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Climate shocks and banking sector stability: Evidence from El Niño southern oscillation
No full textInternational audienceThis study introduces a novel ex ante approach to assess the short-term impact of climate shocks on banking sector stability by examining the effect of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on banking sector distance-to-default. Using dynamic panel data econometric modeling, we investigate the macroeconomic implications of ENSO-induced climate shocks, such as El Niño and La Niña events, on banking sector stability in 51 countries across three regions particularly exposed to the consequences of ENSO oscillations (East Asia and Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan Africa) during the period 2000–2020. Our findings show that the adverse effects of these climate shocks on banking sector stability are unevenly distributed among countries, with more pronounced and robust adverse effects of El Niño events in the short-term, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean and, to a lesser extent, Sub-Saharan Africa. We also document the short-term adverse effects of La Niña events for Latin American and the Caribbean countries. Further estimates suggest that the increase in non-performing loans is a key transmission channel linking El Niño events to banking sector stability. As global warming should intensify the frequency and magnitude of ENSO's cyclical pattern, these findings can help estimate the potential adverse effects of climate change-related natural disasters on banking sector stability and inform future mitigation and adaptation policies
Parler de Dieu. Une introduction à la théologie
No full textInternational audienceVoici une œuvre invitant les lecteurs à plonger dans les profondeurs de les méandres de la théologie. Ce livre offre une exploration vive et éclairante de questions fondamentales sur Dieu, la foi et le sens de la vie. Les auteurs, trois jeunes théologiens – un Belge, un Colombien et un Portugais –, ayant parcouru une partie de leur chemin ensemble à Louvain-la-Neuve, se sont fixé l’objectif de prendre le lecteur par la main et le guider à travers ses premières réflexions théologiques.Des questions provocantes émergent, comme celle de savoir si Dieu parle réellement et si la “Parole de Dieu” est bien divine. L’exploration commence ainsi avec une enquête sur la possibilité pour quelqu’un de parler d’un Dieu qui semblerait pourtant devoir parler lui-même. Le livre est aussi une invitation à réfléchir sur les motivations derrière la quête théologique avec des interrogations profondes sur l’absurdité et le sens, le mal et le bien, la mort et la vie, engageant le lecteur dans une réflexion personnelle.Dans une conclusion pleine d’audace, les auteurs dévoilent enfin la réponse à la question essentielle : « Et, finalement, qu’est-ce que la théologie? ». En mêlant érudition, clarté et invitation à réfléchir, ce livre offre une introduction accessible et stimulante à la théologie, idéale pour tous les chercheurs de vérité et curieux de spiritualité
Mechanosensing and Sphingolipid-Docking Mediate Lipopeptide-Induced Immunity in <i>Arabidopsis</i>
No full textBacteria-derived lipopeptides are immunogenic triggers of host defenses in metazoans and plants. Root-associated rhizobacteria produce cyclic lipopeptides that activate systemically induced resistance (IR) against microbial infection in various plants. How these molecules are perceived by plant cells remains elusive. Here, we reveal that immunity activation in Arabidopsis thaliana by the lipopeptide elicitor surfactin is mediated by docking into specific sphingolipid-enriched domains and relies on host membrane deformation and subsequent activation of mechanosensitive ion channels. This mechanism leads to host defense potentiation and resistance to the necrotroph B. cinerea but is distinct from host pattern recognition receptor-mediated immune activation and reminiscent of damage-induced plant immunity. Main TextLipopeptides (LPs) represent a prominent and structurally heterogeneous class of molecules among the broad spectrum of small specialized metabolites synthesized by bacteria. Besides serving key functions for the ecological fitness of the producer (motility, biofilm formation, colonization, nutrient acquisition, or antagonism towards competing neighbors), some LPs also act as triggers of immune responses that restrict pathogen infection of metazoans and plants 1,2 . The vast majority of LPs formed by plant-associated bacteria are comprised of a partly or fully cyclized oligopeptide linked to a single fatty acid chain. Some of these cyclic lipopeptides (CLP) formed by beneficial species belonging to the Pseudomonas and Bacillus genera are potent elicitors of immune responses in the host plant leading to a systemically induced resistance (IR) against infection by microbial pathogens 2,3 .</div
Long-Term Aging Effects in Electrical Devices Based on High-Quality Chemical Vapor Deposition-Grown Single-Domain WSe <sub>2</sub>
No full textInternational audienceThe long-term stability and scalability of layered two-dimensional (2D) materials are crucial for their practical integration into the electronic industry. While transition metal dichalcogenides, such as tungsten diselenide (WSe 2 ), have demonstrated promising performance in electronic and optoelectronic applications, their long-term ambient-condition stability remains poorly understood, particularly for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesized materials. In this study, we investigate the electrical and morphological aging of CVD-grown, single-domain, multilayer WSe 2 -based field-effect transistors over 28 months. Devices fabricated with Ni/Au contacts were analyzed using the transmission line method and Y-function method, demonstrating p-type behavior with an average mobility of ∼35 cm 2 /V•s and a maximum on-state current of 80.5 μA/μm. Electrical measurements at six months of air exposure showed clear aging effects, including increased p-doping and substantial reductions in current levels ranging from 34 to 80%, along with a 49% mobility reduction. Over the following 22 months, the electrical performance degraded only slightly (further average reduction of 11 and 29%, for current levels and mobility, respectively), with an average mobility remaining relatively large (16.1 cm 2 /V•s, even after 28 months of ambient exposure. Furthermore, material degradation mechanisms were assessed using Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and photoluminescence, revealing intensity reductions and blue shifts, attributed to oxygen chemisorption at selenium vacancies. These findings highlight the necessity of combining structural and electrical measurements for a deeper understanding of aging in 2D-based devices to mitigate degradation and ensure performance reliability.</div
Nécessaire détermination par le JAF de la durée et de la fréquence des visites en espace de rencontre
No full textInternational audienc
Direct impedance eduction of acoustic liners in multimodal ducts with shear flows
No full textInternational audienceImpedance eduction of acoustic liners with flow is usually performed under the assumption of a uniform mean flow and in the presence of an incident plane wave. However, recent studies have demonstrated that shear flow significantly influences the propagation of sound waves and their interaction with the liner. Consequently, it is crucial to characterize acoustic treatments in flow and acoustic conditions that closely resemble their target application, such as aircraft nacelles. This paper investigates and validates experimentally a direct method of impedance eduction in multimodal sound fields with shear flows on the MAINE Flow facility, which was validated only through simulations. Besides the double-liner configuration proposed to enhance the eduction robustness, additional developments are implemented, including a dominant mode selection algorithm to address the complexity introduced by multimodal fields and a 2-line microphone array design to avoid spurious mode effects. Different high-order incident modes (in the direction normal to the liner) are also considered. Finally, the recommended setup, with two types of liner samples, are used to investigate the effects of flow and incident acoustic field on liner impedance. It is also observed that using antisymmetric high-order modes as incident field significantly enhances the robustness of the eduction process
