228 research outputs found
Self-regulation in a social environment
No full textMelvyn Hamstra onderzocht de verschillen in strategie van mensen om bepaalde doelen na te streven. De strategieën en de keuzes hiervoor (voorkeursstrategie) zijn afhankelijk van vele factoren, zoals ervaringen in het verleden en verschillen in sociale omgeving. Een belangrijk menselijk kenmerk is de motivatie om doelen op een bepaalde manier na te streven. Dat wil zeggen, mensen hebben gemotiveerde voorkeuren voor strategieën om doelen mee na te streven (Higgins, 1997). Welke strategie de voorkeur heeft hangt af van de zelfregulatie oriëntatie die mensen hebben (willen ze vooral winst behalen of juist verlies vermijden). Deze oriëntatie en voorkeursstrategie zijn cruciaal in het bepalen van hoe mensen een situatie, taak, of object ervaren en waarderen. Wanneer mensen een doel nastreven met behulp van hun voorkeursstrategie, of anticiperen op een dergelijke activiteit, ervaren ze regulatorische fit – de strategie is congruent met het doel (Higgins, 2000). Wanneer sprake is van regulatorische fit hebben mensen het gevoel dat wat ze doen juist is. Dit veroorzaakt een algeheel gevoel van motivationele kracht en betrokkenheid, wat bijdraagt aan verhoogde intensiteit van gevoelens en motivaties met betrekking tot andere dingen (bijvoorbeeld objecten, producten en taken) in de omgeving (Cesario, Grant, & Higgins, 2004). Dat wil zeggen, initiële oordelen of motivaties worden versterkt door de ervaring van fit. Hoewel er binnen de psychologie veel aandacht is geweest voor regulatorische fit als intern proces, is er weinig bekend over de aard en consequenties van dit proces wanneer het in een sociale context plaatsvindt. Het proefschrift richt zich op (a) de vraag of een volledig intra-individuele ervaring van fit consequenties heeft voor hoe mensen reageren op anderen en (b) de vraag of fit ervaringen ook teweeg kunnen worden gebracht door kenmerken van de sociale omgeving
Self-regulation in a social environment
No full textMelvyn Hamstra onderzocht de verschillen in strategie van mensen om bepaalde doelen na te streven. De strategieën en de keuzes hiervoor (voorkeursstrategie) zijn afhankelijk van vele factoren, zoals ervaringen in het verleden en verschillen in sociale omgeving. Een belangrijk menselijk kenmerk is de motivatie om doelen op een bepaalde manier na te streven. Dat wil zeggen, mensen hebben gemotiveerde voorkeuren voor strategieën om doelen mee na te streven (Higgins, 1997). Welke strategie de voorkeur heeft hangt af van de zelfregulatie oriëntatie die mensen hebben (willen ze vooral winst behalen of juist verlies vermijden). Deze oriëntatie en voorkeursstrategie zijn cruciaal in het bepalen van hoe mensen een situatie, taak, of object ervaren en waarderen. Wanneer mensen een doel nastreven met behulp van hun voorkeursstrategie, of anticiperen op een dergelijke activiteit, ervaren ze regulatorische fit – de strategie is congruent met het doel (Higgins, 2000). Wanneer sprake is van regulatorische fit hebben mensen het gevoel dat wat ze doen juist is. Dit veroorzaakt een algeheel gevoel van motivationele kracht en betrokkenheid, wat bijdraagt aan verhoogde intensiteit van gevoelens en motivaties met betrekking tot andere dingen (bijvoorbeeld objecten, producten en taken) in de omgeving (Cesario, Grant, & Higgins, 2004). Dat wil zeggen, initiële oordelen of motivaties worden versterkt door de ervaring van fit. Hoewel er binnen de psychologie veel aandacht is geweest voor regulatorische fit als intern proces, is er weinig bekend over de aard en consequenties van dit proces wanneer het in een sociale context plaatsvindt. Het proefschrift richt zich op (a) de vraag of een volledig intra-individuele ervaring van fit consequenties heeft voor hoe mensen reageren op anderen en (b) de vraag of fit ervaringen ook teweeg kunnen worden gebracht door kenmerken van de sociale omgeving
Introduction to PubMed Central
No full textPubMed Central (PMC) is a database of over 6 million free, full-text articles from the 1700s to the present in the biomedical sciences. PMC is maintained by the National Library of Medicine and is freely available online (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/). PMC includes Open Access articles, preprint articles, author manuscripts, and more. This presentation will explore how to use PMC, cover content you can expect to find in PMC, discuss and define Open Access articles, preprint articles, and author manuscripts in PMC, and will explain the relationship between PMC and the biomedical database PubMed
Are there gender differences in promotion–prevention self‐regulatory focus?
No full textInternational audienceThe purpose of this research is to examine gender differences in promotion/prevention self‐regulatory focus, a dispositional motivational orientation with major implications for human functioning. First, a review of literature using social cognitive theory as a framework suggests that, driven by socialization processes, (1) women may on average be more prevention focused than men – meaning more vigilant to maintain a secure status quo, whereas (2) men may on average be more promotion focused than women – meaning more eager to advance to a better situation than their status quo. Second, we provide data to examine these possible gender differences in self‐regulatory focus with secondary analyses of (a) our own existing data on dispositional regulatory focus and of (b) a large scale, representative panel study (LISS Survey). The data suggest a highly consistent difference with women being more prevention focused than men, while the difference in promotion focus is much smaller and is only found in European samples. Auxiliary data suggest promotion‐focused women hold less traditional gender role beliefs as well as showing that regulatory focus partially explains examples of behavioural differences between men and women. The analysis of gender difference in regulatory focus sheds new light on gender differences and biases already known, and on regulatory focus, and as such opens up many new and important areas of future inquiry
On ranks and risky choices
No full textInternational audienceWe present a novel theoretical framework to explain the impact of rank positions on decision‐makers' choices between more risky and less risky options. We do so by providing an analysis of the motivational effects of ranks that progresses through three levels of specificity: the broad “motive” level, an intermediate “goal” level, and a low level at which tactical choices are addressed and where the complexity of rank‐driven choices considers a dynamic multiple goal perspective. In particular, we theorize on how more risky versus less risky options are chosen in light of the combined influence of (a) rank goals, (b) rank changes relative to those goals, and (c) other aligned or competing goals. Deriving from our theorizing and review of existing evidence from different fields studying various rank phenomena such as power, status, education, and performance, we articulate seven propositions that specify when rank‐ordered individuals will choose more risky or less risky options
What's in a word? Using construal-level theory to predict voice endorsement
No full textVoice endorsement is a pivotal means by which employees can influence leadership processes and the organization at large. Up till now, research on voice endorsement has lacked unified theoretical frameworks that can shed light on antecedents of voice endorsement in a more integrative way as well as help identify new and relevant antecedents in a systematic and theory-based manner. We propose that construal-level theory can serve as one such unifying framework and showcase this potential by applying it to voice endorsement. Drawing on construal-level theory we propose that when an employee frames his/her voice messages in a manner that is compatible with the psychological distance between the employee and the supervisor, the supervisor will find the employee’s voice messages easier to process and, consequently, will be more likely to endorse them. Three experiments using different manipulations of voice message frame and psychological distance, and a mini meta-analysis of the three experiments, provide support for our construal compatibility hypothesis and initial evidence for the experienced ease-of-processing logic. We discuss how our construal-level approach to voice endorsement can shed light on previous findings as well as open up new avenues for future research
Does authentic leadership predict employee work engagement and in-role performance? Considering the role of learning goal orientation
No full textThis study sought to examine whether and why authentic leadership predicts followers' in-role performance and did so in a four-wave, multi-level, multi-source field study conducted in the banking sector in Pakistan. Working from the notion that authentic leadership fosters followers' focus on developing their true self; we suggest authentic leadership predicts followers' learning goal orientation. Given that learning goal orientation strongly impacts on how people approach and experience their work, in turn, we expected that learning goal orientation determines followers' work engagement, and their in-role performance. Results indicated learning goal orientation mediated the relationship between authentic leadership and (a) follower performance and (b) work engagement
Supervisors' achievement goal orientations and employees' mindfulness: Direct relationships and down‐stream behavioral consequences
No full textInternational audienceThis study (among 256 employees and 97 immediate supervisors) examines whether supervisors' learning goal orientation and performance goal orientation are related to employees' mindfulness and whether, in turn, mindfulness is related to employees' creativity and organisational citizenship behavior (OCB). Whereas learning goals focus on non-judgmental learning from mistakes, performance goals emphasise impressing others and obtaining positive evaluations. Accordingly, reasoning from the perspective of socio-cognitive theory, we proposed and found that supervisors' learning goal orientation positively relates to employee mindfulness whereas supervisors' performance goal orientation negatively relates to employee mindfulness. Given the broad cognitive and social attentional focus entailed in mindfulness, we further proposed and found that mindfulness is positively related to employees' creativity and OCB and that mindfulness mediates the relations between supervisors' goal orientations and these performance outcomes. We discuss the implications of our findings in light of (a) understanding and managing organisational factors that relate to mindfulness and (b) the implications of achievement goal orientations in leadership processes
Knowledge withholding by and from leaders:an emerging theoretical model
No full textPurposeThis study aims to explore the reasons why leaders withhold knowledge by analyzing various types of relational contexts in which knowledge is withheld.Design/methodology/approachThis study is a content analysis of the memoirs of five reputed US general and flag officers. After analyzing 1,853 pages, the researchers collected 246 knowledge-withholding units and identified eight relational contexts. They build on interdependence, social identity and social exchange theories to develop an emerging model.FindingsThe data indicate (a) conflicting interests increase knowledge withholding, particularly among weaker parties; (b) common goals increase knowledge withholding when failure imposes greater risk, and when there is a lack of trust (c) parties may simultaneously experience competing and common goals in which behavior may be driven by their strongest (social) identity.Originality/valueThe insights indicate that knowledge withholding may be used as an effective leadership tool
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