1,349 research outputs found
Spatial Analysis of Diabetes Prevalence of the Black Belt Region of Alabama and the Role of Non-Governmental Organisations
No full textElectronic Thesis or DissertationDiabetes is a significant public health challenge, particularly in rural and underserved areas such as the Alabama's Black Belt region. However, there is a significant gap in the literature regarding spatial distribution of the diabetes in the region and the role of NGOs in addressing the disease. This study fills the gap by examining the spatial distribution of diabetes prevalence and the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the region. Using a mixed method approach including contentment analysis of related literature, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), hotspot analysis, and service area modeling, this study identifies high-diabetes prevalence areas, the geographic accessibility of NGOs and their role in diabetes prevention and management. The findings reveal that diabetes prevalence is significantly clustered in counties where socioeconomic factors such as poverty, food insecurity, and limited healthcare access exacerbate the crisis. Furthermore, spatial analysis of NGOs locations indicates that many high-prevalence areas lack adequate nonprofit healthcare services. The policy interventions include strategic facility placement using Central Place Theory, the deployment of mobile clinics, introduction and expansion of health education programs, and enhanced inter-agency collaboration
Exploring adaptation with evolutionary activity plots
No full textEvolutionary activity statistics and their visualization are introduced, and their motivation is explained. Examples of their use are described, and their strengths and limitations are discussed. References to more extensive or general accounts of these techniques are provided
Hydroamination of terminal allylic imines, allylic amines, and internal and terminal homoallylic amines: Regioselective and regiodivergent transformations
No full textC–N bonds are ubiquitous in organic chemistry. Mild methods that allow for the direct formation of this motif from readily accessible functional groups would represent a powerful advance in organic synthesis. The intermolecular hydroamination of alkenes and amines represents a novel approach towards these disconnections from readily accessible functional groups. This transformation can streamline the synthesis of complex molecules and often allows access to two regioisomers (Markovnikov and anti-Markovnikov) from one starting material.
1,2-diamines are a common motif in many organic molecules. However, their synthesis often involves a lengthy, multi-step synthetic sequence. We report the Rh- and Ir-catalyzed addition of secondary cyclic, secondary acyclic, and primary acyclic (both aryl and aliphatic) amines to allyl amine. This transformation is highly chemoselective, regioselective, functional group tolerant, and can be used to form trans-diamines with excellent selectivity. Future directions for this method, including anti-Markovnikov and/or asymmetric hydroamination are discussed.
The anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of aliphatic alkenes is a significant challenge for organometallic chemists. These products are typically formed via formal hydroamination. We report the Rh-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov selective hydroamination of homoallylic amines to form 1,4-diamines with electron rich secondary cyclic and acyclic amine nucleophiles. This transformation is tolerant of a variety of substituents on the homoallylic amine and mechanistic studies on these substrates are summarized.
The regiodivergent functionalization of a substrate is a powerful method in organic chemistry; in the hydroamination literature, this transformation typically requires activated alkenes (allenes, dienes, etc.) and is limited in scope. The regiodivergent intermolecular hydroamination of homoallylic amines to selectively form either 1,3- or 1,4-diamines is disclosed. This method features both novel aryl amine nucleophiles and catalysts to form the desired product. This transformation is demonstrated on both terminal and internal alkenes and future directions are proposed.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2019-12-01The student, Seth Ensign, accepted the attached license on 2017-09-01 at 07:03.The student, Seth Ensign, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2017-09-01 at 07:07.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2017-09-14 at 13:12.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #11629 on 2018-03-13 at 10:32:34Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-13T17:29:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5
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Previous issue date: 2017-09-14Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 105429
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Indigenous institutions, a resource for environmental impact assessment and planning in Ghana
No full textThe thesis traces the evolution, procedure and constraints to environmental assessment in Ghana. It also reviews development paradigms and planning theories pertaining to environmental decision-making and demonstrates the need for planners to respond to specific conditions in different parts of the world with appropriate planning theories and concepts. A contentious issue is the need to explore and incorporate relevant aspects of indigenous institutions and practices in environmental impact assessment and planning in developing countries.
Focusing on the Ashanti Region of Ghana, the thesis discusses the nature and operation of indigenous institutions and in particular, their ecological knowledge, beliefs, practices, and social norms that are relevant to environmental assessment and planning processes in the country. These aspects of indigenous institutions not only have the potential to complement western scientific knowledge in a way that would improve environmental impact assessment studies and planning but also encourage local participation and bottom-up approaches to environmental and planning decisions.
The thesis highlights specific avenues for incorporating indigenous knowledge in environmental decision-making and planning. There is the need to establish assessment and cooperative management boards that would include representatives of indigenous institutions. In addition, the development of technical dictionaries and training manuals or modules based on indigenous ecological knowledge and practices could improve assessment and planning processes in Ghana.
Constraints to the integration of indigenous and western scientific knowledge systems are discussed. One of the key constraints is the rapid and continuing loss of indigenous knowledge, in part due to the spread of a global consumer culture and the effects of western education on younger generations. If indigenous knowledge is to be preserved and passed from generation to generation, it will have to be recognized by the institutions of power and influence. Planners and policy makers would have to learn that indigenous knowledge is not just a relic of the past but is something that is important now and will be worth having in the future. In this sense, the integration of indigenous knowledge in assessment and planning processes may become part of the solution. Other constraints include: (a) the difficulty in changing entrenched attitudes of bureaucrats and politicians; (b) powerful internal and external forces; (c) ignorance, illiteracy, and linguistic barriers; and (d) lack of systematic records and common measurements for indigenous knowledge systems.
Thus, the integration of indigenous and western scientific knowledge systems in environmental impact assessment and planning may require structural changes, as well as changes in the attitudes and perceptions of most planner, governments and policy makers in both developing and developed countries. Moving toward decentralized decision-making, efficient communication, the restoration of participatory democratic institutions and the guarantee of basic human rights would facilitate the incorporation of indigenous knowledge system in environmental assessment and planning
The C-terminal domains of leucyl-tRNA synthetases
No full textThe mitochondrial Leucyl-tRNA synthetase (mtLeuRS) of certain Caenorhabditis species contains an idiosyncratic C-terminal addition. Bioinformatic analyses identified this domain in the mtLeuRS and also four putative nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) encoded within the domain (Ezak, Hong, Chaparro-Garcia, & Ferkey, 2010). This C-terminal extension of Caenrhabditis mitochondrial LeuRS, or CECL domain, is highly positively charged and shows no obvious homologs in protein databases. Bioinformatic and computational modeling suggest that CECL is an added domain rather than being a part of the canonical C-terminal domain. An annotated splice-variant of the mitochondrial LeuRS hints at a mechanism for subcellular localization. Deletion of CECL from the chromosome prevents homozygous worms from surviving fertilization in most cases. From these observations, we hypothesize that the mitochondrial LeuRS of C. elegans performs an alternate nuclear function, perhaps carried out specifically in the neurons of the animal.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2018-12-01The student, Aaron Frimel, accepted the attached license on 2016-12-07 at 13:02.The student, Aaron Frimel, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2016-12-07 at 13:04.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2016-12-08 at 16:13.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #10471 on 2017-02-28 at 14:43:22Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-01T17:02:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Allylic C—H activation to access anti-1,3-amino alcohol motifs
No full text1,3-Amino alcohols are common motifs in a variety of biologically active molecules including antivirals, antibiotics, antifungals, and various alkaloids. Due to their prevalence and utility as synthetic intermediates, a variety of methods have been developed to access these motifs in a diastereoselective fashion, which are outlined in detail herein.
This thesis documents a novel approach to access anti-1,3-amino alcohols through an intramolecular palladium (II)/sulfoxide-oxazoline catalyzed C—H functionalization between a terminal olefin and an N-tosyl carbamate, generating anti-1,3-oxazinanones. These motifs can be further elaborated upon, making this method ideal for the late stage diversification of complex molecules and pharmaceuticals. This new method can be carried out in the presence of reactive functionality that is not well tolerated by existing methods.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2020-05-01The student, Jonathon Young, accepted the attached license on 2018-04-25 at 09:29.The student, Jonathon Young, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2018-04-25 at 09:40.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2018-04-25 at 14:08.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #12470 on 2018-08-31 at 17:30:26Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T20:47:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Whole-genome analysis of diverse Chlamydia trachomatis strains identifies phylogenetic relationships masked by current clinical typing
No full textChlamydia trachomatis is responsible for both trachoma and sexually transmitted infections, causing substantial morbidity and economic cost globally. Despite this, our knowledge of its population and evolutionary genetics is limited. Here we present a detailed phylogeny based on whole-genome sequencing of representative strains of C. trachomatis from both trachoma and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) biovars from temporally and geographically diverse sources. Our analysis shows that predicting phylogenetic structure using ompA, which is traditionally used to classify Chlamydia, is misleading because extensive recombination in this region masks any true relationships present. We show that in many instances, ompA is a chimera that can be exchanged in part or as a whole both within and between biovars. We also provide evidence for exchange of, and recombination within, the cryptic plasmid, which is another key diagnostic target. We used our phylogenetic framework to show how genetic exchange has manifested itself in ocular, urogenital and LGV C. trachomatis strains, including the epidemic LGV serotype L2b
Evaluating the effectiveness of urban planning and administration in taming urban sprawl: a case of Kumasi-Ghana
No full textElectronic Thesis or DissertationCurrently, Kumasi is the largest urban agglomeration in Ghana, with a population of 2,035,064. Faced with rapid urbanization and urban sprawl, the city has created numerous growth problems for residents and authorities. In line with these developments, this study seeks to achieve the following objectives: (a) to identify urban growth problems in Kumasi, (b) to identify the causes of these problems, (c) to identify the growth pattern, (d) to identify planning interventions and their effectiveness, and (e) to suggest improvements based on lessons from the United States planning system. Employing a multidimensional approach, including content analysis of relevant literature, field survey, field observation, and remote sensing analysis of data, the study revealed the following: a city faced with traffic congestion, worsening waste conditions, encroachment on public lands and reserves, conflicting development, and negligence of planning regulations. However, planning officials, in their effort to control these developments, have not been successful due to outdated planning regulations and lack of coordination among institutions, comprehensive plans and subdivisions, and public participation in the planning process. Based on lessons from the United States Planning System, it was suggested that new planning regulations that conform to current problems should be developed and enforced. Additionally, the city should incorporate public views and input in the planning process, and finally, the city should adopt and enforce growth management strategies such as a population cap, a building permit quota system, an adequate public facility program, an urban growth boundary, and an urban service area. Keywords: urban growth management, urban sprawl, urban plannin
Robot modeling and control / Mark W. Spong, Seth Hutchinson, M. Vidyasagar.
No full textIncludes bibliographical references (pages 459-470) and index.478 pages :{09}Introduction -- Rigid motions and homogeneous transformations -- Forward and inverse kinematics -- Velocity kinematics-The Jacobian -- Path and trajectory planning -- Dynamics -- Independent joint control -- Multivariable control -- Force control -- Geometric non-linear control -- Computer vision -- Vision-based control -- Appendix A Trigonometry -- Appendix B Linear algebra -- Appendix C Dynamical systems -- Appendix D Lyapunov stability -- Index
Palladium (II) / sulfoxide - promoted strategies for efficient and selective allylic C-H oxidations
No full textThe scientific community has born witness to incredible advancements in organic chemistry. Exemplified by total syntheses of molecules of astonishing complexity, it is becoming more clear that the conquest of a molecular target is less a question of overall feasibility, and more a question of practical resources. This has consequently provoked the need for transformations that allow for the rapid generation of molecular complexity with high efficiency and practicality. Selective C–H activation reactions provide a novel approach for synthesizing complex small molecules, which traditionally have been designed with sites of preincorporated oxidation for further manipulation. The ability to introduce sites of functionality directly onto simple hydrocarbon precursors offers immense potential for streamlined synthetic routes and improved chemical efficiency. Palladium(II) / sulfoxide catalysis has demonstrated broad applicability toward a wide array of allylic C–H functionalizations, starting from abundant and simple α-olefins. The development of such transformations has been classically guided by the reaction’s serial ligand catalysis mechanism, requiring weakly-binding ligands for the palladium catalyst, and the requirement for utilizing non-basic nucleophiles. Developing advancements toward addressing these major challenges has been the subject of this work.
By leveraging the serial ligand catalysis mechanism via a combination of palladium(II)/bis-sulfoxide C–H activation and Lewis acid co-catalysis, we have accomplished the synthesis of six-membered oxygenated heterocycles (chromans, isochromans, and pyrans). The discovery that a wide range of alcohols were competent nucleophiles under uniform reaction conditions (catalyst, solvent, temperature) highlighted the generality of the method. From mechanistic studies, we have hypothesized that the reaction proceeds via an initial C–H activation, followed by chelation-assisted deprotonation and inner-sphere reductive elimination functionalization pathway. Consistent with this, the reaction displayed orthogonal reactivity trends to traditional Pd(0)–catalyzed allylic substitutions.
Due to the weakly-coordinating nature of the bis-sulfoxide ligand, we required a different approach toward achieving asymmetric catalysis. Critical to the success of this goal was the development and utilization of a novel chiral aryl sulfoxide-oxazoline (ArSOX) ligand. We have reported the enantioselective synthesis of isochromans via Pd(II)-catalyzed allylic C–H oxidation from terminal olefin precursors. The reaction proceeds with broad scope and high levels asymmetric induction (avg. 92% ee). Additionally, we observed stereochemically-defined substitution on the isochroman to be well-tolerated, with asymmetric catalysis affording either enhanced diastereoselectivity or a modest turnover. Mechanistic insights indicated that functionalization of the π-allylpalladium intermediate is the enantiodetermining step. Additionally, the utility of the Pd/ArSOX platform is demonstrated with an enantioselective intermolecular allylic C–H alkylation reaction, which proceeds with high levels of asymmetric induction under conditions open to air and moisture.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2019-12-01The student, Stephen Ammann, accepted the attached license on 2017-10-04 at 09:08.The student, Stephen Ammann, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2017-10-04 at 10:27.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2017-10-05 at 15:56.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #11667 on 2018-03-13 at 10:32:56Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-13T17:29:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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