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KETAHANAN API KAYU SENGON (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen) YANG DIAWETKAN DENGAN BAHAN PENGAWET BORAKS: Fire Resistance Of Sengon (Paraserianthes Falcataria (L.) Nielsen) Preserved With Borax
Get PDFWoods are easy to ignite by fire. Increasing fire resistance with fire retardants is needed to increase safety and reduce losses due to fire. This research aimed to determine the fire resistance of Sengon wood treated with preservation of borax with a concentration of 5%, 10%, and 15% by cold immersion for five days. The fire resistance test used the ASTM E69-02 standard, while the statistical analysis (ANOVA) of the test data used a Completely Randomized Design at the 95% confidence level and the LSD test (Least Significant Difference test). The results showed of the physical properties of Sengon wood, the average value of air-dry moisture content was 14.08%, air-dry density was 0.33g/cm3, and oven-dry density was 0.30g/cm3. In contrast, the LSD test showed a significant difference between the controls to the all-borax preservation treatments, but between 5%, 10%, and 15% borax treatments were not significantly different. The best fire resistance parameter values were found in the 15% borax treatment, with the retention of 38.04 kg/m3, burning intensity 12.58%, combustion time 437.5 seconds, and effectiveness of 4.76. The fire resistance effectiveness value of all equipment cannot meet the ASTM E69-02 standardWood as building raw materials still very needed, but flammability is one of the detrimental properties. Increasing fire resistance with Borax as fire retardants are needed to increase safety, reduce material and non-material losses due to the impact of fire. The aim of this study was to determine the properties of cold immersion of Sengon in Borax solution for 5 days with different concentrations as a fire retardant. Fire resistance testing used the ASTM E69-02 standard. ANOVA analysis with Completely Randomized Design at the 95% confidence level and LSD (Least Significant Difference) Test. The results showed that immersion Sengon with Borax solution with different concentrations had a significant effect. The average value of the air dry moisture content of the Sengon was 14.08%, the air dry density was 0.33g/cm3, the oven dry density was 0.30g/cm3, the highest Borax preservative retention was at a concentration of 15% of 38.04 kg/m3, the smallest burnst Intensity is 12.58% at 15% concentration, the lowest maximum combustion temperature is 210.1ᵒC at 10% concentration, and the smallest combustion time is 437.5 seconds at 15% concentration. In general, the cold immersion preservation treatment of 15% Borax solution shows the best fire resistance properties, although it still does not meet ASTM E69-02 standards
Keteguhan Rekat Geser dan Keteguhan Lengkung Statis Kayu Laminasi dari Kayu Pinus (Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vr.) dan Kayu Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielsen) Berperekat Melamins Urea Formaldehida (MUF): The Shear Bond and Bending Strength of Laminated Wood From Pine Wood (Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vr.,) and Sengon Wood (Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielsen) Glued With Melamine Urea Formaldehyde (MUF)
Get PDFLaminated wood\u27s strength properties are influenced by the arrangement of each layers. This research aims to determine the effect of variations in layers of laminated wood to the shear bond strength, modulus of elasticity (MoE) and modulus of rupture (MoR) of laminated wood from Pine (P) and Sengon (S) wood using melamine urea formaldehyde adhesive (MUF). Laminated wood is tested using German standards DIN (Deutsches Intitut fur Normung), JAS 234-2007 and SNI 7973-2013. The data testing from 6 layer variation treatments were analyzed of variance in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 replications. The highest average value of shear bond strength for laminated wood in treatment G2 (Sengon-Sengon) was 6.17 N/mm2 which met the JAS 234-2007 standard (>5.4 N/mm2) while treatment G3 (Pine-Sengon) was 4.04 N/mm2 and G1 (Pine-Pine) of 2.78 N/mm2 cannot meet the standard. The highest average MoE was at A5 (P-S-S-P-P) at 8584.27 N/mm2 and the lowest at A3 (P-S-P) at 6210.99 N/mm2 included quality codes E8 and E6 in the SNI 7973-2013 Standard. The highest average MoR was at A4 (P-S-S-S-P) at 73.23 N/mm2 and the lowest at A5 (P-S-S-P-P) at 61.98 N/mm2, all treatments included quality code E25 (>25 N/mm2) and could meet JAS 234-2007 Standards (>36.0 N/mm2). The laminated wood in this study based on MoR is included to the strength class III – II and located between the strength class of Pine wood (strength class II) and Sengon wood (strength class III).
Kayu laminasi sifat kekuatannya sangat dipengaruhi oleh penyusunan tiap lapisannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh variasi lapisan kayu laminasi terhadap keteguhan rekat geser, modulus elastisitas (MoE) dan keteguhan patah (MoR) kayu laminasi dari jenis kayu Pinus (P) dan kayu Sengon (S) menggunakan perekat melamin urea formaldehid (MUF). Kayu lamina diuji menggunakan standar Jerman DIN, JAS 234-2007 dan SNI 7973-2013. Data pengujian 6 perlakuan variasi lapisan dianalisis keragaman dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 10 ulangan. Rataan keteguhan rekat geser kayu lamina tertinggi pada perlakuan G2 (Sengon-Sengon) sebesar 6.17 N/mm2 dapat memenuhi standar JAS 234-2007 (>5.4 N/mm2) sedangkan perlakuan G3 (Pinus-Sengon) sebesar 4.04 N/mm2 dan G1 (Pinus-Pinus) sebesar 2.78 N/mm2 tidak dapat memenuhi standar. Rataan MoE tertinggi pada A5 (P-S-S-P-P) sebesar 8584.27 N/mm2 dan terendah pada A3 (P-S-P) sebesar 6210.99 N/mm2 termasuk kode mutu E8 dan E6 pada Standar SNI 7973-2013. Rataan MoR tertinggi pada A4 (P-S-S-S-P) sebesar 73.23 N/mm2 dan terendah pada A5 (P-S-S-P-P) sebesar 61.98 N/mm2, semua perlakuan termasuk kode mutu E25 (>25 N/mm2) dan dapat memenuhi standar JAS 234-2007 (>36.0 N/mm2). Kayu laminasi dalam penelitian ini berdasarkan MoR termasuk kelas kuat III – II dan terletak diantara kelas kuat kayu Pinus (kelas kuat II) dan kayu Sengon (kelas kuat III)
Pengaruh Tekanan Kempa Terhadap Keteguhan Lengkung Statis Pada Sambungan Menjari Kayu Meranti Merah (Shorea sp.) Dengan Perekat Polivinil Asetat (PVAc)
Get PDFThe joint of glued laminated wood with adhesive is widely used and affects the static bending strength value in its use. The compression pressure is one of the critical factors in the gluing of joints. This research aims to determine the effect of variations in compression pressure on the static bending strength of finger-jointed red meranti (Shorea sp.) wood glued with an exterior type of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive in Synteco brand. The static bending strength testing referred to the German standard DIN (Deutsches Intitut fur Normung) DIN 52186-78. The data from 3 treatments of compressive pressure variations (2 bar, 2.5 bar, and 3 bar) were analyzed for variation in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 20 replications. The research results showed that the highest static bending strength of finger-jointed Shorea sp. was found at a compression pressure of 3 bar (P3), in which its modulus of elasticity (MoE) was 9,975.53 N/mm2 and the modulus of rupture (MoR) was 60.77 N/mm2. The MoE and MoR of the finger-jointed wood were still lower than its control (without joints), in which MoE was 10,017.07 N/mm2 and MoR was 82.07 N/mm2.Penyambungan kayu lamina dengan perekat banyak digunakan dan mempengaruhi nilai keteguhan lengkung statis dalam penggunaannya. Tekanan kempa adalah salah satu faktor yang penting dalam perekatan sambungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi tekanan kempa terhadap keteguhan lengkung statis pada sambungan menjari kayu Meranti Merah dengan perekat polivinil asetat (PVAc) merk Synteco tipe eksterior. Pengujian keteguhan lengkung statis menggunakan standar Jerman DIN (Deutsches Intitut fur Normung) DIN 52186-78. Data pengujian dari 3 perlakuan variasi tekanan kempa (2 bar, 2,5 bar dan 3 bar) dianalisis keragaman dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 20 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai rataan tertinggi keteguhan lengkung statis terdapat pada perlakuan sambungan menjari dengan tekanan kempa 3 bar (P3) yaitu modulus elastisitas (MoE) sebesar 9,975.53 N/mm2 dan keteguhan patah (MoR) sebesar 60.77 N/mm2. Nilai MoE dan MoR pada sambungan menjari ini masih lebih rendah daripada kontrol (tanpa sambungan) yaitu MoE sebesar 10,017.07 N/mm2 dan MoR sebesar 82.07 N/mm2
PENGARUH JENIS PEREKAT DAN PENGERJAAN PERMUKAAN BIDANG REKAT TERHADAP KETEGUHAN GESER REKAT LAMINASI KAYU TERAP (Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume)
Get PDFThis study aims to analyze the comparison of the adhesive shear strength value of the treatment used in the test sample, namely the difference in the type of adhesive with the difference in surface treatment of the adhesive plane. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD (Least Significant Difference) further test. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of adhesive type (A) and surface treatment (B) on the adhesive shear strength of the laminate was very significant, while the interaction (AB) was not significant. Tests of physical and mechanical properties of laminated wood were carried out based on the JAS 234 - 2007 standard. The average moisture content of laminated timber was 11.59% and the average normal density was 0.329 g/cm³. The value of adhesive shear strength with A1 (epoxy) treatment of 69.79 kg/cm2 is greater than A2 (PVAc) of 63.98 kg/cm2 , while B3 (sanding) with the highest average of 72.86 kg/cm2 followed by B2 (planing) of 65.42 kg/cm2 and the lowest B1 (sawing) of 62.38 kg/cm2 . For the percentage of wood damage in the A1 (epoxy) treatment of 76.30% is higher than A2 (PVAc), while the treatment while B3 (sanding) with the highest average of 76.55% followed by B2 (planing) of 72.80% and the lowest B1 (sawing) of 71.00%, and has met the standard of JAS 234: 2007 (>54 kg/cm²).
 
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
KUALITAS PAPAN KOMPOSIT PLASTIK BERDASARKAN RASIO LIMBAH PLASTIK POLIPROPILENA (PP) DENGAN CAMPURAN SERBUK KAYU SENGON (Paraserianthes falcataria L.I.C. Nielsen) DAN SEKAM PADI (Oryza sativa)
No full textThe need for wood and plastic products is increasing, it is necessary to optimize the utilization of waste by processing it into plastic composite boards. This study aims to determine the best composition with raw materials of sengon wood powder (Paraserianthes falcataria L.I.C Nielsen) and rice husk powder (Oryza sativa) as filler with a ratio of 50% : 50% and polyprophylene plastic (PP) as a matrix. This treatment uses 3 compositions, P1 (40 % PP : 60 % SS) P2 (50% PP: 50% SS), and P3 (60% PP: 40 % SS ) was hot pressed with a pressure of 30 bar for 20 minutes at a temperature of 180°C with 3 replications for each treatment. The best result was obtained in the P3 (60 % PP : 40 % SS) with an average density value of 0.83 g/cm3, moisture content 1.52%, water absorption 32.16%, thickness swelling 9.34%, MoE 4,057.85 N/mm2, MoR 42.39 N/mm2 and IBS 0.21 N/mm2 Some test results have met plastic composite board standards according to JIS Particle Board A 5908-2003, JIS Plastic Board A 5741-2006 and SNI Plastic Board SNI 8154-2015
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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