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Édouard Chatton, un scientifique dans les parages de l’art
No full textInternational audienceÉdouard Chatton (1883-1947) was a major biologist of the first half of the 20th century, who devoted his lifeto the study of the microscopic organisms that live in all waters of the planet, the protists. Initially a researcher at thePasteur Institute, he became a professor at the universities of Strasbourg, Montpellier and the Sorbonne. He directed themarine stations at Sète and Banyuls-sur-Mer. His discoveries laid the foundations for modern cell biology, and heconceptualized the distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the living world. His scientific drawings reveal hisremarkable talent as a draftsman and colorist. Édouard Chatton was also an amateur painter, mastering oil paint,watercolor and pastel. Did the painter's artistic eye influence the scientific illustrations produced by the researcher? Didthe scientific objects of the biologist influence the painter's aesthetic approach? If the two types of practice - scientificdrawings and paintings by the amateur painter - do not seem to interpenetrate, there is a third type of production thatleaves room for questioning. These are large cardboard sheets covered with drawings, used to illustrate ÉdouardChatton's amphitheater lectures. These harmonious, surprisingly colored boards, filled with undulating, strange andenigmatic shapes, are charged with marvelous beauty and exude an immediate aesthetic seduction. Discovering them isan original opportunity to tackle the question of the convergence between art and science.Édouard Chatton (1883-1947) est un biologiste majeur de la première moitié du 20e siècle qui a consacré savie à l’étude des êtres microscopiques qui peuplent toutes les eaux de la planète, les protistes. D’abord chercheur àl’Institut Pasteur, il est ensuite professeur des universités à Strasbourg, à Montpellier et à la Sorbonne. Il dirige lesstations marines de Sète puis de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Il accumule les découvertes qui fondent la biologie cellulaire moderneet conceptualise la distinction du monde vivant entre procaryotes et eucaryotes. Ses figures scientifiques révèlent sonremarquable talent de dessinateur et de coloriste. Édouard Chatton est aussi peintre amateur, maîtrisant avec dextérité lapeinture à l’huile, l’aquarelle et le pastel. La recherche artistique du peintre influe-t-elle sur les illustrations scientifiquesréalisées par le chercheur ? Les objets d’études du scientifique irriguent-ils la démarche esthétique du peintre ? Si lesdeux types de pratique, dessins scientifiques et tableaux du peintre amateur, ne semblent pas s’interpénétrer, il est untroisième type de réalisation beaucoup plus troublant. Il s’agit de grandes planches cartonnées recouvertes de dessins,destinées à illustrer les cours d’Édouard Chatton en amphithéâtre. Ces planches, harmonieuses, colorées de façonsurprenante, emplies de formes ondulantes, étranges et énigmatiques, sont chargées d’une merveilleuse beauté etdégagent une séduction esthétique immédiate. Les découvrir est une occasion originale d’aborder la question de laconvergence entre art et science
Il rasoio di Chatton. La disputa tra Chatton e Ockham sul principio di parsimonia
No full textIl presente contributo ripensa la natura del celebre 'rasoio di Ockham'. In primo luogo, nell'articolo si mostra come Ockham abbia adottato il principio di economia come principio ispiratore della propria filosofia dopo che un confratello inglese, Walter Chatton, lo aveva adoperato contro di lui. In secondo luogo, si argomenta che il 'rasoio di Chatton', a dispetto della sua formulazione, non rappresenta un 'anti-rasoio' come invece viene comunemente presentato in letteratura
Gualtiero di Chatton
No full textGualtiero di Chatton, francescano a Oxford, incarna l'atteggiamento critico del XIV secolo
Trenomyces Chatton & F. Picard
No full textGenus Trenomyces Chatton & F.Picard MB#5531 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 146: 201 (Chatton & Picard 1908). – Type species: T. histophthorus Chatton & F.Picard. Brief description Dioecious. Female and male thalli consist of a two-celled receptacle terminated by a two-celled apiculate appendage where the upper gives rise to several fertile branches which grow and corticate producing perithecia or antheridia. Cell I subspherical, forming a conspicuous haustorium. Blackened foot absent. Perithecia and antheridia as in Dimeromyces and Dimorphomyces. Remarks The genus consists of 11 species described on Mallophaga (biting lice of birds and mammals) (Phthiraptera) and Hippoboscidae (louse flies of birds and mammals) (Diptera). Six in Europe, one in Denmark. No new species have been described since T. aquaticus, T. helveticus and T. thaxteri by Eichler (1951). This genus seems understudied probably because of the difficulty to collect suitable hosts. Thaxter (1926) and more recently Tavares (1985) studied this genus in some depth, and the latter added a critical list with insect hosts, vertebrate hosts, and fungi. Eichler (1936, 1939, 1943a, 1943b, 1951, 1952) added abundant information but his descriptions were too brief and drawings too schematic. The genus requires a deep and detailed further study.Published as part of Santamaria, Sergi & Pedersen, Jan, 2021, Laboulbeniomycetes (Fungi, Ascomycota) of Denmark, pp. 1-425 in European Journal of Taxonomy 781 on page 307, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.781.1583, http://zenodo.org/record/582892
Ooneides Chatton & Brement 1915
No full textGenus Ooneides Chatton & Brément, 1915 Diagnosis. Body ovoid, laterally compressed:comprising cephalosome, first to fifth pedigerous somites and genital somite all completely fused plus extremely reduced abdomen. Entire prosome forming brood pouch with extreme dorsal expansiondisplacing cephalicappendages and abdomen, so that both positioned ventrally, close to each other. Abdomen rudimentary, not articulated from prosome, unsegmented or obscurely segmented. Caudal rami small, bearing small setae. Rostrum distinct. Antennule short, 2-segmented with secondsegment small. Antenna 3-segmented with small terminal claw. Labrum broad. Mandible and maxillule each as lobe bearing few setae. Maxilla and maxilliped absent. Leg 1 broad, lamellate, directed anteriorly, weakly bilobed distally, with claw on tip of inner lobe (endopod). Legs 2–5 absent. Type species. Ooneides amela Chatton & Brément, 1915 by original monotypy. Remarks. This genus may be characterised by its ovoid body and highly reduced abdomen, by the presence of vestigial mandibles and maxillules, the lack of the maxillae and maxillipeds, by the presence of a lamellate, unsegmented leg 1, and by the absence of legs 2–5. The discovery of an additional species described below, helps to further refine the generic boundaries of Ooneides.Published as part of Kim, Il-Hoi & Boxshall, Geoff A., 2020, Untold diversity: the astonishing species richness of the Notodelphyidae (Copepoda: Cyclopoida), a family of symbiotic copepods associated with ascidians (Tunicata), pp. 1-6 in Megataxa 4 (1) on page 619, DOI: 10.11646/megataxa.4.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/459113
O dwóch średniowiecznych koncepcjach celowości natury: Duns Szkot i Chatton
No full textArtykuł stanowi próbę zarysowania kilku istotnych wątków dwóch istotnych średniowiecznych koncepcji celowości. Twórcami owych koncepcji są Jan Duns Szkot i Walter Chatton. Autor skupia się na trzech zagadnieniach: (1) argumentach na rzecz przyjęcia teleologii naturalnej, (2) statusie ontologicznym celu, (3) statusie Boga jako przyczyny celowej. Dokonywane analizy mają pokazać, iż wiele poglądów wygłaszanych przez Dunsa Szkota i Chattona stanowiło podważenie wcześniejszej scholastycznej wizji całościowej teleologii, która swą najbardziej dojrzała postać otrzymała w myśli Tomasza z Akwinu, przygotowując nadejście nowożytnej krytyki celowości.This article seeks to outline several important themes of two medieval conceptions of final causality, whose authors are John Duns Scotus and Walter Chatton. The author focuses on three issues: (1) the arguments for natural teleology, (2) the ontological status of the end, (3) the status of God as a final cause. The aim of the analyses presented here is to show that many opinions presented by Duns Scotus and Chatton were undermining the previous scholastic vision of holistic teleology, which reached its most mature form in the thought of Thomas Aquinas — and in that way they have paved the way towards the modern critique of teleology
Conidophrys guttipotor Chatton et Lwoff 1936
No full textConidophrys guttipotor Chatton et Lwoff, 1936: 55, charact. emend. (Fig. 1 D–H) Conidophrys pilisuctor Chatton et Lwoff, 1934 sensu Jones et Khan, 1970: 149, syn. n. Mycodinium sp. sensu Jankowski, 2007: 880, syn. n. The ciliate is an ectoparasite of the secretory setae of isopod crustaceans. The trophont stages are elongated, slightly curved. With a cyst wall relatively thickened, decreasing toward the distal end of the body, where the cyst is notably thin; at the proximal end of the cell body the cyst wall becomes more solid forming the stalk-like structure, irregular cone-shaped with crenate margin, covering one or several secretory setae of host. The trophont infraciliature arranged into two sublongitudal fields. The trophont macronucleus is elongate, irregular, and almost fills the body. The spherical micronucleus is often found in the distal region of the cell body. Reproduction by successive linear palintomy producing 2 or 3 discoid swarmers. Tomite has 1–3 circlets of cilia around its body. Measurements (in µm): Trophont body length 50–60, diameter 15–20. Cyst wall thickness is about 5. Macronucleus size 40 x 50 (after Chatton and Lwoff, 1936). Type host: Sphaeroma serratum. Type locality: lagoon L’etang de Thau (France).Published as part of Dovgal, Igor & Mayén-Estrada, Rosaura, 2015, A taxonomic revision of order Pilisuctorida (Ciliophora, Apostomatia) with keys to the subordinate taxa, pp. 543-558 in Zootaxa 4040 (5) on page 551, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4040.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/23859
Conidophrys Chatton et Lwoff 1934
No full textGenus Conidophrys Chatton et Lwoff, 1934: 697 Mycodinium Averinzeff, 1916: 183 Conidiophrys Kirby, 1941: 954 Ciliates parasites of secretory setae of crustacean hosts, feeding of their exudate. The life cycle includes trophont and tomite stages. The trophont body is subcylindrical, fully enclosed by cyst. The trophont infraciliature arranged in two fields each approximately symmetrical with respect to the sagittal plane of the cell body, with 4 to 6 sublongitudinal kineties. Reproduction by division at the apical end of the body, with tomites aligned in sequence and parallel to the long axis of the tomont body. Tomites are discoidal or hemispherical, with 1 to 10 circlets of cilia placed on the periphery of the body, and without cytostome. Type species Conidophrys pilisuctor Chatton et Lwoff, 1934 as a junior synonym of Mycodinium fucatum Averinzeff, 1916.Published as part of Dovgal, Igor & Mayén-Estrada, Rosaura, 2015, A taxonomic revision of order Pilisuctorida (Ciliophora, Apostomatia) with keys to the subordinate taxa, pp. 543-558 in Zootaxa 4040 (5) on page 549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4040.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/23859
Assensum in mente prophetae: William of Ockham and Walter Chatton on Prophecies
No full textThe subject of this article is the intertwining between Walter Chatton and William of Ockham’s theories about the cognitive nature of prophetic statements, a topic in the theological debate of the early 14th century. Starting from recent interpretations of Chatton and Ockham’s cognitive theory in terms of the distinction between externalism and internalism, and from a reading of some sources where the topic of prophecy is crucial (for Chatton: Reportatio Super Sententias, I, dd. 38-39, the less investigated d. 41 and Quodlibeta, qq. 26-29; for Ockham: Tractatus de praedestinatione et de praescientia Dei respectu futurorum contingentium, q.1 and Quodlibeta, q. 4) we apply the externalism/internalism distinction to the case study of prophetic statements. Starting from epistemological questions about prophecies, future contingents and divine foreknowledge, we’ll show the outcomes as pragmatic rules of this kind of statements in both conceptual frameworks analyzed.Tema dell'articolo è il rapporto tra Walter Chatton e Guglielmo di Ockham in merito alle teorie sulla natura cognitiva degli enunciati profetici, un argomento centrale nel dibattito teologico della prima metà del XIV secolo. A partire dalle recenti interpretazioni delle teorie cognitive di Chatton e Ockham alla luce della distinzione epistemica tra esternalismo ed internalismo (e a partire da alcune fonti dove il tema della profezia è cruciale, come la Reportatio Super Sententias, I, dd. 28-29 e i Quodibela 26-29 di Chatton e il Tractatus de praedestinatione et de prescientia Dei respectu futurorum contingentium di Ockham, la nostra analisi applicherà la distinzione internalismo/esternalismo al caso degli enunciati profetici. A partire dalle questioni epistemologiche che riguardano profezie, futuri contingenti e prescienza divina, l'analisi cercherà di mostrare i principi strutturali e le ricadute pragmatiche di questi enunciati nei due modelli analizzati
Ockham and Chatton on Intellective Intuition
No full textIntellective intuitive cognition plays a key role in William of Ockham’s philosophy. On
many occasions, Walter Chatton argues that this kind of cognition is unnecessary. Chatton
has two main arguments for his point. First, he raises doubts about the possibility
of distinguishing intellective intuitive cognition from sensory intuitive cognition. The
former always arises with the latter, and whatever we can explain through the former,
we can explain equally well through the latter. Second, he argues that we cannot separate
the intellective intuitive cognition of a singular thing from the cognition of the
species of that thing. We cannot intuitively and intellectively cognize a thing without
recognizing that thing as a thing of a certain kind. Chatton’s conclusion is that since we
can never experience an act of intellective intuitive cognition in itself, it is superfluous
to posit this act of cognition. We can explain the singular cognition of an extramental
singular simply by making the cognition of its species and the sensory intuitive cognition
of it interact with each other
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