2,862 research outputs found
Leki biopodobne we francuskim i polskim systemie: wybrane aspekty refundacji i dostępu
No full textThe EU approved the first biosimilar drug in 2006. By 2017, the EU had authorized the highest number of biosimilars worldwide, acquiring considerable experience in their use and safety. In May 2019, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) search engine showed 54 authorized biosimilars. Biosimilars reduce public expenditure; however, the discussion about their potential disadvantages is still ongoing. Each country adopts different regulations on the interchangeability, switching, and substitution of a reference medicine by its biosimilar, since the EMA does not regulate this issue. Additionally, each nation has a unique reimbursement system, which results in significant differences in patients’ access to biosimilars. The importance of securing a higher availability of these cheaper versions of biological drugs is well-recognized. The better the access to these biosimilars is, the lower the overall drug expenditure and need for rationing would be, and therefore the better treatment results. The aim of this paper is to compare selected aspects of reimbursement and access to the EMA authorized biosimilar medicines in two countries – France and Poland. The stated drug policy goal of both countries is to significantly improve biosimilar implementation in the coming years. The research is based on an analysis of four main sources: the EMA biosimilars database, the Polish reimbursement list published by the Polish Ministry of Health, and two French reimbursement databases published by the French Ministry of Health. An additional literature review was conducted. The expected results concentrate on differences in the number of reimbursed biosimilars, the average time between EMA authorization and country reimbursement decision date, and the availability of biosimilars registered outside of the centralized (EMA) procedure. These findings could identify areas of improvement and help with discussions on how to optimize the reach of biosimilars, as well as improve French-Polish collaboration on this matter.Pierwszy lek biopodobny został zarejestrowany już w 2006 r. Od tego czasu, EMA zdobyła znaczne doświadczenie w ich wykorzystaniu oraz tworzeniu odpowiednich standardów bezpieczeństwa. W maju 2019 r., wyszukiwarka znajdująca się na oficjalnej stronie EMA, pokazała 54 unikatowe leki biopodobne zarejestrowane przez tę instytucję. Substancje biopodobne efektywnie zmniejszają wydatki publiczne, jednak dyskusja na temat ich potencjalnych wad wciąż trwa. Ponieważ EMA nie reguluje tego zagadnienia, każdy kraj w Europie może przyjmować inne przepisy dotyczące zastępowalności, zamiany i zamienności leku referencyjnego przez odpowiadający mu biosymilar. Ponadto każdy kraj ma unikalny system refundacji, który powoduje znaczne różnice w dostępie pacjentów do leków biopodobnych. Potrzeba i korzyści związane ze zwiększeniem dostępności biosymilarów są dobrze rozpoznane przez decydentów i promowane przez wiele europejskich państw. Im lepszy dostęp do tych leków, tym niższe całkowite wydatki na leki i mniejsza potrzeba ich reglamentacji, a zatem lepsze wyniki leczenia. Celem niniejszej publikacji jest porównanie wybranych aspektów refundacji i dostępu leków biopodobnych zatwierdzonych przez EMA w dwóch krajach – Francji i Polsce. W obu omawianych krajach, decydenci postawili sobie jako cel zintensyfikowanie wykorzystania biosymilarów w kolejnych latach. Francja została wybrana jako komparator do polskich standardów jako przykład bogatszego i bardziej rozwiniętego kraju europejskiego. Przeprowadzone badania opierały się na analizie czterech głównych źródeł: bazy danych EMA, polskiej listy refundacyjnej opublikowanej przez polskie Ministerstwo Zdrowia oraz dwóch francuskich baz danych refundacyjnych opublikowanych przez francuskie Ministerstwo Zdrowia. Dodatkowo przeprowadzono przegląd literatury. Otrzymane wyniki koncentrują się na różnicach w liczbie refundowanych leków biopodobnych, średnim czasie między rejestracją EMA a datą rozpoczęcia refundacji oraz dostępności leków biopodobnych zarejestrowanych poza procedurą scentralizowaną (EMA). Wyniki mogą pomóc w identyfikacji potencjalnych obszarów do poprawy, a także wesprzeć dyskusję na temat optymalizacji dostępu do leków biopodobnych. Jest to również dodatkowy krok w stronę francusko-polskiej współpracy w zakresie biosymilarów.  
Letter from Ralph H. Cameron to Carl Hayden
No full textLetter from Ralph H. Cameron asking to speak to Carl Hayden concerning a matter relevant to the bill granting National Park status to the Grand Canyon
Letter from Carl Hayden to Ralph H. Cameron
No full textLetter from Carl Hayden to Ralph H. Cameron responding favorably to a request to meet in regards to the bill granting National Park status to the Grand Canyon
Letter from Ralph H. Cameron to Carl Hayden
No full textLetter from Ralph H. Cameron to Carl Hayden thanking him for forwarding Senate Bill No. 390 with the report of March 31st, 1918, and expressing interest in their upcoming meeting in Washington
Letter from Ralph H. Cameron to Carl Hayden
No full textLetter from Ralph H. Cameron to Carl Hayden requesting a delay on the introduction of the Grand Canyon bill until he can meet with himself and Senator Ashurst in Washington
Native drama entitled The panting patriot of the pattern parliament, or The palmy parient of the peerless prodigies : in five acts / by the author.
No full textAttributed to Ralph Delaney. Refer to Morris Miller's Australian literature 1795-1938, p. 377.; Electronic reproduction. Canberra, A.C.T. : National Library of Australia, 2013.; ANL's copy lacks cover and is slightly damaged.Panting patriot of the pattern parliament.Palmy parient of the peerless prodigies
Do Worker Remittances Reduce Output Volatility in Developing Countries?
No full textRemittance inflows have increased considerably in recent years and are large relative to the size of many recipient economies. The theoretical and empirical effects of remittance inflows on output growth volatility are, however, ambiguous. On the one hand, remittances have been a remarkably stable source of income, relative to other private and public flows, and they seem to be compensatory in nature, rising when the home countryÂ’s economy suffers a downturn. On the other hand, the labor supply effects induced by altruistic remittances could cause the output effects associated with technology shocks to be magnified. This paper finds robust evidence for a sample of 70 remittance-recipient countries, including 16 advanced economies and 54 developing countries that remittances have a negative effect on output growth volatility, thereby supporting the notion that remittance flows are a stabilizing influence on output.Remittances, output volatility, developing countries
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Life History of Ralph W. Spitzer
No full textA detailed biographical sketch of Ralph W. Spitzer (b. 1918), a graduate student of Linus Pauling's and promising academic who joined the Oregon State College chemistry department in 1946. Promoted to Assistant Professor in 1947, Spitzer was nonetheless fired from the OSC faculty in 1949 by President August L. Strand, almost certainly because of progressive political views espoused by Spitzer and his wife Teresa. Spitzer eventually matriculated to Canada where he earned an M.D. specializing in chemical pathology and co-founded a successful diagnostic laboratory firm, C.J. Coady Associates.
The paper is based upon a series of oral history interviews conducted by the author with Ralph Spitzer, his daughter Eloise Spitzer, and his wife Hisako Kurotaki
William E. Hoy, letter to Mr. Ralph Elliot Lin Weber, July 8, 1943, with envelope and newspaper articles
No full textThis letter was sent from William E. Hoy to Mr. Ralph Elliot Lin Weber and is dated July 8, 1943. The letter recounts information about the only baseball game where Hoy, a deaf athlete, was at-bat against Taylor, also a deaf athlete. Mentioned in the letter is a typewritten play by play of the same game, copied from the Enquirer of May 17, 1902. Also included is an envelope and newspaper articles. The envelope, from International League Information, is addressed to Ralph E Lin Weber and has handwritten lists of players of N.Y. and Cincinnati. The newspaper articles are from the Dayton Daily News and the Cincinnati Enquirer and feature pictures of William E. Hoy, the author of the letter
January 22, 1985 letter from Ralph A. Patterson, Jr., Diamond Shamrock Thermal Power Company, to Takeshi Yoshihara, DPED, Energy Division
No full textThe author of the letter is named as Ralph A. Patterson Jr., but "crn" actually wrote the letter (per "RAP/crn"). The original letter included attachments (not included in the digital file)
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