92 research outputs found
Metodologi Fatwa K.H. Muhammad Syaf’i Hadzami
No full textFatwa is one of the heavy mandates on the shoulders of Moslem scholars. There are some conditions that must be fulflled before the fatwa could be used to solve the problems of the people. Basically, the fatwa replaces the task of the Prophet in conveying the shari’a law, then the scholars did not dare to be reckless in declaring any fatwa. Therefore, being a mufti is not only required by reading the translation of al-Qur’an or Hadith, or by searching on the google, or by copying broadcasts in social media. According to al-Shirazi, the intellectual condition that must be required to be a mufti is deep understanding toward al-Qur’an and Hadith, also understanding sources of speech such as ḥaqîqah-majâz, ‘âmm-khâṣṣ, Arabic language, nâsikh-mansûkh, ijmâ’, ikhtilaf, and tartîb al-adillah. While the moral requirements to be a mufti according to Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal are having pure intention, having broad knowledge, patience, and soul, having strong mentality to fulfl the task, having suffciency of life to avoid being influenced by others, and understanding the condition of society. This paper attempts to examine the fatwas of a mufti from Betawi who had lived in the modern era known as Mu’allim Syaf’i Hadzami. The fatwas were collected in a work entitled Tawḍîḥ al-Adillah. In this article, the author has concluded that Mu’allim uses eight complementary and relevant fatwa methodologies to solve today’s problem
Kinetic modeling of C3H6 inhibition on NO Oxidation over Pt Catalyst
No full textExhaust after treatment for lean burn and diesel engine is a complex catalytic system that consists of a number of catalytic units. Pt/Al2O3is often used as a model Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) that plays an important role to facilitate oxidation of NO to NO2. In the present study, we proposed a detailed kinetic model of NO oxidation as well as low temperature C3H6 inhibition to simulate temperatureprogrammed reaction (TPR) data for NO oxidation over Pt/Al2O3. A steady-state microkinetic model based on Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism for NO oxidation was proposed. In addition, low temperature C3H6inhibition was proposed as a result of site blocking as well as surface nitrite consumption. The model can explain the experimental data well over the studied temperature range
Kinetic Studies of NO Oxidation and Reduction over Silver-Alumina Catalyst [Elektronisk resurs]
No full textIn line with growing concerns to manufacture more environmentally friendly vehicles, the use of internal combustion engines operating with oxygen excess or so called lean-burn engines will continue to be increasingly used. For lean-burn operation, reduction of NOx (NO+NO2) emissions is a major challenge and it is therefore urgently required to develop efficient and reliable NOx reduction aftertreatment systems for a wide variety of lean-burn or diesel engines. The main goal of this thesis is to increase the understanding of the reaction mechanism of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with a hydrocarbon (HC) reductant over Ag-Al2O3 catalysts. As an important subsystem in the HC-SCR mechanism, H2 assisted NO oxidation over a monolith-supported Ag-Al2O3 catalyst was investigated by constructing a microkinetic model that accounted for heat and mass transport in the catalyst washcoat. The effect of H2 examined in the kinetic model, was to reduce self-inhibiting surface nitrate species on active sites. A reduced factorial design of the inlet experimental conditions was used to generate transient experimental data. In general, the modelling results could reproduce the transient experimental data well with correct levels of outlet concentrations and time scales for transient responses. When H2 was present in the feed, the kinetic model showed that H2 was consumed rapidly in the front part of the monolith. This indicated that the H2 promotion of the NO oxidation reaction may have been isolated to only a portion of the catalyst. A series of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) studies of NOx were conducted over Ag-Al2O3 catalysts to quantify and characterize the stability of surface NOx species. Formation of two general groups of surface NOx species were found to be present: a less thermally stable group of so called “low temperature (LT) nitrates” and a more thermally stable group of “high temperature (HT) nitrates”. The LT NOx desorption peak could be attributed to the decomposition of nitrate species formed on the active sites. Elimination or decrease in quantities of these LT nitrates either thermally or by reaction with H2 resulted in higher NO oxidation and NOx reduction conversion. The HT NOx desorption peak primarily corresponded to the decomposition of nitrates on the Al2O3 support and could be considered spectator surface species. It was also found that H2 facilitates formation of nitrate on the Al2O3 support and it was indicative that the mechanism of NOx storage on the Al2O3 support was mainly via NO2 readsorption. From TPD studies of C3H6-SCR in the presence and absence of H2, it was shown that the presence of H2 not only eliminated LT nitrates but also promoted the formation of adsorbed hydrocarbons. Therefore, the dual role of H2 to both eliminate nitrates from active sites and promote NOx storage was elucidated
Kinetic Studies of NO Oxidation and Reduction over Silver-Alumina Catalyst
No full textIn line with growing concerns to manufacture more environmentally friendly vehicles, the use of internal combustion engines operating with oxygen excess or so called lean-burn engines will continue to be increasingly used. For lean-burn operation, reduction of NOx (NO+NO2) emissions is a major challenge and it is therefore urgently required to develop efficient and reliable NOx reduction aftertreatment systems for a wide variety of lean-burn or diesel engines. The main goal of this thesis is to increase the understanding of the reaction mechanism of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with a hydrocarbon (HC) reductant over Ag-Al2O3 catalysts. As an important subsystem in the HC-SCR mechanism, H2 assisted NO oxidation over a monolith-supported Ag-Al2O3 catalyst was investigated by constructing a microkinetic model that accounted for heat and mass transport in the catalyst washcoat. The effect of H2 examined in the kinetic model, was to reduce self-inhibiting surface nitrate species on active sites. A reduced factorial design of the inlet experimental conditions was used to generate transient experimental data. In general, the modelling results could reproduce the transient experimental data well with correct levels of outlet concentrations and time scales for transient responses. When H2 was present in the feed, the kinetic model showed that H2 was consumed rapidly in the front part of the monolith. This indicated that the H2 promotion of the NO oxidation reaction may have been isolated to only a portion of the catalyst. A series of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) studies of NOx were conducted over Ag-Al2O3 catalysts to quantify and characterize the stability of surface NOx species. Formation of two general groups of surface NOx species were found to be present: a less thermally stable group of so called “low temperature (LT) nitrates” and a more thermally stable group of “high temperature (HT) nitrates”. The LT NOx desorption peak could be attributed to the decomposition of nitrate species formed on the active sites. Elimination or decrease in quantities of these LT nitrates either thermally or by reaction with H2 resulted in higher NO oxidation and NOx reduction conversion. The HT NOx desorption peak primarily corresponded to the decomposition of nitrates on the Al2O3 support and could be considered spectator surface species. It was also found that H2 facilitates formation of nitrate on the Al2O3 support and it was indicative that the mechanism of NOx storage on the Al2O3 support was mainly via NO2 readsorption. From TPD studies of C3H6-SCR in the presence and absence of H2, it was shown that the presence of H2 not only eliminated LT nitrates but also promoted the formation of adsorbed hydrocarbons. Therefore, the dual role of H2 to both eliminate nitrates from active sites and promote NOx storage was elucidated
Experimental and kinetic studies of H2 effect on lean exhaust aftertreatment processes: HC-SCR and DOC
No full textWith a growing concern to lower greenhouse gas emissions from road transportation, lean burn and diesel engines will keep playing an important role in the future. Development of a highly efficient and durable process to reduce NOx to N2 becomes a challenging issue especially in the presence of ample O2 concentration as in lean burn exhaust. One way to reduce NOx emissions in lean exhaust is by using hydrocarbon-selective catalytic reduction (HC-SCR). HC-SCR over Ag/Al2O3 catalysts appears to be a promising technology to abate NOx emission in lean burn exhaust. The function of the Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), as a part of a lean exhaust aftertreatment process, is to oxidize CO, HC and NO. Interestingly, addition of H2 has been shown to promote the HC-SCR activity over Ag/Al2O3 and NO oxidation activity over Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. The overall focus of this thesis was to increase understanding of the mechanisms of the H2 effect on the model catalysts of Ag-Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3. A combination of experimental and kinetic modeling approaches was utilized as a way to examine mechanistic effects of H2.Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) technique was used to characterize thermal stabilities of various surface NOx species formed during NO oxidation and C3H6-SCR conditions over Ag/Al2O3 catalyst. In addition, DRIFTS analysis was used to identify different types of nitrate species. These TPD results elucidated the dual roles of H2 to remove inhibiting nitrate on active sites and facilitate formation of inactive nitrate species mainly on the Al2O3 support. An initial development of a microkinetic model to describe H2-assisted NO oxidation over Ag/Al2O3 was conducted using a set of transient data. The single role of H2 to remove inhibiting nitrate species on active sites was examined. In the further model development, a global kinetic model of H2-assisted C3H6-SCR, including NO oxidation, C3H6 oxidation and C3H6-SCR in the presence and absence of H2, was proposed. This model was based on dual roles of H2 to remove inhibiting nitrates from active sites and simultaneously form more active Ag sites. The model could effectively capture a wide range of feed concentrations and temperatures, including temperature-programmed and transient experiments.The influence of H2 on NO oxidation over Pt/Al2O3 as a DOC catalyst was evaluated with various feed mixtures. Formation of Pt oxide has been known to lower the NO oxidation activity over Pt/Al2O3. The role of H2 to retard the Pt oxide formation was investigated. This resulted in a temporal enhancement in NO2 yield due to H2 addition during temperature ramp experiments. In addition, the effect of C3H6 and CO to influence the NO oxidation was also investigated. Addition of H2 mainly serves to weaken the inhibition effect of C3H6 and to a much lesser degree CO. This is mainly due to an enhancement of lower temperature C3H6 oxidation. The promotional effects of H2 to increase NO2 yield was proposed as a result of effects of H2 on surface chemistry and/or reactions. These effects could be clearly distinguished from exothermal heat effects from mainly H2 but also C3H6 and CO oxidation
Experimental and kinetic studies of H2 effect on lean exhaust aftertreatment processes: HC-SCR and DOC [Elektronisk resurs]
No full textWith a growing concern to lower greenhouse gas emissions from road transportation, lean burn and diesel engines will keep playing an important role in the future. Development of a highly efficient and durable process to reduce NOx to N2 becomes a challenging issue especially in the presence of ample O2 concentration as in lean burn exhaust. One way to reduce NOx emissions in lean exhaust is by using hydrocarbon-selective catalytic reduction (HC-SCR). HC-SCR over Ag/Al2O3 catalysts appears to be a promising technology to abate NOx emission in lean burn exhaust. The function of the Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), as a part of a lean exhaust aftertreatment process, is to oxidize CO, HC and NO. Interestingly, addition of H2 has been shown to promote the HC-SCR activity over Ag/Al2O3 and NO oxidation activity over Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. The overall focus of this thesis was to increase understanding of the mechanisms of the H2 effect on the model catalysts of Ag-Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3. A combination of experimental and kinetic modeling approaches was utilized as a way to examine mechanistic effects of H2.Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) technique was used to characterize thermal stabilities of various surface NOx species formed during NO oxidation and C3H6-SCR conditions over Ag/Al2O3 catalyst. In addition, DRIFTS analysis was used to identify different types of nitrate species. These TPD results elucidated the dual roles of H2 to remove inhibiting nitrate on active sites and facilitate formation of inactive nitrate species mainly on the Al2O3 support. An initial development of a microkinetic model to describe H2-assisted NO oxidation over Ag/Al2O3 was conducted using a set of transient data. The single role of H2 to remove inhibiting nitrate species on active sites was examined. In the further model development, a global kinetic model of H2-assisted C3H6-SCR, including NO oxidation, C3H6 oxidation and C3H6-SCR in the presence and absence of H2, was proposed. This model was based on dual roles of H2 to remove inhibiting nitrates from active sites and simultaneously form more active Ag sites. The model could effectively capture a wide range of feed concentrations and temperatures, including temperature-programmed and transient experiments.The influence of H2 on NO oxidation over Pt/Al2O3 as a DOC catalyst was evaluated with various feed mixtures. Formation of Pt oxide has been known to lower the NO oxidation activity over Pt/Al2O3. The role of H2 to retard the Pt oxide formation was investigated. This resulted in a temporal enhancement in NO2 yield due to H2 addition during temperature ramp experiments. In addition, the effect of C3H6 and CO to influence the NO oxidation was also investigated. Addition of H2 mainly serves to weaken the inhibition effect of C3H6 and to a much lesser degree CO. This is mainly due to an enhancement of lower temperature C3H6 oxidation. The promotional effects of H2 to increase NO2 yield was proposed as a result of effects of H2 on surface chemistry and/or reactions. These effects could be clearly distinguished from exothermal heat effects from mainly H2 but also C3H6 and CO oxidation
فن التکرار کمصدر الالھام فی قصائد محمد بلقاسم: Repetition Art as a Source of Inspiration in Poems of Muhammad Belqasem
No full textThis research deals with a topic “Repetition Art as a Source of Inspiration in Poems of Muhammad Belqasem”. Many poets writs about their own lives emotions and expressions using their feeling of a spring board for exeativity. The beauty and complexity of the natural world often serve as powerful inspiration, leading poets to explore themes of life, death, and the passage of time. Although repetition has long existed in classical Arabic poetry, it has emerged as a modern stylistic device of expression because it is considered a phenomenon of recent prominent poetic text structure so that there is in every book of poems. It can have respectful aesthetic and psychological meanings reinforce the semantic and rhythmic movement in the poetic text. It aims at research paper to study the aesthetic of repetition in the poetry of Muhammad Belqasem Khumar, this study explores the nature of the technique, its structure, and aesthetic formulation, as well as the extent to which the poet employed it as a creative tool within his poetic texts
The Relevance Of The Book On Marriage Schedules By The Mufti Of The Kingdom Of Kubu, West Kalimantan To Fikih Subjects At Madrasah Aliyah
No full textThe Book of Marriage Schedules is the great work of Mufti Ismail Mundu, a book full of knowledge, a book that talks about marriage. This article aims to explore and examine the contents of the book Jadual al-Nikāh and its relevance to the jurisprudence curriculum at Madrasah Aliyah. Writing with a qualitative approach, and a philological (History) approach, namely to obtain content information, the form of text presented by the author of the book, and bibliographic methods, with textual data analysis techniques for the Marriage Schedule book by condensing the data, presenting the data and drawing conclusions. This research resulted in an overview of the contents of the Marriage Schedule book on the one hand and the PAI curriculum, especially Mapel Fiqh on the other hand. This research concludes that the relationship between the discussion of marriage jurisprudence in the Marriage Schedule and the Jurisprudence Curriculum has quite high relevance. Thus, it is hoped that this book can be used as a reference as an additional learning resource in the fiqh learning process. Another function is that this book can be used as a learning medium in SKI learning using an Islamic history approach, as a learning medium in learning local content using a historical approach to the development of Islam in West Kalimantan based on local wisdom
منهج المفتي محمد تقي العثماني في استعراض النوازل المالية كتاب البيوع في "صحيح البخاري" نموذجاً = The methodology of Muftī Muhammad Taqi Usmani in presenting unprecedented financial issues: Book of Sale of Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī as a case study = Metodologi kajian Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani dalam membincangkan permasalahan baru dalam sistem kewangan: bab di dalam Kitab Jual-Beli Sahih Bukhari sebagai kajian kes
No full textيعتبر كتاب "الجامع الصحيح" للإمام البخاري من المصادر المهمة في المكتبة الإسلامية، وخدمه العلماء بشروح مفصلة أو تعليقات موجزة. ومن العلماء المعاصرين الذين خَدموا هذا الكتاب بالشرح والتعليق المفتي محمد تقي العثماني (مواليد ١٣٦٢ه)، الذي يعتبر من الشخصيات البارزة في الأوساط العلمية والفقهية في العالم الإسلامي، فقد أثرى المكتبة الإسلامية بكتب مفيدة في التفسير، والحديث، والفقه، والتاريخ الإسلامي. لقد صدرت للشيخ أمالٍ على "الجامع الصحيح" باسم "إنعام الباري" في ثماني مجلدات. تكمن أهمية هذه الورقة في أنها تدرس منهج المفتي العثماني في كتاب لم يُترجَم بعد إلى العربية. أمَّا الأسلوب المتبع في الورقة فهو البحث النوعي القائم على عرض ما ذكر في "إنعام الباري" وإعداد دراسة خاصة بمنهج المفتي العثماني لتساعد الباحثين وشراح الحديث في المستقبل عند خدمة كتب السنن والمسانيد. تتكون الورقة من ثلاثة مباحث. المبحث الأول: التعريف بالجامع الصحيح ومصنفه وأشهر شروحه، المبحث الثاني: التعريف بالمفتي العثماني ومؤلفاته، المبحث الثالث: منهج المفتي العثماني في النوازل الفقهية والحلول العصرية. استنتجت الورقة أن كتاب "إنعام الباري" يشكل إضافة فريدة في المكتبة الإسلامية كونه يعين طالب العلم والقارئ على ربط أحاديث "الجامع الصحيح" بمنظور عصري مع الاعتماد على التراث الفقهي المذكور في نصوص الحديث الشريف، وهناك اعتبارات عدة يأخذها المفتي العثماني في سبيل تحقيق الاجتهاد الفقهي في النوازل المالية، فمثلاً: تطبيق حكم الجواز في الحديث مع الصورة المعاصرة لتشابه الحال، وعدم سريان الحرمة لاختلاف الصورة أو الاستخدام المنشود، وتغير الأحكام بتغير الزَّمان، وعموم البلوى وفساد الذمم في هذا الزمان، وتطبيق نصِّ الحديث على النازلة، وكذلك فهم الصورة العلمية لاستنباط الحكم المذكور في الحديث الشريف.********************************
Al-Jāmiʿ al-Ṣaḥīḥ by Imām al-Bukhārī is one of the important Islamic sources which had short and detailed commentaries by many scholars. Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani (b. 1942) is among the contemporary scholars who contributed to explaining the book. Mufti Usmani has many books in Tafsīr, Ḥadith, Fiqh and Islamic history. His lessons on Bukhārī were published in (8) volume book tilted Inʿām al-Bārī. This paper gains its significance because it is a paper in Arabic to study Mufti Usmani’s methodology in a book which has not been translated to Arabic or English. It follows the qualitative research in presenting Sh. Usmani’s writings in Inʿām al-Bārī, the outcome will help the researchers and commentary-writers in the future while working on references in Ḥadīth. The paper comprises of (3) sections. Firstly, introduction to Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, its author and most famous commentary writers. Secondly: introduction to Mufti Usmani and his writings. Thirdly, the approach of Mufti Usmani in contemporary issues and their solutions. Overall the paper concluded that Inʿām al-Bārī represents a significant contribution to the Islamic library since it helps to corelate with contemporary issues based on juristic legacy given in the texts of Ḥadīth. Mufti Usmani makes several considerations while exercising juristic ijtihād on the financial unprecedented matters, for example: applying the permissibility ruling as given in Ḥadīth due to similarlity of cases, non-applicability of prohibition due to variance in the form or intended use, change of rulings based of changing times, spread of practice, degeneration of honesty in these times, applying text of the Ḥadīth on the unprecedented matter, and understanding the practical side to derive the ruling as mentioned in Ḥadīth.*************** Kitab Sahih Bukhari merupakan salah satu sumber rujukan Islam yang penting
dan sentiasa mendapat ulasan terperinci oleh para ulama. Mufti Taqi Usmani (d. 1942) merupakan seorang ulama kontemporari yang mempunyai sumbangan yang besar di dalam memberikan ulasan terhadap kitab ini. Mufti Usmani telah menerbitkan banyak kitab di dalam bidang Tafsir, Hadis, Fekah, dan Sejarah Islam. Penerangan beliau tentang Sahih Bukhari telah dinukilkan melalui kitab yang bertajuk Inʿām al-Bārī yang mempunyai lapan (8) jilid cetakan. Kertas kerja ini yang ditulis di dalam Bahasa Arab mempunyai kepentingan untuk meneliti Metodologi Mufti Usmani yang tidak pernah diterjemahkan kepada Bahasa Arab ataupun Bahasa Inggeris. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan kualitatif dalam membentangkan penulisan Mufti Usmani di dalam Inʿām al-Bārī, dan hasilnya akan membantu para penyelidik pada masa hadapan untuk membuat rujukan di dalam Hadis. Kertas kerja ini terbahagi kepada tiga (3) bahagian. Pertama, pengenalan kepada Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, pengarangnya dan para penulis yang berwibawa di dalam pengajian hadis. Kedua: pengenalan kepada Mufti Usmani dan penulisannya. Ketiga, pendekatan Mufti Usmani dalam isu-isu kontemporari dan kaedah penyelesaiannya. Secara keseluruhan, kertas kerja ini merumuskan bahawa Inʿām al-Bārī merupakan sumbangan yang sangat berharga kepada tamadun Islam kerana ia membantu untuk menghubungkan isu-isu kontemporari bersandarkan kepada hukum yang digariskan di dalam Hadis. Mufti Usmani telah membuat beberapa pertimbangan ketika menjalankan ijtihad-ijtihad hukum di dalam kewangan yang belum pernah terjadi, sebagai contoh: meletakkan hukum Harus ke atas kes-kes yang mempunyai persamaan seperti yang dijelaskan di dalam Hadis, tiada larangan khusus untuk situasi dan keperluan yang berbeza, perubahan hukum dan ijtihad selaras dengan peredaran masa, mengakui amalan dan
praktikal semasa, kurangnya nilai kejujuran pada masa kini, mengaplikasikan maksud hadis terhadap kes-kes baru, dan memahami urusan praktikal sebelum memuktamadkan satu hukum sepertimana yang ditekankan di dalam Hadis
An Approach for Selecting CO2 Removal Technology in Indonesia's Upstream Natural Gas Industry Using AHP Method
No full textImpurities are commonly found in natural gas which is produced from reservoirs deposit. The predominant impurities come in CO2 forms. Hence, the selection of proper CO2 removal technologies is a significant step in process engineering as it strongly affects the size of CAPEX and OPEX. However, the selection of the CO2 removal process is not always trivial and further it must be conducted in the beginning of the project feasibility study. Currently, there are several CO2 removal technologies including absorption, adsorption and membranes. Considering their advantages and limitations, there is a need to analyse the relationship between the CO2 removal cost with the required product gas, impurities, flow capacity, geographical factor and CO2 tax in
Indonesia. Thus, these criteria are evaluated through the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique for selecting the most suitable technology for removing CO2. In this study, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is chosen and applied to evaluate the significance of each criterion. The results showed that absorption using the amine system is frequently used in Indonesia’s upstream natural gas industry. Furthermore, the use of the adsorption method (pressure swing adsorption) for a low-quantity gas feed also showed good results. The use of AHP method for selecting CO2 removal technology in Indonesia’s upstream natural gas industry can be used by investors and policymakers as a useful pre-investment tool analysis in developing new fields. The current proposed method aims to screen the best CO2 removal technology by taking into accounts technical performance, revenue and cost, as well as reducing emissions
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