73,492 research outputs found
When No Law is Better than a Good Law
No full textThis paper argues, both theoretically and empirically, that sometimes no security law may be better than a good security law that is not enforced. The first part of the paper formalizes the sufficient conditions under which this happens for any law. The second part of the paper shows that a specific security law - the law prohibiting insider trading - may satisfy these conditions, which implies that our theory predicts that it is sometimes better not to have an insider trading law than to have an insider trading law but not enforce it. The third part of the paper takes this prediction to the data. We revisit the panel data set assembled by Bhattacharya and Daouk (2002), who showed that enforcement, not the mere existence, of insider trading laws reduced the cost of equity in a country. We find that the cost of equity actually rises when a country introduces an insider trading law, but does not enforce it.
Knowledge Disclosure, Patents and Optimal Organization of Research and Development
No full textWe develop a model of two-stage cumulative research and development (R&D), in which one Research Unit (RU) with an innovative idea bargains to license her nonverifiable interim knowledge exclusively to one of two competing Development Units (DUs) via one of two alternative modes: an Open sale after patenting this interim knowledge, or a Closed sale in which precluding further disclosure to a competing DU requires the RU to hold a stake in the licensed DU's post-invention revenues. Both models lead to partial leakage of RU's knowledge from it's description, to the licensed DU alone in a closed sale, and to both DUs in an open sale. We find that higher levels of interim knowledge are more likely to be licensed via closed sales. If the extent of leakage is lower, more RUs choose open sales, generating a non-monotonic relationship between the strength of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and aggregate R&D expenditures. We also develop a rationale for the ex ante acquisition of control rights over the RU by a DU, rooted in the RU's incentives to create knowledge under alternative modes of sale thereof, and her wealth constraint in ex interim bargaining.R&D organisation, patents, intellectual property rights
1ST MEASUREMENT OF GAMMA(D(S)(+)-]MU+NU)/GAMMA(D(S)(+)-]PHI-PI+)
No full textComplete Author List:
ACOSTA D, ATHANAS M, MASEK G, PAAR H, BEAN A, GRONBERG J, KUTSCHKE R, MENARY S, MORRISON RJ, NAKANISHI S, NELSON HN, NELSON TK, RICHMAN JD, RYD A, TAJIMA H, SCHMIDT D, SPERKA D, WITHERELL MS, PROCARIO M, YANG S, BALEST R, CHO K, DAOUDI M, FORD WT, JOHNSON DR, LINGEL K, LOHNER M, RANKIN P, SMITH JG, ALEXANDER JP, BEBEK C, BERKELMAN K, BESSON D, BROWDER TE, CASSEL DG, CHO HA, COFFMAN DM, DRELL PS, EHRLICH R, GALIK RS, GARCIASCIVERES M, GEISER B, GITTELMAN B, GRAY SW, HARTILL DL, HELTSLEY BK, JONES CD, JONES SL, KANDASWAMY J, KATAYAMA N, KIM PC, KREINICK DL, LUDWIG GS, MASUI J, MEVISSEN J, MISTRY NB, NG CR, NORDBERG E, OGG M, PATTERSON JR, PETERSON D, RILEY D, SALMAN S, SAPPER M, WORDEN H, WURTHWEIN F, AVERY P, FREYBERGER A, RODRIGUEZ J, STEPHENS R, YELTON J, CINABRO D, HENDERSON S, KINOSHITA K, LIU T, SAULNIER M, SHEN F, WILSON R, YAMAMOTO H, ONG B, SELEN M, SADOFF AJ, AMMAR R, BALL S, BARINGER P, COPPAGE D, COPTY N, DAVIS R, HANCOCK N, KELLY M, KWAK N, LAM H, KUBOTA Y, LATTERY M, NELSON JK, PATTON S, PERTICONE D, POLING R, SAVINOV V, SCHRENK S, WANG R, ALAM MS, KIM IJ, NEMATI B, ONEILL JJ, SEVERINI H, SUN CR, ZOELLER MM, CRAWFORD G, DAUBENMIER CM, FULTON R, FUJINO D, GAN KK, HONSCHEID K, KAGAN H, KASS R, LEE J, MALCHOW R, MORROW F, SKOVPEN Y, SUNG M, WHITE C, WHITMORE J, WILSON P, BUTLER F, FU X, KALBFLEISCH G, LAMBRECHT M, ROSS WR, SKUBIC P, SNOW J, WANG PL, WOOD M, BORTOLETTO D, BROWN DN, FAST J, MCILWAIN RL, MIAO T, MILLER DH, MODESITT M, SCHAFFNER SF, SHIBATA EI, SHIPSEY IPJ, WANG PN, BATTLE M, ERNST J, KROHA H, ROBERTS S, SPARKS K, THORNDIKE EH, WANG CH, DOMINICK J, SANGHERA S, SHELKOV V, SKWARNICKI T, STROYNOWSKI R, VOLOBOUEV I, ZADOROZHNY P, ARTUSO M, HE D, GOLDBERG M, HORWITZ N, KENNETT R, MONETI GC, MUHEIM F, MUKHIN Y, PLAYFER S, ROZEN Y, STONE S, THULASIDAS M, VASSEUR G, ZHU G, BARTELT J, CSORNA SE, EGYED Z, JAIN V, SHELDON P, AKERIB DS, BARISH B, CHADHA M, CHAN S, COWEN DF, EIGEN G, MILLER JS, OGRADY C, URHEIM J, WEINSTEIN A
Gli ellagitannini di Punica granatum antagonizzano la risposta immune innata nella malaria
No full textIl pericarpo del frutto immaturo di Punica granatum (P.g.) L. è usato in una formulazione per la terapia e la profilassi malarica in Orissa, una regione dell’India. La malaria cerebrale è una complicanza grave dovuta alla citoaderenza di Plasmodium falciparum ai vasi cerebrali e all’eccesso di risposta infiammatoria, associata ad una sovraproduzione di mediatori tra cui metalloproteasi-9 (MMP-9) e TNF. Studi recenti hanno dimostrato l’attività antiplasmodio di P.g. in vitro [1]. Lo scopo del presente studio è stato di esplorare se oltre all’effetto antimalarico, P.g. potesse modulare la risposta immune dell’ospite. A tal fine si è preparata una frazione arricchita in tannini (P.g.-FRT) dall’estratto metanolico del pericarpo. L’espressione genica e la secrezione di MMP-9 sono state valutate in cellule THP-1 stimolate con il pigmento malarico (emozoina, 6 μg/ml). Per valutare se i meccanismi molecolari alla base dell’effetto coinvolgessero il fattore nucleare di trascrizione NF-kB, abbiamo valutato l’effetto delle molecole sul promotore di NF-kB in seguito a stimolo con emozoina. I saggi sono stati condotti su P.g.-FRT e sui costituenti principali della frazione: acido ellagico e punicalagina. Inoltre, è stato valutato anche l’effetto delle urolitine, i metaboliti intestinali degli ellagitannini. P.g.-FRT (50 e 100 μg/ml) inibisce la secrezione di MMP-9 indotta da emozoina rispettivamente del 78% e 95%; l’effetto osservato è ascrivibile alla presenza di punicalagina e acido ellagico poichè tali sostanze riducono la secrezione dell’enzima rispettivamente del 79% e 66% a 10 μM. L’effetto osservato sulla secrezione di MMP-9 sembra essere dovuto ad una diminuzione dell’espressione genica in quanto FRT e i composti puri, alle medesime concentrazioni, diminuiscono i livelli di mRNA di MMP-9 e inibiscono l’attività del promotore di MMP-9. Anche le urolitine (25 μM) inibiscono l’espressione e la secrezione di MMP-9. FRT, acido ellagico e punicalagina riducono l’attività del promotore di NF-kB, suggerendo un coinvolgimento di questo fattore di trascrizione nei meccanismi alla base dell’attività biologica osservata.
Gli effetti benefici del pericarpo di P.g. nel trattamento della malaria sono quindi in relazione sia all’attività diretta sul parassita sia all’inibizione di uno dei meccanismi pro-infiammatori coinvolti nell’insorgenza della malaria cerebrale. Riferimenti [1] M. Dell’Agli, G.V. Galli, Y. Corbett, D. Taramelli, L. Lucantoni, A. Habluetzel, O. Maschi, D. Caruso, S. Giavarini, S. Romeo, D. Bhattacharya, E. Bosisio Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2009, 125, pag. 27
Prompt charm production in pp collisions at √<span style="text-decoration:overline">s</span>=7 TeV
No full textCharm production at the LHC in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV is studied with the LHCb detector. The decays D0→K−π+, D+→K−π+π+, D⁎+→D0(K−π+)π+, D+s→ϕ(K−K+)π+, Λ+c→pK−π+, and their charge conjugates are analysed in a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 15 nb−1. Differential cross-sections dσ/dpT are measured for prompt production of the five charmed hadron species in bins of transverse momentum and rapidity in the region 0<pT<8 GeV/c and 2.0<y<4.5. Theoretical predictions are compared to the measured differential cross-sections. The integrated cross-sections of the charm hadrons are computed in the above pT-y range, and their ratios are reported. A combination of the five integrated cross-section measurements gives
σ(cc¯)pT<8 GeV/c,2.0<y<4.5=1419±12(stat)±116(syst)±65(frag) μb,
where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and due to the fragmentation functions
Global Financial and Economic Crisis: Exploring The Resilience of The Least Developed Countries
No full textt is often argued that strong macroeconomic fundamentals along with weak integration with international financial markets acted as major buffers for least developed countries (LDCs) against fallouts of the recent global financial and economic crisis. This paper examines the hypothesis that LDCs had strong macroeconomic fundamentals in the wake of the crisis by studying Impulse Response Functions (IRFs) of Gross Domestic Product per capita of the LDCs during the crisis. With the treatment of the crisis as a transmission of shocks and utilisation of IRFs, the paper finds substantial and rather persistent output and growth loss for LDCs because of fall in external demand and terms of trade shocks. With the forecast of the impacts of a potential ‘double-dip’ recession on the LDCs by using Vector Autoregressive, the paper concludes that LDCs would require the greater part of the decade to recover which is lower than the earlier recovery period
Measurements of the absolute branching fractions for D-s(+) -> eta e(+)nu(e) and D-s(+) -> eta ' e(+)nu(e)
No full textBy analyzing 482 pb(-1) of e(+)e(-) collision data collected at root s = 4.009 GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we measure the absolute branching fractions for the semileptonic decays D-s(+) -> eta e(+)nu(e) and D-s(+) -> eta ' e(+)nu(e) to be B(D-s(+) -> eta e(+)nu(e)) = (2.30 +/- 0.31 +/- 0.08)% and B(D-s(+) -> eta ' e(+)nu(e)) = (0.93 +/- 0.30 +/- 0.05)%, respectively, and their ratio B(D-s(+) -> eta ' e(+)nu(e)) / B(D-s(+) -> eta ' e(+)nu(e)) = 0.40 +/- 0.14 +/- 0.02, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second ones are systematic. The results are in good agreement with previous measurements within uncertainties; they can be used to determine the eta-eta' mixing angle and improve upon the D-s(+) semileptonic branching ratio precision
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