3,483 research outputs found
Female sexual selection in light of the Darwin--Bateman paradigm
No full textAs sexual selection theory and research have until recently focused mainly on male behavior and traits, I fully support the intent of this review to bring forth sexual selection in females. Nonetheless, I have some objections that relate to the definition used and that the review is restricted by some of the Darwin--Bateman paradigm's notions that are clearly gender biased. Researchers working with a "female perspective" have had a longstanding interest in sexual selection in females and have also pointed out flaws in this paradigm, such as overfocus on male behavior and traits, overemphasis on sex differences, neglect of female variation, the notion of passive females, and emphasis on competition for number and not quality of mates. The Darwin--Bateman paradigm still dominates sexual selection theory and research. Going beyond this paradigm opens up for a fuller understanding of selection on females and males and starts out with gender-neutral expectations on female and male behavior and traits. Recent theory emphasizes chance effects on reproductive success for the evolution of female and male behavior and suggests that all individuals, irrespective of sex, are flexible in their mating decisions, adjusting them moment-by-moment to social, ecological, and internal constraints. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
Refining pathological evaluation of neoadjuvant therapy for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
No full textAIM: To assess tumour regression grade (TRG) and lymph node downstaging to help define patients who benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy.METHODS: Two hundred and eighteen consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastro-esophageal junction treated with surgery alone or neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery between 2005 and 2011 at a single institution were reviewed. Triplet neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of platinum, fluoropyrimidine and anthracycline was considered for operable patients (World Health Organization performance status ? 2) with clinical stage T2-4 N0-1. Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) was assessed using TRG, as described by Mandard et al. In addition lymph node downstaging was also assessed. Lymph node downstaging was defined by cN1 at diagnosis: assessed radiologically (computed tomography, positron emission tomography, endoscopic ultrasonography), then pathologically recorded as N0 after surgery; ypN0 if NAC given prior to surgery, or pN0 if surgery alone. Patients were followed up for 5 years post surgery. Recurrence was defined radiologically, with or without pathological confirmation. An association was examined between t TRG and lymph node downstaging with disease free survival (DFS) and a comprehensive range of clinicopathological characteristics.RESULTS: Two hundred and eighteen patients underwent esophageal resection during the study interval with a mean follow up of 3 years (median follow up: 2.552, 95%CI: 2.022-3.081). There was a 1.8% (n = 4) inpatient mortality rate. One hundred and thirty-six (62.4%) patients received NAC, with 74.3% (n = 101) of patients demonstrating some signs of pathological tumour regression (TRG 1-4) and 5.9% (n = 8) having a complete pathological response. Forty four point one percent (n = 60) had downstaging of their nodal disease (cN1 to ypN0), compared to only 15.9% (n = 13) that underwent surgery alone (pre-operatively overstaged: cN1 to pN0), (P < 0.0001). Response to NAC was associated with significantly increased DFS (mean DFS; TRG 1-2: 5.1 years, 95%CI: 4.6-5.6 vs TRG 3-5: 2.8 years, 95%CI: 2.2-3.3, P < 0.0001). Nodal down-staging conferred a significant DFS advantage for those patients with a poor primary tumour response to NAC (median DFS; TRG 3-5 and nodal down-staging: 5.533 years, 95%CI: 3.558-7.531 vs TRG 3-5 and no nodal down-staging: 1.114 years, 95%CI: 0.961-1.267, P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Response to NAC in the primary tumour and in the lymph nodes are both independently associated with improved DFS
- Marble slab with a Persian inscription of Jahāngīr dated AH 1027
No full textMarble slab with a Persian inscription of Jahāngīr dated AH 102
A new reading for the Abbasid dinar in the name of caliph Al-Mu tamid Ala Allah (AH 256-279) minted in Al-Ma Suq 271 AH
No full textThe case of a dinar minted ill 271 AH recording the he Caliph
al-Mu'tainid 'ala Allah (256-279 AH), al-Mufawwatj ila Allah (256-278 H),
and an enigmatic mint place is discussed in the paper. The Author attempts to
offer a new reading of the toponym of the mint using literary sources. The love
story between al-Mu'tamid and a Bedouin girl, seems to unveil the identity of
the mysterious mint
The effects of domestic violence on behavior problems of preschool children
No full textUsing four waves across 5 years of a recent longitudinal dataset, this study examined whether domestic violence toward mothers by a child’s father at Year 1 had long-term effects on preschool children’s externalizing and internalizing behavioral outcomes at Year 5 directly or indirectly through maternal mental health and parenting at Year 3. The study also analyzed whether the effects differed depending on poverty and marital status. Findings from structural equation modeling conducted in AMOS showed that domestic violence toward mother by a child’s father at Year 1 was associated with poor maternal mental health and greater use of spanking at Year 3, which in turn were related to greater children’s externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at Year 5. These associations among latent variables in the models still remained significant even when control variables were included in the analyses; only the path between maternal mental health at Year 3 and children’s internalizing behavior problems at Year 5 was no longer significant. Notably, the direct effect of domestic violence on children’s behavior problems was still significant even after including mediators and control variables in the analyses. Findings from the multiple-group analyses for fully-controlled models revealed that the effects of domestic violence at Year 1 on children’s behavioral outcomes at Year 5 varied by poverty and marital status. Regarding the moderating role of poverty status, contrary to the hypotheses, the overall impacts of domestic violence at Year 1 on both types of behavioral outcomes of children at Year 5 were bigger for nonpoor than for poor families. With respect to the moderating role of marital status, the impacts of domestic violence at Year 1 on children’s externalizing behavior problems at Year 5 were bigger for unmarried-mother than for married-mother families. In contrast, the impacts of domestic violence at Year 1 on children’s internalizing behavior problems at Year 5 were bigger for married-mother than for unmarried-mother families. Findings from this study highlight that the effects of domestic violence on the behavior problems of preschool children are long-term, that those effects vary by socioeconomic categories, such as poverty and marital status, and, therefore, that children’s and their mothers’ needs in violent families vary widely as well. Policy, practice, and research implications are discussed.Ph. D.Includes bibliographical referencesby Jeong Ah Yo
Ah ku and karayuki-san : prostitution in Singapore, 1870-1940 /
No full text"This history describes and analyses brothel prostitution in Singapore between 1870 and 1940. The vital role of Chinese and Japanese prostitutes in sustaining Singapore's pre-war economy and society has not been fully recognized. Starting with village backgrounds in rural China and Japan, and the hazards of the trade in women and children, the author follows the prostitutes through their encounters with brothel life in general, and in particular explores their routines and crises of earning, spending, social relations, leisure, mobility, disease, and death. A rare portrait of the daily lives of the ah ku and karayuki-san emerges. It is also a historical account of human nature, of human relationships compelled by the pride and prejudice of the human spirit. The author has used Coroners Inquests and Inquiries, statistical and other records, as well as photographs and oral reminiscences to resurrect the lives of the ah ku and karayuki-san.""By organizing the case material around themes relating to the workplace and working conditions, the author has converted a mass of depositions into an 'inner history', evoking a milieu and sentiment whose details were often clouded by an atmosphere of unease, irony, and danger: of Loh Sai Soh's fatal objection to Lam Loh Suh leaving the brothel: of Otoyo and her penalized client of two years, Lance-Corporal Albert Chacksfield; of the beautiful Duya Hadachi, her experiences of a relationship strained beyond endurance, and the deadly struggle between her paramours; and many, many others. Such ordinary people tumble from the pages of the records: they talk about choice of partners, love and betrayal, desperation and alienation, drawing us into their lives. These short vignettes turn out to have remarkable implications for the pace and texture of Ah Ku and Karayuki-san, and for stitching together a tapestry of poverty, sexual antagonisms, subordination, and conflict in the social history of prostitutes' and coolies' experiences. Combining a life-span approach with collective biography, the author has created a personal history of the ah ku and karayuki-san's times closely based on intimate experience, while still paying careful attention to the larger historical influences - the institutions, processes, and interactions - which determined their fates in Singapore. This social history is the companion volume to Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore (1880-1940)."--Jacket.Maps on lining papers.Includes bibliographical references (pages 414-428) and index.Pt. I. Brothel Prostitution in Singapore -- 1. Prostitution, Singapore Society, and the Historian -- 2. Poverty, Patriarchy, and Prosperity -- 3. Brothels and Prostitutes -- 4. Human Traffic and Brothel Prostitution -- 5. The Contagious Diseases Ordinance -- 6. The Venereal Disease Pandemic -- 7. Abolition -- pt. II. Ah Ku and Karayuki-san: Their Lives -- 8. Hardship in the Village -- 9. The Flesh Trade -- 10. The Brothel Family and Daily Life -- 11. Clients: The Carnival of the Night -- 12. The Other Side of Midnight -- 13. Crossing Over -- 14. Bitter Harvest -- Conclusion: Retrieving the Prostitutes' Lives."This history describes and analyses brothel prostitution in Singapore between 1870 and 1940. The vital role of Chinese and Japanese prostitutes in sustaining Singapore's pre-war economy and society has not been fully recognized. Starting with village backgrounds in rural China and Japan, and the hazards of the trade in women and children, the author follows the prostitutes through their encounters with brothel life in general, and in particular explores their routines and crises of earning, spending, social relations, leisure, mobility, disease, and death. A rare portrait of the daily lives of the ah ku and karayuki-san emerges. It is also a historical account of human nature, of human relationships compelled by the pride and prejudice of the human spirit. The author has used Coroners Inquests and Inquiries, statistical and other records, as well as photographs and oral reminiscences to resurrect the lives of the ah ku and karayuki-san.""By organizing the case material around themes relating to the workplace and working conditions, the author has converted a mass of depositions into an 'inner history', evoking a milieu and sentiment whose details were often clouded by an atmosphere of unease, irony, and danger: of Loh Sai Soh's fatal objection to Lam Loh Suh leaving the brothel: of Otoyo and her penalized client of two years, Lance-Corporal Albert Chacksfield; of the beautiful Duya Hadachi, her experiences of a relationship strained beyond endurance, and the deadly struggle between her paramours; and many, many others. Such ordinary people tumble from the pages of the records: they talk about choice of partners, love and betrayal, desperation and alienation, drawing us into their lives. These short vignettes turn out to have remarkable implications for the pace and texture of Ah Ku and Karayuki-san, and for stitching together a tapestry of poverty, sexual antagonisms, subordination, and conflict in the social history of prostitutes' and coolies' experiences. Combining a life-span approach with collective biography, the author has created a personal history of the ah ku and karayuki-san's times closely based on intimate experience, while still paying careful attention to the larger historical influences - the institutions, processes, and interactions - which determined their fates in Singapore. This social history is the companion volume to Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore (1880-1940)."--Jacket
Maqasid al-Syari’ah dalam Penegakkan Hukum Lalu Lintas di Indonesia
No full textThe high number of traffic accidents in Indonesia occurred because the traffic law enforcement does not run optimally. This paper tried to explore the rules regarding the traffic that have been contained in the form of Law no. 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation and other regulations from an Islamic legal point of view, especially through the study of maqashid al-shari’ah. The maqashid al-shari’ah approach is used as an approach because maqashid explains the wisdom behind the rules of Islamic shari’ah. The maqashid approach used by the author in this paper is the maqashid classification used by Jamaluddin al-Athiya which divided maqashid into four domains, they are maqashid al-shari’ah in the individual realm, maqashid al-shari’ah in the family realm, maqashid al-shari’ah in the realm of the ummah and maqashid al-shari’ah in the realm of humanity. It can be concluded that law enforcement in traffic matters in Indonesia is in line with the objectives of maqashid al-shari’ah relating to maqashid al-ummah, especially in terms of maintaining stability, security, and justice. Regulations concerning traffic order are matters of the nature of dharuriyyat at this time because the existence of rules regarding traffic will protect matters that are essential in human life, they are religion, soul, mind, descent, and property.Â
Advancing spinal fellowship training: an international multi-centre educational perspective.
No full textAuthor(s) Pre or Post Print Version OnlyPURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to review the importance of contemporary spine surgery fellowships and educational strategies to assist with fellowship design and delivery. METHODS: Spine surgery fellowship includes trainees from orthopaedic and neurosurgical backgrounds and is increasingly indicated for individuals wishing to pursue spine surgery as a career, recognizing how spinal surgery evolved significantly in scope and complexity. We combine expert opinion with a review of the literature and international experience to expound spine fellowship training. RESULTS: Contemporary learning techniques include boot camps at the start of fellowship which may reinforce previous clinical learning and help prepare fellows for their new clinical roles. There is good evidence that surgical specialty training boot camps improve clinical skills, knowledge and trainee confidence prior to embarking upon new clinical roles with increasing levels of responsibility. Furthermore, as simulation techniques and technologies take on an increasing role in medical and surgical training, we found evidence that trainees' operative skills and knowledge can improve with simulated operations, even if just carried out briefly. Finally, we found evidence to suggest a role for establishing competence-based objectives for training in specific operative and technical procedures. Competence-based objectives are helpful for trainees and trainers to highlight gaps in a trainee's skill set that may then be addressed during training. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal fellowships may benefit from certain contemporary strategies that assist design and delivery of training in a safe environment. Interpersonal factors that promote healthy teamwork may contribute to an environment conducive to learning. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material
The Author in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Marcel Duchamp's Fountain and the Originality of Replica
No full textIn 1917, Marcel Duchamp chose a mans urinal, signed it R. Mutt 1917," entitled it Fountain, and submitted it for an art exhibition. Although Fountain was rejected, it posed the fundamental questions regarding the nature of art and its authenticity. Fountain was canonized as the groundbreaking practice of Readymade, which changed the course of modem art once and for all. Yet, it is a sheer mystery how this urinal, one of the standardìzed products, mechanically manufactured in a factory to be consumed for everyday needs, was alienated from its initial field of commodity to be de-commiditized, re-valorized, and circulated as a significant work of art, without the material existence of the object and a visible author. For the urinal or Fountain disappeared soon after the rejection-either lost or destroyed. Moreover, since Duchamp kept his authorship a secret, only a handful of people knew that Mr. R. Mutt was in fact Duchamp. In the early 1930s, Duchamp began reproducing his lost original as accurately as possible based on his memory, documentation, and photograph. Although his original work was mechanically produced, the process of reproductions was highly controlled and the outcomes were carefully crafted by the artist. The range of histories of the things functioning as replicas of the lost Fountain reveals the iηtensity of the aspiration of the author to preserve the authenticity of the original and subsequently the authority of the artist by putting thε copies in circulation. By investigating the Fountains reproductions, I argue that bεhind the mystery of Fountain， there exists an author whose power is not activated by his manual labor of production, but by his name, i.e., the signature, in the realm of mass production in the age of mechanical reproduction
`Plural Shar��ah�. A Liberal Interpretation of the Shar��ah Constitutional Clause of the 2014 Egyptian Constitution
No full textThis article addresses the Egyptian Constitution issued in 2014 (dust�r �umh�riyyah mi�r al-�arabiyyah). Article 2 declares that Islam is the religion of the State and that the Shar��ah is the main source of legislation. The aim of the author is to interpret this provision considering the role that the Islamic religion plays in the cultural and legal framework of Arab countries, notably in Egypt. Furthermore, this article tries to develop a pluralistic interpretation of the norm, taking into account some foundational aspects of the Egyptian legal system including the Civil Code of 1948, the particular tradition of Arab Constitutionalism, and the former jurisprudence of the Supreme Constitutional Cour
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