185 research outputs found
Adorno, hall e canclini: a formação na constelação das mediações culturais
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências de Educação, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação, Florianópolis, 2010O presente trabalho objetiva analisar, compreender e explicitar a Formação objetiva do sujeito representada pelos personagens Swann, Marianinho e Diadorim, a partir do pensamento de Th. Adorno sobre cultura e formação, tencionando pelos pressupostos teóricos dos Estudos Culturais. Discute-se a partir de algumas teses sobre a cultura em Theodor W. Adorno a assertiva de Stuart Hall sobre a necessidade de uma nova configuração do social na contemporaneidade, assertiva essa com a qual corroboram certas argumentações de Nestor Garcia Canclini, o qual enaltece a indústria cultural em sua dimensão integradora, apesar do efeito deletério de uma globalização concebida de forma unilateral pelos países centrais em detrimento dos periféricos. Esta discussão é materializada nos romances, como exemplo do campo empírico, de Marcel Proust: Un amour de Swann; de Mia Couto: Um rio chamado tempo, uma casa chamada terra e de João Guimarães Rosa: Grande Sertão: Veredas, cujos personagens Swann, Marianinho e Diadorim (Reinaldo), cada um, na sua particularidade, desnuda as implicações dialéticas da formação objetiva do sujeito no mundo contemporâneo. O objetivo deste trabalho, portanto, é alcançar melhor compreensão desse tema, por meio: 1) da análise qualitativa de alguns escritos de Adorno, Hall e Canclini; 2) da verificação de como se localiza neles o conceito de cultura; 3) das leituras que estabelecem interfaces (aproximações e distanciamentos) conceituais entre Adorno e Hall frente à problemática da formação; 4) da recepção dos romances em alguns interlocutores privilegiados de Proust, Couto e Rosa. Os três personagens são analisados enquanto sujeitos que colocaram em prática sua formação, elaborando certos mecanismos subjacentes a sua subjetividade. Estes personagens são tomados como exemplo guia que materializa os pressupostos teóricos em torno da formação no âmbito da Teoria Crítica (Th. Adorno) e dos Estudos Culturais (S. Hall e G. Canclini). Outra razão que nos levou a escolher esses romances, além de sua beleza literária, é sem dúvida, de ordem pessoal, pois os três personagens de certa forma refletem um percurso vivencial semelhante ao nosso, uma vez que, ao viver tais experiências, nos defrontamos com outras tantas pessoas que resultaram de formações entrecruzadas, ou seja, pessoas que sintetizam as diversas realidades das quais foram fruto. Vivenciamos, pois, na realidade, como os mecanismos culturais e os dispositivos formativos são acionados diante de situações que requerem uma atitude diferenciada. Este trabalho argumenta ainda que a idéia da formação e o contexto cultural exercem um papel central na elaboração dos mecanismos culturais enquanto condição para a realização do sujeito. A teoria crítica e os Estudos Culturais, nossas principais referências, figuraram, neste trabalho, enquanto instrumentos (tecnologias, meios) dos quais nos valemos para tentar compreender um pouco mais algumas das mazelas universais representadas, em certa medida, pelos personagens acima analisados. Tais análises buscam contribuir para pensar a necessidade de se incluir o contexto sócio-cultural quando se fala em dispositivos educacionais que ambicionam a universalidade
Indústria cultural e educação do corpo no jogo de capoeira: estudos sobre a presença da capoeira na sociedade administrada
No full textA capoeira se combina - seja na forma de jogo, luta, dança ou mesmo esporte-espetáculo - com um conjunto de outros elementos da cultura corporal dos afro-brasileiros, estruturando-se dialeticamente nos processos políticos, sociais e históricos que circundam o meio onde é praticada. A presente investigação procurou revelar a interface entre os elementos constitutivos dessa manifestação e os pressupostos da teoria crítica a partir do conceito de indústria cultural, com especial atenção à obra de Theodor W. Adorno. Objetivou, também, identificar as diferentes pedagogias existentes no jogo de capoeira, por meio da análise sócio-histórica dos seus elementos estruturadores. As análises indicaram as tensões da multivocalidade dessa manifestação cultural localizada entre os ardis reificantes da sociedade administrada e seu potencial pedagógico como expressão de inconformismo cultural. Elas também indicaram que a prática da capoeira no contexto do "tempo livre" solapa a construção/produção de conhecimento presente no universo desta manifestação cultural que se legitima como afro-brasileira
Inconformação, conformação e formação do corpo no jogo da capoeira: pistas para pensar o processo educativo
No full textSe argumenta que los mecanismos que dan forma al universo de la Capoeira como una manifestación social, cultural y de enseñanza, pasan por las configuraciones de (a) la no conformación, (b) de la conformación y (c) de la formación. Ellos pueden satisfacer las necesidades de sus practicantes a establecerse en los ámbitos social, histórico y político en un determinado tiempo. Por lo tanto, este último, la formación, figura como resultado de la posible tensión que existe entre (a) la no conformación y (b) conformación criando, a su vez, un espacio par excellence posible que alimenta la formación de sujetos autónomos
Upgrading of PGM-rich leach residue by high pressure caustic leaching
No full textThesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There is a lack of clear understanding of the rate of selenium (Se), arsenic (As) and sulphur (S) dissolution during caustic (NaOH) batch leaching of PGM-rich leach residue in the presence of oxygen. This has been a limitation in the optimisation of hydrometallurgical processes for the upgrading of PGM concentrates before refining the precious metals. Conditions to improve the rate of leaching of amphoteric elements while minimizing PGM losses were examined to enhance the performance of the leaching process. Development of intrinsic leaching rate equations represent the core of the overall batch leaching model developed in this study. The robustness of the model was assessed by its ability to accurately simulate the effects of changing operating parameters on the reaction extents. The effects of the interfacial oxygen mass transfer rate and temperature on the leaching rates were therefore also included in the overall model.
The first part of the experimental program focussed on the interfacial oxygen mass transfer rate in the test autoclave. This enabled an accurate mathematical description of the interfacial mass transfer rate of the primary oxidant, diatomic oxygen (O2) molecule from the gas to the liquid phase. Mass transfer tests were conducted using the sodium sulphite method at 60°C, 100 kPa oxygen partial pressure and agitation speed of between 500 to 1000 rev/min. Cobalt(II) was used as the catalyst with a concentration range of 1 to 5 mg/L.
Oxidation of amphoteric elements was investigated by leaching of PGM-rich leach residue (residue from sulphuric acid leaching of converter matte) in caustic solution. The test work was conducted to determine the intrinsic leaching rates in 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 mol/L NaOH solutions in the 160° to 190°C temperatures range over a period of 6 hours. Oxygen partial pressure was maintained at 11 atm in the factorial experiments. The effect of oxygen partial pressure was quantified by conducting tests with oxygen partial pressure ranging from 7 to 16 atm. The intrinsic rate constants and activation energies derived from this test work were incorporated in the overall kinetic model to simulate the batch leaching profiles under real plant conditions.
During the caustic pressure oxidation of amphoteric elements, the rate of oxidation was rapid during the first 10 minutes and decreased steadily over the course of experiment. The experimental results suggest that the oxidation kinetics are controlled by product layer diffusion with sulphur, selenium and arsenic (Arrhenius) activation energies of 31.8 kJ/mol, 26.1 kJ/mol and 10.7 kJ/mol respectively over the temperature range of 160 to 190°C. The reaction mechanism, as well as the observed kinetic behaviour, is most likely due to the base metal/PGMs hydroxide layer that formed as a result of precipitation. An increase in temperature increased the sulphur and arsenic reaction rates. The selenium reaction rate also increased as the temperature was increased from 160 to 175°C. A further increase in temperature above 175°C did not yield a significant increase in the reaction rate. An increase in the caustic concentration increased the reaction rates of all the elements. Increased oxygen partial pressure also improved the reaction rates, with the most significant change observed for sulphur oxidation; the extent of sulphur oxidation increased from 75 to 85% when oxygen partial pressure was increased from 7 to 16 atm. Reaction orders of 0.25, 0.12 and 0.21 with respect to hydroxide concentration and 0.37, 0.29 and 0.36 with respect to dissolved oxygen concentration were obtained for sulphur, selenium and arsenic respectively. Kinetic models were developed for sulphur, selenium and arsenic extraction. The sulphur and selenium simulation gave better agreement between the experimental and model predicted values, while the arsenic simulation gave a relatively poor prediction of the extractions.
The caustic concentration had a notable effect on the dissolution of the PGMs. An increase in the caustic concentration increased the dissolution of platinum, palladium and ruthenium. Ruthenium dissolution also increased with an increase in temperature. To the contrary, platinum and palladium dissolution decreased with an increase in temperature. Rhodium and iridium precipitated and did not report in the solution phase while osmium could not be traced. The oxygen partial pressure did not have a significant effect on the dissolution rate of platinum, palladium and ruthenium.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is ‘n tekort aan die begrip van die tempo van seleen (Se), arseen (As) en swawel (S) oplosbaarheid gedurende bytsoda (NaOH) enkelladingsloging van platinum groep metaal (PGM)-ryk oorskot materiaal in die teenwoordigheid van suurstof. Hierdie inligting word benodig wanneer die optimisering van tipiese hidrometallurgiese prosesse wat PGM oorskot materiaal opgradeer verlang word. Hierdie bytsoda druklogingsproses vind tipies voor raffinering van die PGM metale plaas. Kondisies wat die tempo van amfoteriese element-loging verbeter, terwyl die PGM verliese geminimaliseer word, was in hierdie werk geondersoek om sodoende die effektiwiteit van die logingsproses te verbeter. Die ontwikkeling van intrinsieke logingtempo vergelykings vorm die kern van die algemene enkelladingsloging model wat ontwikkel was. Die robuustheid van hierdie model word geevalueer op sy vermoë om akkuraat die effekte van veranderende bedryfstelsel parameters op die logingstempo van betrokke reaksies te simuleer. Die effekte van suurstof tussenvlak massaoordrag en temperatuur was ook in die algehele model ingesluit.
Die eerste deel van die eksperimentele program het gefokus op die suurstof tussenvlak massaoordrag in die outoklaaf. ‘n Akkurate wiskundige model wat die massaoordrag van die primêre oksidant, diatomiese suurstof (O2), van die gas fase na die vloeistof fase beskryf, was gebruik om die suurstof oordragtempo te kwantifiseer. Suurstof massaoordrag toetse het van die natrium sulfiet metode gebruik gemaak by 60°C, 100 kPa suurstof parsiële druk en tussen 500 en 1000 rev/min roerspoed. Kobalt(II) het gedien as katalis wat tussen 1 tot 5 mg/L gevarieer was.
Die amfoteriese element oksidasie was volgende ondersoek deur die PGM-ryk oorskot materiaal te loog met bytsoda (wat stroomop onderwerp was aan swawelsuur loging van omskakelaar mat). Die toetswerk wou die intrinsieke logingtempo’s met 0.125, 0.25 en 0.5 mol/L NaOH oplossings by temperature 160 en 190°C oor 6 uur residensie tyd vasstel. Die suurstof parsiële druk was konstant gehou op 11 atm in hierdie faktoriale eksperimente. Die effek van suurstof parsiële druk was apart vasgestel, deur die suurstof parsiële druk te varieër vanaf 6 tot 16 atm. Die intrinsieke tempokonstantes en aktiveringsenergieë wat in hierdie toetswerk afgelei is, was in ‘n algehele kinetiese model ingekorporeer wat die enkellading logingsprofiele gesimuleer het by aanleg kondisies.
Die tempo van oksidasie was vinnig in die eerste 10 minute en het geleidelik afgeplat, gedurende die bytsoda druk oksidasie van amfoteriese elemente. Die eksperimentele resultate suggereer dat produklaagdiffusie die oksidasie kinetika beheer met swawel, seleen en arseen (Arrhenius) aktiveringsenergieë as volg bereken in die temperatuur interval 160 tot 190°C: 31.8 kJ/mol, 26.1 kJ/mol en 10.7 kJ/mol. Die reaksie meganisme en kinetiese gedrag word hoogs waarskynlik veroorsaak deur die onedelmetaal/PGM hidroksied laag wat deur middel van presipitasie gevorm het. Temperatuur toename het die swawel en arseen se reaksietempo’s verhoog. Met seleen het die reaksietempo met temperatuur toename tussen 160 en 175°C ook verhoog, maar afplatting het by 175°C opwaarts plaasgevind. Oor die algemeen het die bytsoda konsentrasie die amfoteriese elemente se reaksietempo’s verhoog. Die verhoging van die suurstof parsiële druk het ook die reaksietempo’s verhoog. Swawel oksidasie het van 75 tot 85% verhoog vanaf 6 tot 16 atm, wat die mees noemenswaardige verandering was. Swawel, seleen en arseen reaksieordes van 0.25, 0.12 en 0.21 met hidroksied konsentrasie en 0.37, 0.29 en 0.36 met opgeloste suurstof konsentrasie het die beste paslyn op die eksperimentele data tot gevolg gehad. Hierdie data was gebruik om die kinetiese modelle van swawel, seleen en arseen ekstraksie te ontwikkel. Terwyl swawel en seleen ‘n goeie paslyn vir die eksperimentele data tot gevolg gehad het, kon passing van arseen ekstraksie nie ‘n goeie model oplewer nie.
Varierende bytsoda konsentrasie het ‘n noemenswaardige effek op die PGM ontbinding gehad. Wanneer die bytsoda se konsentrasie vermeerder word, los daar meer platinum, palladium en rutenium op. Rutenium ontbinding het tydens ‘n temperatuur toename verhoog. In kontras het platinum en palladium ontbinding velaag tydens temperatuur toename. Rodium en iridium het gepresipiteer en was nie ontbind nie. Osmium kon nie gemeet word nie. Die suurstof parsiële druk het nie ‘n noemenswaardige effek op platinum, palladium en rutenium ontbinding gehad nie
Factors associated with home deliveries in a low income rural setting-observations from Nchelenge district, Zambia
No full textObjectives: To determine the proportion of and factors associated with home deliveries in Nchelenge district, Zambia.Design: A population-based cross sectional study survey using simple random sampling was carried out among women (n=499) who attended immunization posts that were randomly selected. Binary multivariate logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with home deliveries.Main outcome measure: Percentage of deliveries reported to have occurred at home.Results: Overall (n=499), the prevalence of home deliveries was 43%, 95% CI (38.62, 47.48). Women who had four years of schooling or less, were 63% (AOR=1.63, 95% CI [1.06, 2.51]) more likely to deliver at home than a health facility compared to those who had at least five years of schooling.  Women who lived within a radius of 5 kilometers to the nearest health facility providing maternal health and delivery services were 39% (AOR=0.61, 95% CI [0.41, 0.90]) less likely to deliver at home compared to those who lived more than 5 km away. Aspects of traditional beliefs, personal experiences of mothers and the perspectives of community members were among possible reasons cited for this outcome. Response rate was 96% (< 5% refused).Conclusion: The association of home deliveries with access to health care suggests a need for structural response coupled with ethnographic studies to explore linked aspects of traditional beliefs, personal experiences of mothers and the perspectives of community members.Keywords: Zambia, Home deliveries, Factors, Crosssectional Surve
EXPRESSÕES DE VIOLÊNCIAS NA ESCOLA, TENSÕES SOCIAIS E “RACIAIS”: MINHA PRESENÇA O INCOMODA?
No full textSchool violence is a serious problem that affects millions of students worldwide, with negative consequences for their physical and mental health, as well as their academic and social performance. The thesis of this research was that the social and "racial" tensions established in the school were a significant factor in the occurrence and configuration of violence in the school environment. The aim was to investigate, from the incident logs of the ninth grade classes A, B, and C of secondary school, the expressions of violence in the school environment in light of social and "racial" tensions. We chose a state school in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, as the field of study. More specifically, the objectives of this study were to identify the types of violence present in the educational context; to investigate how social and "racial" tensions impact the manifestation of violence in the school, focusing on patterns and trends; and to verify which social groups are more vulnerable (victims) to violence in the ninth grade and which are more likely to perpetrate it (aggressors). For a more in-depth analysis, efforts were focused on the incidents in the ninth grade classes, considering this as the final transition stage between secondary and high school, when subjective and objective demands intensify for the individuals involved. In this study, a qualitative methodological approach with documentary and bibliographic characteristics was adopted. The collected/generated data and content were analyzed based on the Critical Theory of Society, using the postulates of Theodor W. Adorno, cultural studies, and the contributions of Freudian psychoanalysis in dialogue with social studies and those addressing the topic of racism. This methodology allowed us to obtain a broad and deep understanding of the complexity of social and "racial" relations in the school and their relation to the manifestations of violence ("racial," verbal, physical, psychological, patrimonial, and sexual). The hypothesis of this research was that the social and "racial" tensions established in the ninth grades were a significant factor in the continued occurrence and configuration of the violence that individuals suffered and perpetuated. Therefore, the explanation and analysis of such violence found their privileged locus in this transition from secondary to high school, an essential stage for the constitution of objectified subjectivities in different contexts. The results indicated that expressions of violence were present in different social groups, which we termed: whites and non-whites for a powerful conceptual operation. Violent behaviors often reflected attitudes and values present in society, such as authoritarianism and racism. The data analysis largely flirted with the initial hypothesis that the social and "racial" tensions established in the ninth grades were a significant factor in the occurrence and configuration of violence in the school environment. The research identified a relationship between the social layer and "race" of the students with an inflection to the subject who practices or suffers the violence. This ambivalence present in the same subject reaffirms the social tensions related to violence, that is, no matter how much the victims practice certain types of violence, they remain the same in terms of suffering. In a word, the profile of the victims remains the same from a social, gender, and "racial" point of view. The apprehension and confrontation of the different manifestations and forms of violence demanded specific contextual strategies that could use messianic violence as a mechanism for inhibiting violence in the educational context. Our findings also indicate that if it is in early childhood that we can "diagnose" violence, it can be affirmed that it is in the transition from the ninth grade to high school that it intensifies (when it gains speed).
Keywords: School violence; Expressions of violence; Social and “racial” tensions.A violência escolar é um problema grave que afeta milhões de estudantes em todo o mundo, com consequências negativas para sua saúde física e mental, bem como para o seu desempenho acadêmico e social. A tese desta pesquisa foi que as tensões sociais e “raciais” estabelecidas na escola foram um fator significativo na ocorrência e configuração da violência no ambiente escolar. O objetivo foi investigar a partir dos cadernos de ocorrências dos nonos anos A, B e C do ensino fundamental II, as expressões de violências no ambiente escolar à luz das tensões sociais e “raciais”. Elegemos como campo uma escola estadual de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. De maneira mais específica, os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar os tipos de violências presentes no contexto formativo; investigar como as tensões sociais e “raciais” impactam a manifestação da violência na escola, com foco nos padrões e tendências; e verificar quais grupos sociais são mais vulneráveis (vítimas) às violências no nono ano e quais são mais propensos a perpetrá-las (agressores). Para uma análise mais aprofundada, preferiu-se centrar esforços nas ocorrências das turmas do nono ano por considerá-lo como última etapa de transição entre o ensino fundamental e médio, quando as exigências subjetivas e objetivas se intensificaram para os sujeitos objetivamente. Neste estudo, foi adotada uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa de cunho documental e bibliográfica. Os dados e conteúdos coletados/gerados foram analisados com base na Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, utilizando os postulados de Theodor W. Adorno, dos estudos culturais e das contribuições da psicanálise freudiana em diálogo com os estudos sociais e os que abordam o tema dos racismos. Essa metodologia nos possibilitou obter uma compreensão ampla e profunda da complexidade das relações sociais e “raciais” na escola e sua relação com as manifestações das violências (“racial”, verbal, física, psicológica, patrimonial e sexual). A hipótese desta pesquisa foi de que as tensões sociais e “raciais” estabelecidas nos nonos anos foram um fator significativo na continuidade de ocorrência e configuração das violências que os sujeitos sofreram e perpetuaram. Portanto, a explicitação e análise de tais violências encontraram seu locus privilegiado nesta transição do ensino fundamental para o médio, etapa essencial para a constituição das subjetividades objetivadas em diferentes contextos. Os resultados indicaram que as expressões de violências estavam presentes em diferentes grupos sociais, os quais denominamos: brancos e não brancos para uma operação conceitual potente. Os comportamentos violentos muitas vezes refletiram atitudes e valores presentes na sociedade, como o autoritarismo e o racismo. A análise dos dados flertou, em grande parte, com a hipótese inicial de que as tensões sociais e “raciais” estabelecidas nos nonos anos foram um fator significativo na ocorrência e configuração da violência no ambiente escolar. A pesquisa identificou uma relação entre a camada social e “raça” dos estudantes com inflexão ao sujeito que pratica ou que sofre a violência. Tal ambivalência presente no mesmo sujeito reafirma as tensões sociais referentes às violências, ou seja, por mais que as vítimas pratiquem certos tipos de violências, elas permanecem as mesmas no que diz respeito ao sofrimento. Em uma palavra, o perfil das vítimas segue sendo o mesmo do ponto de vista social, de gênero e “racial”. A apreensão e o enfrentamento das diferentes manifestações e formas de violências demandaram estratégias contextuais específicas que pudessem se valer da violência messiânica como mecanismo de inibição das violências no contexto formativo. Nossas descobertas indicam, também, que se é na pequena infância que podemos “diagnosticar” as violências, pode-se afirmar que é na transição do nono ano para o ensino médio que elas se intensificam (quando ganham velocidade).
Palavras-chave: Violência escolar; Expressões de violências; Tensões sociais e “raciais”
O MOVIMENTO NEGRO EDUCADOR E A FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA DE PROFESSORAS/ES DA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA NO ESTADO DO ACRE: MULTIPLICADOS SOMOS MAIS FORTES
No full textTaking into account that the Brazilian State confirms the existence of racism in national society and that Law 10.639/2003 appears as an advance in the fight against racism, the result of the anti-racist struggle of the Black Movement, determining the teaching of Afro-Brazilian history and culture and African education in Basic Education (BRASIL, 2003), making it essential to discuss an Anti-racist Education in the continuing education of teachers/es. This research is based on the premise that the Brazilian Black Movement is an educator, as it continues to produce other knowledge that emancipates and articulates studies on ethnic-racial issues in Brazil (GOMES, 2017). In view of this, this research has as a spatial cut the state of Acre, which makes up the set of 26 Brazilian states. In this sense, this research aims to analyze how the Black Educator Movement, in its work at the Federal University of Acre (Ufac), has promoted anti-racist training processes in the continuing education of basic education teachers in the state of Acre. Presenting as specific objectives: a) mapping the continuing education actions offered by the Black Educator Movement, in its work at the Federal University of Acre (Ufac) between 2013 and 2018; b) understand how the continuing education offered by the Black Educator Movement, in its work at the Federal University of Acre (Ufac) between 2013 and 2018, meets the educational policy of Education of Ethnic-Racial Relations, for the construction of an Anti-racist Education. C) verify the scope of continuing education offered by the Movimento Negro Educador in its work at the Federal University of Acre (Ufac) between 2013 and 2018. Theoretically based on Decoloniality, Cultural Studies, Ethnic and Racial Relations and the Critical Theory of society to think about contemporary society critically, among others. Its methodological process consists of the survey and study of bibliographic references, as well as conceptual and theoretical discussions; a documentary research is also carried out (LAKATOS; MARCONI, 2017) as a source of data collection, such documents are characterized as primary, written, official documents (because they are produced by people who represent an institution), with copies acquired after the request in public archive of the Núcleo de Estudos Afro-brasileiros e Indígenas of Ufac (Neabi/Ufac) of the final reports of the actions of continued formations, as well as public notices for these formative processes, in which the principles, objectives, number of enrolled, enrolled and graduating students, as well as the workload and curriculum for continuing education. By analyzing these documents, it was possible to conclude that the Black Educator Movement active at Ufac, between 2015 and 2018, promoted three continuous training processes aimed at teachers of the Basic Education network in the state of Acre, two of them at levels of specialization and one in the format of improvement, in addition to an extension project that also had a continuous training character aimed at this same public. These training processes covered seven cities in Acre, 172 teachers and 89 school units, which we consider indicative that this movement is moving towards structured racism in Brazilian society, highlighting the importance of inserting an Education from an anti-racist perspective in the continued training processes of teachers, in order to combat racism in the school environment, as well as in Brazilian society.Levando em consideração que o Estado brasileiro constata a existência do racismo na sociedade nacional e que a Lei 10.639/2003, surge como avanço no combate ao racismo, fruto da luta antirracista do Movimento Negro, determinando o ensino da história e cultura afro-brasileira e africana na Educação Básica (BRASIL, 2003), tornando imprescindível a discussão em torno de uma Educação Antirracista na formação continuada de professoras/es. Essa pesquisa parte da premissa que o Movimento Negro brasileiro é educador, pois segue produzindo saberes outros que emancipam e articulam estudos acerca das questões étnico-raciais no Brasil (GOMES, 2017). À vista disso, essa pesquisa tem como recorte espacial o estado do Acre, que compõe o conjunto dos 26 estados brasileiros. Nesse sentido, essa pesquisa objetiva analisar como o Movimento Negro Educador, em sua atuação na Universidade Federal do Acre (Ufac), tem promovido processos formativos antirracista na educação continuada das/os professoras/es da educação básica no estado do Acre. Apresentando como objetivos específicos: a) mapear as ações de formação continuada ofertadas pelo Movimento Negro Educador, em sua atuação na Universidade Federal do Acre (Ufac) entre 2013 e 2018; b) compreender como as formações continuadas ofertadas pelo Movimento Negro Educador, em sua atuação na Universidade Federal do Acre (Ufac) entre 2013 e 2018 atendem a política educacional de Educação das Relações Étnico-Raciais, para a construção de uma Educação Antirracista. C) verificar a abrangência das formações continuadas ofertadas pelo Movimento Negro Educador em sua atuação na Universidade Federal do Acre (Ufac) entre 2013 e 2018. Baseando-se teoricamente na Decolonialidade, Estudos Culturais, nas Relações Étnicas e Raciais e na Teoria Crítica da sociedade para pensar a sociedade contemporânea de forma crítica, dentre outros. Seu processo metodológico constitui-se do levantamento e estudo de referenciais bibliográficos, bem como as discussões conceituais e teóricas; também é realizado uma pesquisa documental (LAKATOS; MARCONI, 2017) como fonte de coleta de dados, tais documentos se caracterizam como documentos primários, escritos, oficiais (por serem produzidos por pessoas que representam uma instituição), com cópias adquiridas após o pedido em arquivo público do Núcleo de Estudos Afro-brasileiros e Indígenas da Ufac (Neabi/Ufac) dos relatórios finais das ações de formações continuadas, bem como editais para esses processos formativos, em que foram analisados os princípios, objetivos, número de inscritas/os, matriculadas/os e concluintes, também a carga horária e as grades curriculares das formações continuadas. Ao analisar esses documentos pôde-se concluir que o Movimento Negro Educador atuante na Ufac, entre os anos de 2015 e 2018, promoveram três processos formativos continuados direcionados a professoras/es da rede de Educação Básica do estado do Acre, sendo dois em níveis de especialização e um em formato de aperfeiçoamento, além de um projeto de extensão que também tinha caráter formativo continuado destinado a esse mesmo público. Esses processos formativos abrangeram sete cidades acreanas, 172 docentes e 89 unidades escolares, o que consideramos indicativo de que esse movimento caminha de encontro ao racismo estruturado na sociedade brasileira, ressaltando a importância da inserção de uma Educação sob uma perspectiva antirracista nos processos formativos continuados de professoras/es, a fim de combater o racismo do ambiente escolar, bem como da sociedade brasileira
Effects of moderate treadmill activity on cardiovascular factors in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
No full textMaster’s degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.Hypertension is a major health problem throughout the world because of its high prevalence and its association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Oxidative stress due to either increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or a compromised antioxidant status has also been positively correlated with cardiovascular diseases. The beneficial effect of physical activity has been well documented in the literature but studies have shown that in the SHR physical activity leads to oxidative stress. The SHR is an excellent model of essential hypertension and hence the present study was designed to investigate the effect of moderate treadmill activity on various cardiovascular factors in SHR. Sixteen male SHR and male Wistar rats (n=16) weighing between 70 and 90 g were used and they were randomly divided into four groups: The SHR exercised group (n=8), Wistar exercised group (n=8), SHR group (n=8) and Wistar (n=8). All the rats in exercised group were subjected to a weekly increase in the rate of activity on the treadmill. Blood pressure, blood glucose and body mass were recorded weekly. At the end of the 8 week experimental protocol, animals were fasted for 12 hours, anaesthetized with halothane and blood and tissue samples harvested. The C-reactive protein (CRP) and antioxidant-associated trace elements such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) were measured in the blood, brain and skeletal muscle. Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) was determined in the plasma, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) were determined in blood and skeletal muscle, plasma TAC levels was also measured. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), IkB and nuclear factor-kappa (NF-kB) gene expression were also measured in skeletal muscle and liver. Kidney sections were stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) and sections of aorta were stained with Verhoeff-van Gieson (VVG). The results show that physical activity did not significantly change both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in SHR. Plasma levels of CRP and NF-kB mRNA expression were increased in both SHR and Wistar exercised groups. An increase in oxidative stress due to physical activity was evident by an increase in TAC and MDA levels in the skeletal muscle. A significant decrease in blood TAC and SOD mRNA expression was also evident in the SHR exercise group. Physical activity also resulted in significant shifts in trace elements that are associated with a compromised antioxidant system
Recovery of coagulants from acid mine drainage
No full textA thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2020The wastes generated from both operational and abandoned coal and metal mining operations are an environmental concern. These wastes, including acid mine drainage (AMD), are normally treated to abate the devastating effects they have on the environment before disposal. At the moment, the most widely applied methods for remediation of AMD is the high density sludge process (HDS) which involves chemical-neutralization. Although the HDS process is relatively cheap and easy to operate, it has several disadvantages. These include; the formation of gelatinous sludge which is difficult to filter, sludge handling problems due to the low solids concentration resulting in considerable water losses and a large land area is needed for sludge disposal. In light of the disadvantages of the HDS process, this study was conducted to develop process flowsheets to recover iron (Fe)and aluminium (Al) which were used to produce a poly-alumina-ferric sulphate (AMD-PAFS) coagulant for water treatment. The flowsheets were developed with the understanding that the recovery of Fe(III)and Al(III)would reduce the sludge volume by over 90%, more so act as a source of revenue to partly offset the treatment cost. The first part of this experimental program focused on developing an understanding of the oxidation of ferrous iron, Fe(II) to ferric iron, Fe(III) using air in the pH range pH of 5.0-7.0. Synthetic AMD, prepared using ferrous sulphate and aluminium sulphate salts, was used for this part of the experimental program and contained only Fe(III)and Al(III). This was done to evaluate the effect of pH, the Al(III) cations and seeding on the Fe(II) oxidation rate. The results showed that the Fe(II)oxidation rate was dependent on pH. At pH of 5.0, the average oxidation rate was 2.16 mg/L/min. The oxidation rate increased to 7.73 mg/L/min with an increase in pH to 7.0. The studies revealed that the oxidation rate was first order with respect to Fe(II) in the pH range 5.0-7.0. The order of reaction with respect to OH was 1.35. In the oxidation-precipitation reaction, seeding, regardless of the seed concentration, was found to increase the rate of oxidation. For example, the oxidation reaction rate increased from 2.16mg/L/min in unseeded experiment to 2.7 mg/L/min at pH 5 for seed concentration, Cs= 0.5. The study also demonstrated that Al(III) cations did not affect the Fe(II) oxidation rate. The iron oxidation experimental program was followed by precipitation studies to recover both Fe(III) and Al(III) using sodium hydroxide. The co-precipitation of Fe(III) and Al(III) was carried out at the pH range of 5.0-7.0. Real AMD was used in these tests. In order to improve the precipitate particle size and subsequent settling and dewatering capabilities, seeded precipitation was employed with the single pass precipitate used as recycle sludge. Three different recycle sludge concentration levels (Cs= 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0) were studied. The results showed that at pH 5.0, a precipitation yields of 99.9 and 94.7% for Fe(III) and Al(III), respectively were obtained. An increase in the pH to 7.0 increased the recovery of Al(III) to 99.1%, while the recovery of Fe(III) remained the same. An attempt was made to relate the effect of seeding on the precipitate settling rates and it was established that the sludge settling rate and particle size improved with increase in seed concentration from Cs = 0.5 to Cs= 1.0. Above a Cs of 1.0, there was no significant improvement in the settling rate. The precipitate was used to produce a coagulant (AMD-PAFSp) consisting of 89.5% and 10.0% Fe(III)and Al(III), respectively by dissolving the AMD precipitate in 5.0% (w/w) sulphuric acid. A solvent extraction process was also evaluated to extract Fe(III) and Al(III) from AMD using Cyanex 272 in Shellsol D70. Cyanex 272 concentration of 0.16 M –0.63 M was tested in the pH range 1.5-3.0. The Fe(III) and Al(III) stripping was carried out using 1.0, 2.0and 3.0M sulphuric acid. The number of stages required for both extraction and stripping processes of Fe(III) and Al(III) was also evaluated. The experimental results showed that quantitative removal of Al(III) >99.0% and Fe(III) >99.0% in a two-stage extraction stage using 0.47 M Cyanex 272 at pH 2.5 and 25°C is achievable. A single-stage stripping of both elements was achieved using 2 M sulphuric acid. The strip liquor contained 91.7% Fe(III) and 8.33% Al(III) and was subsequently used as a coagulant (AMD-PAFSsx).The treatment of the brewery wastewater using 10-150 mg/L AMD-derived coagulants shows that the AMD-derived coagulants were as effective as the poly ferric sulphate coagulant(PFS)in the brewery wastewater treatment. The turbidity removal was 91.9 and 87.8%, while the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 56.0 and 64.0% for AMD-PAFSp and PFS coagulants, respectively. The AMD-PAFSsx showed slightly better performance as compared to the AMD-PAFSp coagulant. This was attributed to the possibility of co-extraction of manganese and magnesium, which in itself has been used as a coagulant. The developed process, especially the precipitation based process, which can easily be incorporated into existing AMD treatment plants, not only reduces the sludge disposal problems but also creates revenue from wasteCK202
Performance Study of Downlink Users in Non- Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for 5G Communications
No full textAn outline of NOMA principles is provided in this article Furthermore this page discusses cooperative NOMA and its variations explains power allocation in detail as a technique of resource allocation for NOMA and gives an overview of the research challenges related to NOMA We then use a two-case scenario to suggest a dynamic power allocation DPA plan for the downlink NOMA users albeit it can also be expanded to many use cases The DPA relies on channel state information CSI to guarantee the quality of service QOS for cell center customers user c The Outage probability OP as a critical performance criterion simulation data is also provided and they demonstrate a notable performance improvement when DPA is employed compared to fixed power allocatio
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