; distal tooth reduced, usually halfway between et and it in males, but nearer to it in females; 14–20 (♂) or 12–15 (♀) large, sharp, weakly reclined teeth increasing in size as far as halfway along the finger, then decreasing in size towards the finger base; 1–4 (♂) or 3–5 (♀) small proximal teeth with rounded tips and dental canals; base of fixed finger with 0–4 microtubercles; fixed finger at level of it/est with 3 (rarely 2) teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.030–0.050 mm); tip of fixed finger with sensilla af 1 ‾ 2, distal paraxial seta spatulate, enlarged in the middle and acuminate apically; movable finger strongly curved in lateral view and always shorter than fixed finger, with 22–29 (♂♀) teeth, all with dental canal; distal half of movable finger with 1 (rarely 2) low, broad distal tooth followed by 8–15 (♂♀) triangular, sharp, higher than wide teeth that are erected or weakly inclined forward; proximal half of movable finger with 9–15 (♂♀) low, broad, reclined teeth increasingly reduced towards finger base, reaching back to halfway between sb and b, followed by 3–8 vestigial teeth usually discernible only by the presence of dental canals; coupled sensilla pc usually halfway between st and sb; tip of movable finger with sensilla am 1 ‾ 2; trichobothria as in Figs 9–11, eb -esb -ist placed in a straight line, or with ist distad of the line eb/esb; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.6–1.8 (♂) or 1.6–1.7 (♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.1–1.2 (♂♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.3–1.9 (♂♀). Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.7–2.2 (♂♀). Carapace 0.47–0.62 × 0.46–0.56 (0.42–0.52 anteriorly) (♂) or 0.43–0.64 × 0.47–0.62 (0.44–0.59 anteriorly) (♀). Chelicera 0.43–0.59 × 0.19–0.25 (♂) or 0.44–0.64 × 0.19–0.27 (♀); movable finger length 0.24–0.30 (♂) or 0.24–0.34 (♀). Pedipalp: femur 0.67–1.13 × 0.10–0.14 (♂) or 0.65–1.17 × 0.10–0.16 (♀); chela 1.00– 1.67 × 0.18–0.24 (♂) or 0.99–1.77 × 0.185–0.30 (♀); hand length 0.35–0.55 (♂), 0.35–0.59 (♀); fixed finger length (from tip to eb) 0.65–1.05 (♂), 0.65–1.14 (♀); movable finger length 0.59–0.91 (♂), 0.60 –1.00 (♀). Description of tritonymph. Integument pale, hispid granulation less marked than in adults. Carapace 1.00– 1.05 times longer than broad, anterior margin without epistome, denticles as in adults; anterior eyes with weakly convex lens, posterior eyes reduced to eye-spots; chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), length of anteromedian and anterolateral macrosetae respectively 0.11–0.12 and 0.05 mm, length of median macrosetae of ocular row 0.15 mm, length of posterior macrosetae 0.10 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 5:(2) 8 (2):(1) 6 (1): 7: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7. Chelicera 2.2–2.3 times as long as broad, palm with 5 setae and 1 microseta laterally; fixed finger with 11 teeth, the distal two larger, the following proximally reduced in size; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di) and 8–9 teeth; gl ratio 0.52; spinneret prominent and apically rounded, as in females; rallum with 9 blades; serrula exterior with 13 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 5; coxa II with 13–15 coxal spines, coxa III with 5–6 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 6.4 times as long as broad; chela 5.9 times as long as deep; hand 2.15 times as long as deep; fixed finger with 18–22 teeth with dental canals, with 1– 2 intercalary microdenticles in most interdental spaces; first distal tooth reduced, situated at level of et; 17–21 large, sharp, weakly reclined teeth increasing in size as far as halfway along the finger, then reduced in size towards the finger base; 2–3 small proximal teeth with rounded tips and with dental canals; base of fixed finger with 2–3 microtubercles; fixed finger at level of it/est with 3 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.040–0.043 mm); distal paraxial seta as in adults; movable finger shorter than fixed finger; movable finger with 26 teeth, all with dental canal; distal half of movable finger with 1 low, broad distal tooth followed by 10 triangular, sharp, higher than wide teeth, erect or weakly inclined forward; proximal half of movable finger with 15 low, broad, reclined teeth increasingly reduced towards finger base, reaching back almost to b; coupled sensilla pc halfway between st and b; trichobothrium ist distad of line eb/esb; ratio of movable finger/hand 1.6; ratio of femur/ movable finger 1.15; ratio of femur/carapace 1.5–1.6. Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.5–1.7. Carapace 0.44–0.49 × 0.43–0.47 (0.41–0.43 anteriorly). Chelicera 0.41–0.43 × 0.18–0.19, movable finger length 0.20–0.22. Pedipalp: femur 0.71–0.74 × 0.11–0.12; chela 1.05–1.10 × 0.17–0.18; hand length 0.39–0.40; fixed finger length (from tip to eb) 0.68–0.70; movable finger length 0.62–0.64. Remarks. Ellingsen (1909) described Chthonius cavernarum from 26 syntypes from two caves in Carniola (now in Slovenia)—“Bischoflacker Grotte” (20 specimens) and “Zaorlihöhle” (2 specimens)—and from Sinaia, Romania (4 specimens). Harvey (1991, 2013) listed only Sinaia as the type locality, but this was due to a simple oversight (M.S. Harvey in litt.). Because the syntypes are now attributed to three different species (C. cavernarum, C. heterodactylus and C. raridentatus: see below under C. heterodactylus and C. raridentatus), a lectotype is designated here to ensure nomenclatural stability. Accordingly, under the Article 74.1. 3 of the Code (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), all the other syntypes become paralectotypes of C. cavernarum, including those that were misidentified by Ellingsen (1909). Four paralectotypes not listed above [2 ♀ of C. heterodactylus (Romania, Sinaia) and 2 ♀ of C. raridentatus (Slovenia, Bischoflacker Grotte)] are mentioned under “Material examined” of the respective species. The female lectotype of C. cavernarum (lacking the right chela) is probably the specimen used by Ellingsen (1909) in description of the species. The measurements given by Ellingsen (1909) and those obtained here for the female lectotype (in brackets) are: carapace 0.64 (0.64) x 0.61 (0.59) anteriorly, chelicera length 0.64 (0.64), pedipalpal femur 1.37 (1.17) x 0.16 (0.16), hand 0.60 (0.59) x 0.29 (0.30), fixed finger length 1.14 (1.14), movable finger length 0.94 (1.00) mm. Ellingsen’s original description highlights one of the most important diagnostic characters, namely the dentition of movable chelal finger: “the inner margin in the distal part provided with small, conical teeth, smaller than those of the fixed finger, also with great intervals, but with no traces of smaller teeth between them; the teeth are growing lower backwards” (Ellingsen 1909). Beier (1928) considered it probable that C. cavernarum was synonymous with C. heterodactylus and noted the difficulties in detecting intercalary denticles on the fixed chelal finger (see Remarks under C. raridentatus for misidentifications between C. cavernarum and C. ellingseni by Beier 1928, 1931, 1932). Hadži (1930) rejected the synonymy suggested by Beier (1928) and correctly identified name and location of the Zaorlihöhle, one of the type localities of C. cavernarum. Hadži (1930) redescribed the species using a male from the cave “Žabja usta” (now Migutovo brezno no. 5, possibly the type locality: see ‘ Type localities’ above) near Škofja Loka, Slovenia. Beier (1932) overlooked Hadži’s (1930) contribution and redescribed C. cavernarum, combining data from Ellingsen’s original description (body length and measurements of pedipalpal femur) with data from a specimen—probably a male, of unknown origin—of C. ellingseni (measurements of pedipalpal hand and fixed and movable fingers, with a figure of the pedipalpal chela). C. cavernarum was at last redescribed by Beier (1939 b) [repeated in Beier (1963)] on a male from the cave Breznohöhle ober Bischoflak (now Migutovo brezno no. 5) near Škofja Loka, Slovenia. The measurements given by Hadži (1930) and Beier (1939 b) agree with those in the above description. Ćurčić (1974) erroneously gave “Postojnska Jama” as the type locality of C. cavernarum, probably following a previous citation of the species from “Krain, Grotte bei Adelsberg” by Ellingsen (1910) (see above in ‘Other material examined’). Chthonius cavernarum is a troglophilic species known from the eastern Venetian pre-Alps to Slovenia and southern Romania (Fig. 90). Among the species of Chthonius of the C. heterodactylus group, C. cavernarum seems to be related to the sympatric (rarely syntopic) C. raridentatus. Differences between C. cavernarum and C. raridentatus are given in the above key. The presence of C. cavernarum in Italy (Gardini 2000) is here confirmed. Records of Chthonius subterraneus Beier, 1931 from Hungary (Szent-Ivány 1941) and Slovakia (Krumpál & Krumpálová 2003, Christophoryová et al. 2011 b, 2012) are doubtful and remain to be verified since C. subterraneus (type locality: Montenegro, Herceg Novi) displays a dentition of the movable chelal finger identical to that of C. cavernarum.Published as part of Gardini, Giulio, 2014, The species of the Chthonius heterodactylus group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the eastern Alps and the Carpathians, pp. 101-137 in Zootaxa 3887 (2) on pages 103-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3887.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/22805
Bibliographie Hilarion G. Petzold 1958 – 2009 mit Anhang als Einführung
No full textDieses Archiv enthält die Gesamtbibliographie der Werke des Autors nebst einiger Texte „Über H. G. Petzold“ im Schlussteil der Bibliographie sowie einen Anhang mit einer Einführung in die Architektur des Werkes in seinem wissenslogischen Aufbau als Ausarbeitung seines „Tree of Science Modells“ (2007).This archive contains the complete bibliography of the author and some texts about H. G. Petzold, moreover an epilogue with an introduction to the architecture of the works in its epistemological structure and composition and as an elaborations of Petzold’s „Tree of Science Modell (2007).https://www.fpi-publikation.de/polyloge/01-2009-petzold-h-g-gesamtbibliographie-h-g-petzold-1958-2009-updating-november2009/peerReviewedpublishedVersio
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Recommended from our members
3346: Samuel G. Freedman, author, 2013
No full textPhotograph of author Samuel G. Freedman, at NT Daily Slash meeting in the Mayborn School of Journalism at UNT
The Right to Strike under the United States Constitution: Theory, Practice, and Possible Implications for Canada
No full textAnswering critics of the Canadian Supreme Court's judgment in B.C. Health, the author argues that the Court laid the foundation for a principled and durable doctrine protecting constitutional labour rights, one that goes directly to the heart of the matter — the inequality of workers’ power in the employment relation. In the author’s view, two paths could lead from B.C. Health to the recognition of Charter protec- tion for a right to strike: one that treats the right as an accessory to col- lective bargaining, and one that upholds the right directly on the basis of the Charter values of equality and participation. The author supports the latter approach, contending that constitutional rights should be defined in relation to fundamental values, in a way that is not contingent on time-bound or fact-sensitive assessments about the role of strikes within a particular collective bargaining regime. Although a Charter right to strike may involve the courts in difficult choices about when to defer to legislative policy decisions, and courts may lack the institutional capac- ity to deal effectively with labour law issues, the author points out that judges can look to ILO standards for expert guidance. Noting that the U.S. experience in this area might be of considerable use to Canadians, the author concludes by providing an overview of American case law concerning a constitutional right to strike.Peer reviewe
Surface water waves on depth dependent flows
No full textThe present thesis provides essential insights into surface water waves propagating atop a horizontal current whose magnitude and direction may vary arbitrarily with water depth. A comprehensive theory in this regard is developed in the framework of linear wave theory in three dimensions, being readily applied to a wide range of realistic circumstances. General theoretical solutions to different boundary value problems are presented. In particular, explicit expressions with regard to the surface elevation and the vertical velocity are derived. The boundary value problems include the Cauchy-Poisson problem, surface disturbances generated by an initial
impulsive and a time-dependent pressure, and a steady pressure that normally works as the model of moving vessels and oscillating travelling sources. Efforts focus especially on the dispersion relation and the effects of a subsurface shear current on surface waves. A subsurface shear current is most often found to have significant effects on surface waves. In particular, the presence of a current of uniform vorticity is analysed in detail for the problems of ship waves, an oscillating advancing source and wave interferences.
A theory is especially presented to calculate waves from a general, time-dependent applied surface pressure acting on the surface of a horizontally directed shear current which may vary arbitrarily with depth in both direction and magnitude. It is based on deriving the response function in the context of waves generated by an impulsive applied pressure. Effective approaches to calculate wave resistance without undue difficulty are presented. Strikingly, a lateral radiation force – that is defined towards the starboard (right) – is firstly found apart from the well-known wave resistance along the stern-wise direction due to the presence of a shear current when a ship is making an oblique angle with the shear current. The lateral radiation force may amount to 20 percent of the normal wave resistance in some specific situations.
As for waves on a current in arbitrary variation of water depth, an implicit dispersion relation is derived, which poses potential challenges in obtaining analytical solutions. Several semi-analytical approaches to solve/approximate the dispersion relation are hence derived. In particular, a direct integration approach – that solves the linearised Rayleigh equation and implicit dispersion relation in a coupled way – and approximations based on a perturbation method are presented. The proper criteria under which different perturbed approximate dispersion relations are applicable
are determined. Furthermore, the analytical solutions of the dispersion relation under limited circumstances are derived, e.g. for a shear current of uniform vorticity and stationary waves for a specific class of shear profiles of non-zero curvature.
Despite the fact that linear waves in the presence of a linear shear current have been extensively analysed in two dimensions, studies in three dimensions are scarce. This means that realistic three dimensional effects may be in some cases overlooked or yet discovered. The present thesis hence attempts to fill this gap based on theoretical as well as numerical analysis. Effects of a uniform vorticity are specially analysed in the context of ship waves, waves generated by an oscillating travelling source and interferences of waves generated by a two-point wavemaker of
monohull ships. Fascinating and novel features are found due to the uniform vorticity S that is known either as the ’intrinsic shear Froude number’ Frsb = S_L/g or the ’shear Froude number’ Frs = |V|S/g (L: the reference length; |V|: moving speed of a wavemaker; g: the gravitational acceleration). In particular, asymmetrical ship wave patterns, the critical shear velocity above which the transverse ship waves vanish, the transitions between the sub-critical and supercritical situations due to the complex interplays of the shear current and seabed, non-constant Kelvin
angles, and a somewhat similar effect as a finite water depth on wave interferences are shown for the problem of ship wakes. All of those novel features would not have been found if theoretical studies are constrained to 2D. Furthermore, the classical Doppler resonance occurs when the non-dimensional frequency τ = |V|ω/g (ω : the oscillating frequency) is equal to 1/4 in the absence of a shear current, while there may be multiple Doppler resonances – as many as 4 – for Frs > 1/3 in deep water due to the presence of a linear shear current. It is also indicated that the
Doppler resonance may be profoundly modified even for a linear current of weak vorticity
Mulighetsrom i aktiveringsprosesser med unge: En studie av samtaler mellom Nav-veiledere og unge voksne i marginale arbeidsmarkedsposisjoner
No full textDenne avhandlingen presenterer en kvalitativ casestudie av veileder-bruker-samtaler i Norsk arbeids- og velferdsadministrasjon (Nav), med unge voksne, som av ulike årsaker befinner seg i marginale arbeidsmarkedsposisjoner. Avhandlingen svarer på et kunnskapsbehov om aktiveringsprosesser med unge under 30 år, særlig relatert til deres agens i interaksjon med profesjonelle hjelpere. Avhandlingens mål er å videreutvikle kunnskap om 1) sosialt arbeid med unge i sårbare situasjoner og 2) aktiveringsarbeid som en kontekstuell og relasjonell aktivitet.
Avhandlingens data stammer fra et praksis- og kunnskapsutviklings-prosjekt i Nav (2013-2016), hvor målet var å bistå unge brukere med sammensatte behov inn i jobb eller annen aktivitet (Bø-Rygg & Oltedal, 2017). Utover ordinære tjenester og tiltak, innebar prosjektkonteksten ekstra tidsressurser og utprøving av kartleggingsmetoder. En forsker-gruppe produserte et bredt empirisk materiale, inklusiv observasjons-, samtale-, og intervjudata, i rammen av prosjektet. I 2015 startet jeg opp i et doktorgradsstipendiat som forutsatte analyser av det produserte materialet. Ettersom samtaledataene ikke hadde vært gjenstand for detaljerte analyser, og fordi samhandlingsdata i tillegg er etterspurt i forskningslitteraturen om unges aktiveringsprosesser (Altonen et al., 2017; Frøyland et al., 2022), vurderte jeg at slike analyser kunne bidra med viktig kunnskap om et understudert tema: aktiveringssamtaler med unge i marginale posisjoner overfor arbeidsmarkedet. Samtalematerialet utgjør 16 timer og 48 minutter med lydopptak av veileder-bruker-samtaler. Avhandlingen drar også veksel på de andre datakildene fra den opprinnelige forskningsstudien, men i hovedsak som bakgrunns-materiale for å få bedre forståelse av samtalematerialet.
Jeg har undersøkt materialet som en case av "forsterket aktivering" (Hardoy et al., 2017), og jeg har benyttet grounded theory analyseteknikker og teorier om sosial og institusjonell interaksjon i analyseprosessen. Forsterket aktivering refererer her til en oppfølgings-type som omfatter hyppig kontakt, veiledningsaktiviteter og kontroll av jobbsøk-aktivitet, hvor bruk av sanksjoner også kan forekomme (Hardoy et al., 2017, s. 170). Denne oppfølgingstypen rettes ofte mot unge, og gir vanligvis mulighet for individtilpasset oppfølging (Frøyland et al., 2022; Hardoy et al., 2017; Hyggen et al, 2018).
Forsterkede aktiveringsinnsatser som rettes mot unge voksne kan forstås i lys av et større samfunnsinkluderings-prosjekt, hvor både menneskelige og samfunnsøkonomiske interesser og behov søkes ivaretatt. Sosialt arbeid utgjør en sentral akademisk disiplin og profesjon på inkluderingsfeltet. Profesjonen fremmer en deltakende metodikk, hvor arbeidet formes av både sosialarbeiderens og brukerens kunnskaper, kapasiteter og responser (Hall et al., 2014; IFSW, 2014; Shulman, 2016). Praksisvarianter av "forsterket aktivering" forstås følgelig (i denne avhandlingen) som noe som skapes i gjensidig interaksjon mellom sosialarbeider og bruker.
Forsterkede aktiveringsinnsatser kan undersøkes som del av en policyimplementeringsprosess (Lipsky, 1980/2010). I avhandlingen forstås denne prosessen som en rekke pågående handlinger og interaksjoner med flere beslutningspunkter, inklusiv i frontlinjeinteraksjoner (Hupe & Hill, 2016). Forskning peker på fire kontekster som har særlig betydning for hvordan politikk blir seende ut i praksis: en policy-, styrings-, organisasjons- og profesjonskontekst (Caswell et al., 2017a). Denne avhandlingen er også opptatt av en relasjonell kontekst, ettersom forskning viser at brukeren innvirker på frontlinjebeslutninger (Bartels, 2013; Caswell et al., 2017b; Djuve & Kavli, 2015; Jensen, 2017; Johannessen, 2019). Analyser av frontlinjeinteraksjoner er egnet til å utvikle kunnskap om kompleksitet i politikkimplementerings-prosesser, gjennom å synliggjøre koblinger mellom for eksempel organisatoriske forhold, uformelle praksismønstre og situerte interaksjoner (Brodkin, 2008).
Avhandlingen søker å besvare følgende problemstilling:
Hvordan arter forsterket aktivering seg i spenningsfeltet mellom aktiveringspolitikk og relasjonelt sosialt arbeid?
Problemstillingen har blitt konkretisert i to forskningsspørsmål:
(1) Hva tematiseres, gjøres relevant og forhandles i aktiverings-samtaler med unge i Nav, og hvordan gjøres det?
(2) Hvilke muligheter ligger i arbeidsrettet veiledning når det gjeldermålet om jobbinklusjon og ansvarlige beslutningsprosesser?
Ansvarlighet forstås her som at formelle beslutninger er upartiske og samtidig lydhøre overfor brukerens unike situasjon (Lipsky, 1980/2010), og at samhandlingsprosessen involverer gjensidige muligheter til å forstå hverandre og påvirke beslutninger (Bartels, 2013).
Avhandlingens problemstilling har blitt undersøkt via tre vitenskapelige artikler. Artikkel 1 undersøker hvordan Nav-veiledere og unge voksne snakker om arbeidstreningstiltak som virkemiddel for jobbinklusjon. Bakgrunnen her er at effektstudier viser at arbeidstreningstiltak, det mest brukte arbeidsmarkedstiltaket for unge i Norge, har ingen eller negativ effekt på unges jobbovergang (Frøyland et al., 2022). Artikkelen nyanserer dette bildet, ved å identifisere to situerte læringsdialogstyper som aktualiserer unges gevinster av å delta i arbeidstreningstiltak. Kunnskap om slike læringsdialoger kan bidra til å utvikle kunnskapsbasen for aktiveringsarbeid, som i litteraturen er beskrevet som mangelfull (Hagelund, 2016, van Berkel et al, 2010). Erfaringsorientert læringsdialog fremmer generell arbeidslivs-kompetanse, mens målorientert læringsdialog fremmer yrkesspesifikk arbeidslivskompetanse, hvor de unges læringsprosess sikres gjennom et tre-parts-samarbeid. Artikkelen argumenterer for at en integrert læringsdialog kan bidra til at unge via tiltak tilegner seg kompetanse med overføringsverdi til andre jobbkontekster. En integrert læringsdialog synes særlig verdifull for unge som mangler formell kompetanse og har negative mestringserfaringer med seg i "ryggsekken", ettersom dialogen innebærer at brukerens yrkesmål og tilretteleggingsbehov sees i sammenheng og konkretiseres.
Artikkel 2 undersøker hvordan Nav-veiledere og unge voksne etablerer et felles samhandlingsmål og fordeler ansvar i relasjonen, og hvilken rolle et kartleggingsverktøy spiller i dette. Bakgrunnen her er forskning som viser at veiledningssamtaler i Nav har en uforutsigbar struktur, og at brukeren i liten grad påvirker valg av samtaletema (Halvorsen et al., 2018; 2020). Bruk av samtaleverktøy som systematisk vektlegger brukerens stemme, kan være et nyttig virkemiddel for å sikre brukermedvirkning og ansvarlige beslutningsprosesser (Molander et al., 2012). Kunnskap om kartleggingsverktøys medierende funksjon i samhandlingssituasjoner er derfor et viktig bidrag til sosialt arbeids kunnskapsbase (Parker, 2015). Artikkelen viser at det anvendte verktøyet medierer samtalesituasjonen ved å fremme en selvutviklingsdialog, hvor brukeren systematisk gis et narrativt rom for å tematisere problemstillinger i sitt dagligliv. Videre gir verktøyet en forutsigbar samhandlingsstruktur, samtidig som verktøyet skaper spesifikke samhandlingsutfordringer. Ettersom psykologisk kompetanse anses som en viktig komponent i ansettelsesbarhet-konstruksjonen (Williams et al., 2016), argumenterer artikkelen for at dersom det spesifikke verktøyet skal brukes i unges jobbinklusjonsprosesser, bør det integreres i en overbygning som også tar hensyn til strukturelle faktorer.
Artikkel 3 undersøker hvordan Nav-veiledere og unge voksne håndterer ambivalens mot "neste steg" i aktiveringsprosesser. Bakgrunnen her er teori og forskning som postulerer at ambivalens er til stede innenfor multistakeholder organisasjoner (Lipsky 1980/2010; Ashforth et al., 2014), og innenfor relasjoner, noe som skaper et behov for kunnskap om hvordan ambivalens utvikles og håndteres i frontlinjeinteraksjoner (Hillcoat-Nallétamby & Philips, 2011). Artikkelen viser at begge parter uttrykker ambivalens mot spesifikke handlingsalternativer. Unge voksne uttrykker ambivalens når det gjelder arbeidstreningstiltak, mens veiledere uttrykker ambivalens mot konkrete jobbmuligheter og forslag om uførepensjon. Artikkelen viser at ambivalens håndteres gjennom flere strategier, men at en dominansrespons (overtalelse) brukes mest. Veilederne overtaler brukere om at arbeidstrening er det mest realistiske neste steget, hvor denne strategien risikerer å overse faktiske jobbmuligheter for noen brukere. Brukere argumenterer imot arbeidstrening som neste steg, hvor noen også overtaler sin veileder om at uførepensjon er det eneste aktuelle neste steget. Artikkelen viser at unge voksne tar en mer eksplisitt forhandlingsposisjon når det gjelder retten til uførepensjon enn når det gjelder retten til å jobbe. Artikkelen argumenterer for at det er en sammenheng mellom hvordan ambivalens håndteres interaksjonelt – og beslutninger som tas om neste steg. Artikkelen bidrar med kunnskap om hvordan kontekstuelle og relasjonelle forhold kan bidra til at brukere i aktiveringsprosesser forblir i midlertidige løsninger i stedet for å bevege seg mot skole eller jobb. Dette er derfor et viktig bidrag til kunnskapsgrunnlaget for både sosialt arbeid og aktiveringsarbeid.
Samlet sett gir avhandlingen innblikk i hvordan aktiveringssamtaler med "sårbare" unge i Nav arter seg, innenfor en case av "forsterket aktivering" (Hardoy et al., 2017). Overordnet viser studien en praksis som er orientert mot selvutviklingsarbeid, arbeidstrenings- og behandlingsaktiviteter mer enn mot konkrete jobber og utdanningsløp. Dette kan handle om flere forhold, blant annet om ideologiske endringer i fundamentet for den nordiske velferdsstatsmodellen, ambisiøs politikk med konkurrerende målsettinger, og institusjonelle prosedyrer og krav, samtidig som partenes fortolkninger av det institusjonelle rammeverket, og dynamikken i hjelperelasjonen, spiller en rolle. Avhandlingen argumenterer for at agens og samproduksjon inngår i den identifiserte aktiveringspraksisen, selv om løsninger på brukernes ulike situasjoner følger et standardisert løp. Studiens funn gir et grunnlag for å diskutere implikasjoner av den identifiserte aktiveringspraksisen, både for sosialt arbeid med unge i sårbare situasjoner, for "sårbare" unge selv, i en brukerrolle overfor offentlige aktiveringstjenester, samt for forsterkede innsatser som rettes mot ung-voksen-overgangen. Gjennom dette bidrar avhandlingen til å styrke kunnskapsgrunnlaget for både aktiveringsarbeid og for sosialt arbeid med unge i marginale posisjoner overfor utdanningssystem og arbeidsmarked
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