177 research outputs found
Iranian Islamic Modernities
No full textThe third essay in the volume critiques the tradition of social science meta-narratives that frame modernity as an exclusively western invention, aligned with a linear model of development. The author provides a comprehensive overview of the history of modernization in Iran, examining in particular the changing role of Islam and the relationship between civil society and the state. Kamali argues that the concept of multiple modernities opens the way to generating more socially and historically specific understandings of modernities.</p
STUDI PEMIKIRAN MUSTAFA AKYOL DAN HASHIM KAMALI TERHADAP PENERAPAN SANKSI APOSTASI: ANALISIS HERMENEUTIKA NEGOSIATIF
No full textThe death penalty for people who left from Islam is contrary to religious freedom. Human rights, which is the dominant discourse today, calls for a re-reading of the death penalty. The implication, there are many scholars who re-think the punishment of apostasy. Among them are Mustafa Akyol and Hashim Kamali who goes into this line. If the first name lives in the middle of a society where Muslims are a minority (America), then it is different from the last name. Hashim Kamali disseminated his ideas in Malaysia, one of the countries adhering to classical Islamic traditions. The fundamental question in this study is how the sanctions of apostasy are discussed again by the two thinkers.
This type of research is qualitative with future data on a library study (library research). These research data are derived from the representative works of Mustafa Akyol and Hashim Kamali on the subject of apostasy. Furthermore, the findings of their thinking are studied through the framework of negotiative hermeneutic theory. This theory was initiated by Khaled Abou El Fadl who pointed to the negotiations between the three entities, the author, the text and the reader. There are three key variables in discussing the thinking of Mustafa Akyol and Hashim Kamali. From texts and authority, the discourse of authoritarianism to the anatomy of the discourses of authority. Based on that, the approach taken here is socio-legal.
The first conclusion both Mustafa Akyol and Hashim Kamali have rejected the death penalty for apostasy. Second conclusion is using three variables when being analyzed by negotiative hermeneutic. In text and authority is able to be seen how a text is formed and its relationship with the social reality that surrounds it. The differences between the public who became the audience of them necessitate the differences in steps in the re-reading of this topic. On the discourse of authoritarianism can be reviewed the formation of non-authoritarian law by placing it as an entity that is constantly changing. Besides meeting the five prerequisites set by the hermeneutics of negotiations. In the anatomy of authoritarian discourse, there are three things that are discussed: consistency, a selective attitude to signs to the balance of interests and rationality. These two thinkers consistently use their respective steps in this topic. While Mustafa Akyol is selective to the sign, unlike Hashim Kamali. Despite this, they met at the same point with the conclusion that there is no death penalty for apostate perpetrators. This discussion is based on the success of both merging the importance of preserving religion and protecting human rights
ANALISIS PEMIKIRAN MOHAMMAD HASHIM KAMALI TENTANG PENGHAPUSAN HUKUMAN RAJAM DAN RELEVANSINYA DI INDONESIA
No full text**English**The punishment of stoning (rajm) that agreed upon by Islamic scholars, now faces ongoing rejection particularly in modern times. Mohammad Hashim Kamali, a professor in Islamic law and usul al-fiqh, stands among those who oppose it. This piece aims to delve deeper into Kamali's understanding of the evidence behind stoning punishment, offering analysis and necessary critique. It's a qualitative study, a literature review type, gathering data from books, articles, and related works on Kamali's thoughts regarding stoning, analyzed using an inductive-deductive method. Kamali presents three approaches in rejecting stoning punishment. Firstly, by evaluating and testing the foundations of stoning laws, considering every stoning rationale as doubtful evidence. Secondly, he expands the meaning of doubt (syubhat) as an element found in trial proceedings, incorporating the perpetrator's personality and societal context. The third approach emphasizes repentance in the penal process, advocating for the state to make imposing the death penalty more challenging, providing the individual with an opportunity to improve and reform themselves. The author disagrees with Kamali's ideas. Upon analysis, it's found that Kamali's understanding of the evidence contains several errors. Regarding the expansion of the concept of doubt, it's concluded that Kamali leans towards a Western mindset emphasizing socio-historical approaches in interpreting Sharia law, prioritizing social realities over revelation. Similarly, in terms of repentance, Kamali tends to reject all forms of the death penalty, viewing it as a form of torture, whereas in Islam, such punishment is often symbolized as the highest form of repentance. Furthermore, fundamentally, Hudud punishment cannot be eliminated through repentance. Consequently, this piece concludes that stoning punishment still holds a strong legal
**Indonesia**Rajam merupakan hukuman dalam Islam yang disepakati oleh para ulama. Namun, penolakan terhadapnya masih terus bermunculan terutama di zaman modern. Salah satu di antaranya adalah Mohammad Hashim Kamali, seorang profesor di bidang hukum Islam dan ushul fiqh. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk meneliti lebih lanjut bagaimana pemahaman dalil oleh Kamali terhadap hukuman rajam serta mengajukan analisa dan kritik yang diperlukan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif, dengan jenis penelitian pustaka. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara membaca buku, artikel dan karya lainnya yang berkaitan dengan pemikiran Kamali tentang rajam dan dianalisis dengan metode induktif-deduktif. Mohammad Hashim Kamali menyampaikan argumen penolakannya terhadap hukuman rajam dengan menggunakan tiga macam pendekatan. Pertama, dengan evaluasi dan pengujian terhadap dalil-dalil yang menjadi dasar hukum rajam. Beliau menilai bahwa setiap dalil rajam sebagai doubtful evidence (dalil yang penuh keraguan). Pendekatan yang kedua, Kamali memberikan perluasan makna terhadap konsep syubhat sebagai unsur keraguan yang ditemukan dalam proses persidangan, dan bagaimana kondisi kepribadian pelaku dan bagaimana konteks masyarakat.. Pendekatan yang ketiga, adalah Kamali menekankan konsep repentance (pertaubatan) dalam setiap proses pemidanaan, di mana negara harus mempersulit penjatuhan hukuman mati dan memberikan kesempatan kepadanya untuk memperbaiki dan mereformasi dirinya sendiri. penulis tidak setuju dengan pemikiran Kamali. Setelah dianalisis, pemahaman dalil yang diajukan Kamali mengandung beberapa kekeliruan. Sedangkan dari aspek perluasan makna syubhat disimpulkan bahwa Kamali memiliki kecenderungan pola pikir Barat yang menekankan pendekatan sosio-historis dalam penafsiran hukum syariah, yang menundukkan wahyu kepada realitas sosial. Begitu pula dalam aspek pertaubatan, Kamali cenderung kepada penolakan segala bentuk hukuman mati dan menilai hukuman sebagai bentuk penyiksaan, padahal hukuman tersebut dalam Islam kerap dilambangkan sebagai bentuk pertaubatan tertinggi. Selain itu, pada dasarnya hukuman hudud tidak dapat dihilangkan karena taubat. Walhasil, tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa hukuman rajam tetap memiliki dasar hukum yang kuat sebagai bagian dari syariat Islam.Rajm (stoning to death) as the punishment for zina muhshan perpetrators, is agreed upon all muslim scholars on early muslim generation and has become an ijma’. But still, there are some contemporary muslim today who deny stoning with various reasons. One of them is Mohammad Hashim Kamali, as a professor of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence. He travelled around the world from Middle East, the West, and Malaysia to research more about Islamic law. The purpose of this article is to analyze his thoughts about stoning, and to see its relevance for Indonesian penal law’s development. This research is carried out with read his books, articles and other related works about Kamali’s thought on rajam. Kamali’s denying is based on the evidences evaluation, widening of meaning of syubha, and emphasis on the concept of repentance. Furthermore, this research was founded that Kamali’s denying on stoning has so many weaknesses, and it was concluded that stoning still has a strong legal basis. The idea of refusal stoning punishment for zina muhshan is not relevant for Indonesian society. Based on many considerations, stoning is appropriate to be reinstated as a form of punishment in Indonesi
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Right to education, work and welfare in Islam /
No full text"In The Right to Education, Work and Welfare in Islam Professor M.H. Kamali develops an Islamic perspective on three connected and complementary areas of rights and liberties. He argues that education is often a necessary ingredient of professional work even more so now than in earlier times when the range and variety of specialised knowledge were relatively limited. A person who acquires education, whether generally or at advanced levels of specialisation, is more likely to stand in a better position to enter the workforce and thus to contribute to the welfare of the community. The author commences his discussions on education, work and welfare in Islam by focusing on how each is treated in the Qur'ān; and follows this by the example of the Prophet and, after him, the Pious Caliphs who gave prominence to the education and welfare needs of people at times both of scarcity and affluence. Professor Kamali then moves forward to our time and discusses the right to education, the education of children, institutionalisation of learning, academic freedom and the debate between science and religion. The section on work elaborates on the value of work, work ethics, workers' and employers' rights and responsibilities, and the role and responsibility of governments. Finally, the section on welfare focuses on the importance in Islam of caring for those who are in need and the different forms of provision that can be made available by individuals, the state and charities"--Provided by publisher."Continuing from his earlier discussions of fundamental human rights from an Islamic perspective, Professor M.H. Kamali discusses in this volume a person's right to education, work and welfare. The following subjects are discussed: a classification of knowledge from the Islamic perspective, children's education, academic freedom, science and religion; the value of work, work ethics, fair trading, workers' rights; the obligations of society and the state towards those who are in need, the obligations of individuals, the establishment and objectives of charities"--Provided by publisher
Comparison of apical extrusion of sodium hypochlorite in immature teeth after needle irrigation, ultrasonic irrigation, EDDY, Er:YAG, and diode lasers
No full text© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.This study aimed to assess the apical extrusion of sodium hypochlorite in immature teeth caused by needle irrigation, ultrasonic irrigation, EDDY, Er:YAG, and diode lasers. Seventy-five human maxillary anterior teeth were selected. After the apical 3 mm of the roots was resected, the canal lumen was enlarged with #2 to #5 Gates-Glidden burs. The teeth were fixed to the lid of a flat-sided clear plastic container, and the plastic containers were filled with 0.2% agarose gel containing 1 mL of 0.1% m-cresol purple. Then, the specimens were allocated into five groups according to the irrigation activation techniques: needle irrigation, ultrasonic irrigation, EDDY, Er:YAG laser, and diode laser. The apical extrusion of sodium hypochlorite caused the color change in the gel. The containers were digitally photographed, and the percentage of pixels of irrigant extrusion (the color change) in each photograph was calculated. The diode laser group showed a significantly lower percentage of pixels than needle irrigation, EDDY, and Er:YAG laser (p 0.05). All the groups caused irrigant extrusion in the immature teeth. The diode laser and ultrasonic irrigation caused less sodium hypochlorite extrusion than EDDY and Er:YAG laser. The needle irrigation showed more irrigant extrusion than the only diode laser group
Effects of hormone replacement therapy and relaxation techniques on vasomotor symptoms of menopausal women
No full textBackground and aimHormone replacement therapy (HRT) is commonly administered for vasomotor symptoms of menopause. However, its utilization has been under uncertainty because of its carcinogenesis and side effects. Currently, one of the alternative methods in this regard is relaxation techniques.This quasi-experimental study was conducted to compare the effects of HRT with relaxation techniques on vasomotor symptoms of menopausal women. Materials and methods90 women with vasomotor symptoms were first selected by convenience sampling method and then randomly divided into 3 HRT, relaxation technique and control groups. No intervention was performed in the control group. Data were collected with a questionnaire by interviewing the subjects.Findings No significant difference was found between the groups in the severity of the symptoms before the interventions. Both relaxation techniques and HRT decreased the symptoms. All symptoms except vertigo, weakness and lack of energy were significantly reduced in the HRT group compared with the control group. The same happened in the relaxation technique group compared with the control group. Although both HRT and relaxation were effective on vasomotor symptoms, the former seems more effective on the frequency of flushing. Conclusion HRT and relaxation techniques are both effective on the management of vasomotor symptoms. Therefore, in case of contraindication for hormones or reluctance of clients, relaxation techniques can be replaced.Keywords: Relaxation techniques, Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), Vasomotor symptoms, Menopause. *Corresponding Author: Kamali, S; Dept. of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Zanjan Medical University. E-mail: [email protected]
The impact of negative pressure wound therapy on surgical site infection rates in obese women following cesarean section: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
No full textBackground & Aim: This study aims to assess the surgical site infection (SSI) rate in obese women undergoing C-sections, comparing negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) and standard dressings.
Methods & Materials: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, databases including Science Direct, Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched for articles published up to January 2024. The selection criteria included randomized controlled trials and cohort studies comparing the effect of (NPWT) with standard dressings on wound complications in women with obesity undergoing C-sections. Data collection and analysis Pooled effect sizes were calculated using random effects models based on heterogeneity.
Results: Out of 20 included studies, 18 reported SSI rates, which included 9243 cases and showed that NPWT reduces the rate of SSIs in obese women undergoing C-section (RR: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.66–0.96, I2 = 24.5%, P = 0.01). An in-depth examination of 13 high-quality studies, in which NPWT devices were used, reveals a pooled Mantel-Haenszel (M-H) Risk Ratio (RR) of 0.92 for Prevention- Reduction - Epithelialization- Vacuum- Environment- Negative pressure- Advanced (PREVENA) (95% CI: 0.67–1.26, I2 = 0%, P = 0.6) and 0.76 for Pressure- Incision- Closed- Optimization (PICO) (95% CI: 0.44–1.33, I2= 15%, P= 0.05), with a significant difference among devices (P=0.05).
Conclusion: NPWT reduces the SSI rate in obese women undergoing C-sections, regardless of the type or device used. Economic evaluations are crucial to justify NPWT device costs against expenses for treating surgical infections, supporting its widespread use in infection prevention
Hibrit bir tıbbi görüntüleme sisteminin tasarımı ve gerçeklenmesi: harmonik hareket mikrodalga doppler görüntüleme.
No full textHarmonic Motion Microwave Doppler Imaging (HMMDI) is a novel imaging modality to image electrical and mechanical properties of body tissues. This modality is recently proposed by the researchers in the METU EEE department for early-stage diagnosis of cancerous tissues. The main goal of this thesis study is to contribute various stages of the HMMDI's development processes. Speci cally, phantom development, dielectric and elastic characterization of the phantoms, experimental system realization, phantom experiments, and system performance evaluation, are in the scope of this thesis study. In the earlier stages, di effrent phantoms that mimic the mechanical and electrical properties of the body tissues are developed and characterized. In parallel to the phantom studies, experimental system design and realization studies are performed and the performance of the designed system is tested using phantom materials. The developed phantoms are scanned using the HMMDI method and the extracted information is used to generate HMMDI data profi les of the phantoms. The potential of detecting different tissues phantoms from the generated data pro files is explored. Eff ect of different vibration frequencies in HMMDI is discussed. In the acquired 2-D HMMDI data profi les, the potential of this imaging method in detecting 1) 5 mm tumor inside the fat, 2) 14 mm tumor phantom inside 25 mm fibro-glandular phantom in the middle of the fat phantom, 14 mm fi bro-glandular phantom inside the fat phantom, and 14 mm tumor inside the fat phantom, at the depth of 20 mm depths are observed. The experimental system limitations are clarif ed and the possible solutions to improve the system are presented.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra
A Lattice Boltzmann Approach to Multi-Phase Surface Reactions with Heat Effects
No full textThe aim of the present research was to explore the promises and shift the limits of the numerical framework of lattice Boltzmann (LB) for studying the physics behind multi-component two-phase heterogeneous non-isothermal reactive flows under industrial conditions. An example of such an industrially relevant topic is the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) in the Gas-to-Liquid (GtL) conversion process of methane. The research described in this thesis was carried out in the context of a twin project supported by Shell and STW on structured reactors for Fischer-Tropsch and the meso-scale flow and transport phenomena and catalysis aspects therein. The complexity of such multi-component two-phase heterogeneous reactive flow systems with thermal effects was a good reason for splitting the topic up into a number of constitutive elements which were tackled individually. The various LB methods available in the literature dealing with all these separate elements were studied; the most promising methods were identified, improved where needed, and implemented in a three-dimensional code structure which was then validated against theory and/or experiment. At the start of the development of this numerical infrastructure, we implemented an incompressible single-phase LB based flow solver. This was used for analysing in 2-D the flow and for detecting stagnation zones in cross-flow structured packings for tubular fixed bed reactors. This study was combined with an experimental and modelling investigation comparing the heat transfer characteristics of different types of packings in such reactors. Further details of this analysis are provided in Chapter 2 of this thesis. Then, the LB approach was extended for dealing with multi-component gas-liquid flows over solid surfaces. The pseudo-potential concept due to Shan and Chen (1993) was identified as being the promising method, as it describes the interaction of components and interaction in more fundamental terms and does not require a separate equation for tracking the phase interfaces. In this concept, the various components each have their own particle distribution function governed by an own Boltzmann equation. Inter-particle forces are defined in the format of potential functions for each of the components; the interactions between the various components and phases are controlled by parameters denoted as coupling strength. These potential functions should reflect some equation of state (EOS). For the interaction of fluid components with the solid boundaries, a similar approach was considered. These component-component and component-wall pseudo potentials and the pertinent coupling strengths are responsible for phase separation, surface tension, density ratio between phases, contact angle and so on; the values of all these continuum variables follow from the selected potential functions and coupling strengths. The original Shan & Chen concept was introduced for two EOSs only (ideal gas and Van der Waals) and suffered from numerical instabilities for density ratios in excess of, say, 10. More recently, Yuan and Schaefer (2006) came up with improvements allowing the use of different EOSs (such as Carnahan-Starling and Redlich-Kwong) with a positive effect on the numerical stability at higher density ratios. Implementing such modifications resulted in successful simulations of two-phase systems with density ratios as high as 1,000 - depending on the EOS used and on the reduced temperature. The code developed so far was capable of dealing with single- and multiple-component systems with various density ratios and wettability properties. It was used for studying a variety of cases including a spontaneous phase separation process between two phases, the rise of a single bubble in a liquid pool, fully wetting (Taylor) and partially wetting segmented flows in a straight tube, and almost non-wetting/partially wetting droplet flow in inclined micro-channels. The outcome of these simulations compared favourably with available literature data or experiments. Particularly with respect to the motion of a Taylor bubble through a tube, a comprehensive quantitative analysis was performed tackling different aspects of the bubble and its motion. This validation study comprised the analysis of the variations of liquid film thickness, bubble to liquid velocity ratio, and bubble shape with the Capillary number; also the pressure field in the thin liquid film between bubble and tube wall was evaluated. Further background on this multi-component multi-phase flow solver and the details of the validation studies performed are described in Chapters 3-4 of this thesis. Solving the energy conservation equation in two-phase systems with phase change phenomena included was another step in improving the potential of the current LB approach with the view of the project objectives. In this approach, next to the ones used in the multi-component system, an additional distribution function was introduced for a pseudo-temperature scalar variable . This variable recovers the macroscopic conservation of energy in two-phase mixtures. The rest of the distribution functions take care of the mass and the momentum conservation of the multi-component system. Heats of reaction, enthalpy change associated with phase change, and diffusive transport of enthalpy are all taken into account; the dependence of enthalpy on pressure, which is usually a small effect in most non-isothermal flows encountered in chemical reaction systems, is ignored however. The energy equation was coupled with the LB equations for species transport and the pseudo-potential interaction forces through the EOS by using the local pseudo-temperature field. In order to control the noise associated with the fluctuations in the pseudo-temperature in the vicinity of the diffused interface, a robust regularized spline algorithm was introduced in the coupling between pseudo-temperature and density. The proposed scheme was used for simulating some benchmark problems the results of which were validated against available analytical solutions. An extensive explanation on this thermal two-phase model and its applications are provided in Chapter 5 of this thesis. As another important element of this research, the potential of the current multi-component LB methodology for solving the advection-diffusion equation for multiple species was assessed. This study showed - for various velocities and for various values of the ratio of the diffusivities of solvent and solute - that the accuracy of our multi-component LB methodology is high. Of course, this accuracy depends on the spatial resolution, expressed in terms of the diffusion depth per grid spacing. Furthermore, we investigated the accuracy of this model by simulating the mass transfer of a gas-like component across a gas-liquid interface at a moderate density ratio of the two phases and at a moderate value of Henry's coefficient. Further details can be found in Chapter 6 of this thesis. Finally, the current approach was used for simulating the complex interplay of diffusion and surface reaction in a multi-component gas-liquid catalytic chemical reactor under (for the time being) isothermal conditions. The current lattice Boltzmann technique was capable of reproducing quite realistically, at satisfactory temporal and spatial resolution, the combination of species transport across a phase interface, a chemical reaction at a catalytic surface, and the resulting phase change due to the surface reaction. This was observed after careful comparison of the simulation data with analytical models. We simulated a simplified isothermal 1-D Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in which hydrogen and carbon monoxide reacted to water and paraffin at a catalytic flat surface with an educated simplification of the reaction kinetics. This four-component gas-liquid surface reaction with a liquid film covering a catalytic surface from the very beginning resulted in a gradually increasing thickness of the liquid layer as well as in quite realistic species concentration profiles in liquid and gas phases. In our simulated model, the tracked hydrocarbon was representative of all the possible carbon chain products in such a reaction. In the end, by combining all temporally resolved species concentrations with empirical Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) model and by determining the chain growth probabilities, the pertinent carbon chain products were calculated for the range . The extensive description of this multi-component multi-phase surface reaction study is given in Chapter 7 of this thesis. Finally, Chapters 8 and 9 present the overall conclusions of this project and an outlook for further work.Chemical EngineeringApplied Science
Multiple Modernities and Islamism in Iran
No full textThe author challenges the idea of a single and homogeneous modernity. Multiple modernization programs have been launched in many countries in general and in Muslim countries in particular. A great part of the literature on modernization of Muslim countries ignores the multiplicity of modernization processes in those countries. Using Iran as an example, the author presents an alternative theoretical tool for understanding modern developments in Muslim countries. The author argues that Iran did not go through a single modernization program, but several, and was affected by many factors such as Western interventions and wars, internal socioeconomic and cultural transformations, and the emergence of new political groups and ideologies. Among others, Islamic groups and parties have been engaged in modern economic, political and sociocultural transformations. A genuine democratic system therefore should include Islamic groups and parties in order to strengthen and legitimize democratic systems.</p
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